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CRedCarbon Reduction
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvН.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon
Innovation
Low Carbon Workshop
What we can all do to save the planet from the
consequences of Global Warming
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Time is getting short to save the planet
• IPCC climate report of 2500 Scientists – November 2007.
• World is dying, but can we unite to save it? • Pollution in the seas from burning fossil fuels is now
speeding global warming • increases in droughts, • heatwaves • floods• famine• poor and elderly will suffer most
• Can we all agree what to do by 2010?
18th November 2007
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Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
(ppm
)
4
Total winter precipitation Total summer precipitation
Source: Tim
Osborne, C
RU
Change in precipitation 1961-2001
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Increasing Occurrence of Drought
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Source: Tim
Osborne, C
RU
Increasing Occurrence of Flood
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19792003
Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003
• Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region
• NASA satellite imagery
• في الجليد الصيفالشمالي القطب
المنطقة تغطيةالقطبيه
• الفضاءيه الصور ناسا
Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html
•20% reduction in 24 years•20 ٪ في سنوات 24تخفيض
المناخ تغيركاب القطبيه الجليديه على 2003 - 1979 اثار
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What causes the emissions of carbon
dioxide?
• What is the magnitude of the problem?• What can we all do about it?
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What is the magnitude of the problemEach person in Libya causes emission of 7.58 tonnes of CO2 each year.
What volume does that occupy?
4.25 hot air balloons
How does Libya compare with other countries?
CountryCO2 emission
per capita balloons
China 3.65 2.03
France 6.22 3.46
Germany 10.29 5.72
India 1.02 0.57
Italy 7.95 4.42
Russia 10.63 5.91
United Kingdom 8.98 4.99
United States 18.73 10.41
Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?
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0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
Income (US$) per head
CO
2 t
on
ne
s p
er
he
ad
USA
Libya
Russia
France
UK
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1 hot air balloon = 1.8 tonnes
Each person in Libya emits equivalent of 4.25 balloons
1 party balloon = 10 gms
1 big balloon = 900 000 party balloons
The magnitude of the problem
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How to reduce causes of Global Warming
• Reduce energy use.– How?– Switch off unnecessary appliances– Change how we do things - change the setting on the
thermostat
• Improve efficiency of Energy Use– Insulate buildings to keep them warm in winter and cool in
summer.
• Technical improvements in equipment– More efficient refrigerators, cars etc.
• Use Renewable Energy rather than fossil fuels to generate electricity.
• Offset residual emissions
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How is electricity generated
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Electricity Generation in Libya
Oil4.73 kWh
GAS1.19 kWh
Electricity1.67 kWh
Heat Lost from power station
4.24 kWhLost from wires
0.47 kWh
Used for extracting oil and gas0.20 kWh
Electricity actually used
1.0 kWh
18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity
Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2
In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms
28% efficient in Libya
Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.
Power Station
For each unit of electricity used.
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Electricity Generation in Libya and UK
Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2 in Libya and 520 gms in UK.
28% efficient in Libya
Power Station
42% efficient in UK
Power Station
Coal 37.7%
Gas 35.5%
Oil 1.3%
Other 2.0%
Renewable 4.7%
Nuclear 18.9%
Oil 80%
Gas 20%
Losses 28%
Losses 8.5%
Emissions depends on efficiency, losses and fuel
Coal 1000 – 1300 gms
Oil 900 - 1100
Gas 400 – 600 gms
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Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project
Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh
Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation
On shore wind
•1.5 MW machine will provide energy for 1000 homes in UK
•Possibly 3000 homes in Libya
•New machines are twice as big
66 m
66 m
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation
Off shore wind
Has 30 turbines and can provide sufficient electricity for 35 000 houses in UK
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Solar Electricity
It is still quite expensive
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Hydroelectricity
Some countries have a high proportion of hydro electricity -
Norway ~ 99%
UK ~ 2%
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass
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Short rotation coppice (SCR) - Willow
Miscanthus
ENERGY CROPS
• But Land Area required is very large - 10000 sq km would be needed to generated just 5% of UK electricity needs.
• What % of area of UK would be needed just for electricity?90%
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Biomass
Transport Fuels:
• Biodiesel?
• Bioethanol?
• Compressed gas from methane from waste.
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Wave
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation
Geothermal
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Solar Energy - The BroadSol Project
Annual Solar Gain 910 kWh
Solar Collectors installed 27th January 2004
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Performance of a Solar Thermal System
Solar Gain (kWh/day)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 20 30 9 19 29 8 18 28 10 20 30 9 19 29 9 19 29 8 18 28 8 18 28 7 17 27 6 16 26 6 16 26
Day of Month
Sola
r G
ain
(kW
h)
December January February
March April May
June July August
September October
Data collect 9th December 2006 – 30th October 2007
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Raising Awareness• In UK a tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing
machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2.
• 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon.
• Standby on electrical appliances ~60+ kWh a year - ~9000 balloons.
