!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
Patrick Laube Department of Geography
University of Zurich [email protected]
,*-./+0+%*'01()*2&-&'+(3'0145%5(6((
((
3(-&+7*8*1*9%$01((+**1:*;(%11/5+<0+&8(=*<((
+7&(0'0145%5(*=(0'%-01(-*2&-&'+>((
?70+("(@%11(+01A(0:*/+(
!" #$%&'($)*+$,*-./0&01*2&3$4*5(-(20$#2&36'1'$– 786$9($2((:$08($2(9$:1'%1.312($,4#$
– 786$(;(-.31<1(:$)*+$&21-&3$-*5(-(20=$
>" ?*/+$(;&-.3('$98(+($@(*@+&.86$%*20+1A/0('$0*$,4#$%> )*2&-&'+(5.0$&5(0'8(-*2&-&'+(+<0$&5>(B-.31%&01*2'$*)$
%*2%(.0/&3$-*:(3'$
%%> #$01&>$786$'%&3($-&00(+'"$
%%%> B0++&<'5>(41212@$-*5(-(20$:&0&"$
%2> ,*'+&;+>(C12D12@$-*5(-(20$0*$10'$(2&A312@$&2:$%*2'0+&1212@$@(*%*20(;0$
E" ?12&3$+(-&+D'$
3'%-015(0<&('*+(.&*.1&(
− F8(6$:*2G0$%*-.3&12H$-*'036I.+15&%6$1'$2*0$&2$1''/($− #21-&3'$*))(+$&$9(33J:(<12(:$0('0A(:$)*+$08($:(5(3*.-(20$*)$-*5(-(20$&2&36'1'$-(08*:'$
– K(-&201%$312D$A(09((2$-*5(-(20$&2:$10'$A(8&51*+&3$120(+.+(0&01*2$1'$-*+($-&0/+(H$'12%($-*5(-(20$(%*3*@6$1'$&$9(33J('0&A31'8(:$
+('(&+%8$<1(3:$
– B$9*/3:$&+@/($08&0$081'$312D$1'$3(''$:(5(3*.(:$)*+$8/-&2$A(8&51*+H$08($L/('01*2'$&'D(:$MB$8&5($'((2N$&+($-/%8$3(''$:(<12(:$
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
! $7130'%8D*H$O"$&2:$7130'%8D*H$7"H$>PPEH$#51&2$2&51@&01*2Q$)+*-$81'0*+1%&3$0*$-*:(+2$%*2%(.0'"$!"#$%&'()*%+#,-.H$RSH$.."$>STJ>T>"$
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
! $F*::$U(221'H$V$#/%D3&2:$WX$
! $U&0&Q$Y/:6$K8&-*/2JZ&+&2('H$,*-./0&01*2&3$[(*J\%*3*@6H$V$#-'0(+:&-K8&-*/2JZ&+&2('H$Y"H$5&2$C**2H$\"\"H$]/+5('H$O"K"H$K.(%D-&22H$Z"H$7(1'D*.)H$U"$&2:$,&-.8/6'(2H$,"Y"H$#2&36'1'$&2:$51'/&31^&01*2$*)$&21-&3$-*5(-(20"$
(#,&,/0'1)22).3H$CH$.."$RJ_"$
C(1&55&<(:10$AD:0$A&8(9/115(E!"#$%&'$%($%F((-*2&-&'+(*=(G(-*'+7(
! $?*'%&$[1&2*001H$`UU$3&AH$V$]1'&$
GHIII($0<5J(G(@&&AJ(K(5&$J(LIIMIII(+<%.5(
?70+(%5(5.&$%01(0:*/+(-*2&-&'+N(− @(*@+&.81%$+()(+(2%($
'6'0(-$
− '.&01&3$:(.(2:(2%6$− '.&01&3$8(0(+*@(2(106$− :(+15(:$12)*+-&01*2$
− %*-.3(;$*Aa(%0'$
?70+(%5(5.&$%01(0:*/+(-*2&-&'+N(− @(*@+&.81%$+()(+(2%($
'6'0(-$
− '.&01&3$:(.(2:(2%6$− '.&01&3$8(0(+*@(2(106$− :(+15(:$12)*+-&01*2$
− %*-.3(;$*Aa(%0'$− 1-.31%10$+(3&01*2'81.'$− &A'0+&%01*2$&2:$'%&3($− /2%(+0&1206$
− .(+-&2(20$%8&2@($− *5(+3&.$