• A Mobile Phone charger: up to 20 kWh per year ~ 3000 balloons each year. 30 kg CO2
• Filling up with petrol (~£38 for a full tank – 40 litres) --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon)
Or one party balloon every 50 m
At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai
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Involve the local Community• The residents on the island of Burray (Orkney) campaigned
for a wind turbine.
• On average they are more than self-sufficient in electricity needs and indeed are a net exporter of electricity.
• Many of the Islanders bought shares in the project and are now reaping the reward.
• Orkney is hoping to be a zero net emitter of carbon dioxide by 2015.
• Even better things are happening on the Island of Westray.
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Involve the local CommunityEven better things are happening on the Island of Westray.
The Parish Kirk, and Community Centre are heated by heat Pumps partly
powered by Wind Turbines
Waste cooking oil from other islands is processed into biodiesel for farm and
other vehicles.
Ethanol used in process is obtained from fermentation of harvested sea weed
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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future
• Switch off unnecessary appliances.• Turn up thermostat by 1 deg in summer and 1 deg lower in winter
3. Renewable Energy
4. Offset – plant trees
2. Improve Efficiency
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CRedBirmingham
Carbon Reduction
CRedNorth Carolina
Carbon Reduction
CRedOkinawa
Carbon Reduction
CRedShanghaiCarbon Reduction
CRedChester
Carbon Reduction
CRedAustralia
Carbon Reduction
Elsewhere
Overseas
In the Future
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So what can you do?What can you do as a School
• Pledge to save energy• Join and commit to
Carbon Dioxide reduction• >>>
CRED
CRedLibya??
Carbon Reduction
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."
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CRedCarbon Reduction
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnvН.К.Тови М.А д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon
Innovation
Email: [email protected]
This presentation will be placed on WEB at
www.cred-uk.org
>>Follow Academic Links
37Animation Courtesy of Rob Hannington
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Insulating a building will keep it cool and save energy
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78
910
1112
13
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (Seconds)
Te
mp
era
ture
(o
C) insulated
not insulated
An insulated building will heat up less quickly and save energy
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40Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Tem
per
atu
re R
ise
(o C)
actual
predicted
Is Global Warming man made?
Prediction: Anthropogenic only
Not a good match between 1920 and 1970
Predictions include:
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
• Sulphates and ozone
• Solar and volcanic activity
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Is Global Warming man made?
Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
Prediction: Natural only
good match until 1960
Predictions include:
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
• Sulphates and ozone
• Solar and volcanic activity
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Tem
per
atu
re R
ise
(o C)
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Tem
per
atur
e R
ise
(o C)
actual
predicted
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1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Tem
per
atu
re R
ise
(o C)
actualpredicted
Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
Prediction: Natural and Anthropogenic
Generally a good match
Predictions include:
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
• Sulphates and ozone
• Solar and volcanic activity
Is Global Warming man made?
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35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Gas and Oil Production - ASPO projection 2004
Bill
ion
bar
rels
of
oil a
yea
r
1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
bil
ion
bar
rels
per
an
nu
m
actual discoveries
projected discoveries
demand
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Electricity Generation in Libya
Oil57001 GWh
GAS14305 GWh
Electricity20202 GWh
Heat Lost from power station
51104 GWhLost from wires
5704 GWh28%
Used for extracting oil and gas2403 GWh
Electricity actually used12059 GWh
18.47 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted in the generation of Electricity
Each unit of electricity used causes the emission of 1532 gms of CO2
In UK 520 gms, France 70 grams China 850 gms
28% efficient in Libya
Data from IEA Balance Tables for Libya.
Power Station
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• What fuels do you use to heat your home in winter?
– Gas?
– Oil?
– Electricity?
• What fuels do you use in summer?
– Electricity?
Using Energy causes emission of CO2
Each fuel emits different amounts of carbon dioxide
Gas for heating 210 – 260 gms per unit of heat 21 – 26 balloons
Approximately same in all countries
Oil for heating 310 – 400 gms
Similar same in all countries
Electricity 1530 grms [153 balloons] for Libya
But 520 gms in UK and 80 gms in SwitzerlandWhy the difference?
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation - Tidal
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Options for Renewable Electricity Generation
Output (MWh)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
01/0
1/20
02
15/0
1/20
02
29/0
1/20
02
12/0
2/20
02
26/0
2/20
02
12/0
3/20
02
26/0
3/20
02
09/0
4/20
02
23/0
4/20
02
07/0
5/20
02
21/0
5/20
02
04/0
6/20
02
18/0
6/20
02
02/0
7/20
02
16/0
7/20
02
30/0
7/20
02
13/0
8/20
02
27/0
8/20
02
10/0
9/20
02
24/0
9/20
02
08/1
0/20
02
22/1
0/20
02
05/1
1/2
002
19/1
1/2
002
03/1
2/20
02
17/1
2/20
02
31/1
2/20
02
Out
put
(MW
h pe
r da
y)
Output 78 000 GWh per annum
Sufficient for 13500 houses in Orkney
Save 40000 tonnes of CO2
Tidal Barrages