3($05&(=*<(,*-./+0+%*'01()*2&-&'+(3'0145%5(
− ,*-A12($@(*@+&.86G'$&2:$[BK%1(2%(G$'.&01*J0(-.*+&3$(;.(+01'($9108$%*-./0&01*2&3$&2&36'1'$0**3'I$
− I(;.3*+12@$312D'$0*$– [(*'0&01'01%'$– ,*-./0&01*2&3$[(*-(0+6$– U&0&$41212@$&2:$`2*93(:@($U1'%*5(+6$12$U&0&A&'('$– b1'/&3$&2&3601%'$– [(*@+&.81%$B2)*+-&01*2$O(0+1(5&3$$
$
O&P%'%+%*'Q((4,$5-2%2#,"%&'6,+)$)"2'!"%&03#3$M,4#N$1'$08($120(+:1'%1.312&+6$+('(&+%8$<1(3:$'0/:612@$08($:(5(3*.-(20$&2:$&..31%&01*2$
*)$%*-./0&01*2&3$0(%821L/('$)*+$%&.0/+12@H$.+*%(''12@H$-&2&@12@H$
'0+/%0/+12@H$&2:$/301-&0(36$&2&36^12@$:&0&$:('%+1A12@$-*5(-(20$
.8(2*-(2&$A*08$12$08($@(*9*+3:$&2:$12$&A'0+&%0$'.&%('H$&1-12@$)*+$&$
A(00(+$/2:(+'0&2:12@$*)$08($.+*%(''('$@*5(+212@$08&0$-*5(-(20"$$
,)3Q(5$%&'+%P%$(=/'80-&'+015(<&10+&8(+*Q(− $70<0$+&<%5+%$5$*)$-*5(-(20$
&2:$-*5(-(20$:&0&$
M/2%(+0&1206H$'%&3(H$
&/0*%*++(3&01*2N$
− 70'81%'9$*)$@+*912@$'0+(&-'$*)$-*5(-(20$:&0&$M%&.0/+12@H$
M.+(JN.+*%(''12@H$'0*+12@H$
L/(+612@N$
− %*2%(.0/&3$-*8&15$&2:$80+0$5+</$+/<&5$)*+$-*5(-(20$0+&%('$&2:$-*5(-(20$'.&%('$
− &2&36'1'$+&$7'%R/&5$M%*-."@(*-H$51^H$:&0&$
-1212@N$
− #&-0'+%$5$*)$&..31%&01*2$&+(&'$
− K*%1(0&3$1''/('$M.+15&%6H$V[,H$*.(2$:&0&N$
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'( %%>(5$01&(
%%%>(.0++&<'5( %2>($*'+&;+(
%>(5.0$&5(0'8(+<0$&5(
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
! $800.Qcc999"51'/&3.8*0*'"%*-c.8*0*c!;REdSd_Tc+&0e12e&e-&^(e>b>fPR"a.@$
%>(5.0$&5(0'8(+<0$&5(
)*2&-&'+(5.0$&5S(
! $C&/A(H$]"$M>PP_N"$]+*@+(''$12$4*5(-(20$]&00(+2$#2&36'1'"$B2$[*00)+1(:H$Z"$&2:$#@8&a&2H$g"H$\:'"H$()*%+#,-.''6,"#2,.#"/'%"7'8"2).5.)2%2#,"'9'!$:#)"2'!33#32)7'1#+#"/H$dEJT!H$BhK$]+(''"$
S0'8(-*2&-&'+(+<0$&5(
! $C&/A(H$]"$M>PP_N"$]+*@+(''$12$4*5(-(20$]&00(+2$#2&36'1'"$B2$[*00)+1(:H$Z"$&2:$#@8&a&2H$g"H$\:'"H$()*%+#,-.''6,"#2,.#"/'%"7'8"2).5.)2%2#,"'9'!$:#)"2'!33#32)7'1#+#"/H$dEJT!H$BhK$]+(''"$
T;0-.1&Q()*2&-&'+(.0++&<'Q(((((02*%85((
! $4\O`BH$4"$&2:$C#VZ\H$]"H$>P!>"$U(0(%012@$+(&%01*2$-*5(-(20$.&00(+2'$12$0+&a(%0*+6$:&0&"$B2Q$[\WK\CH$Y"H$YhKK\CBWH$$U"$&2:$b#WU\WZOhV,`\H$U"$(:'"$#[BC\i>P!>$B20(+2&01*2&3$,*2)(+(2%($*2$[(*@+&.81%$B2)*+-&01*2$K%1(2%("$#51@2*2H$?O"$
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
! $800.Qcc))))*/2:"%*-c1-&@(c)RE&(d___:%ERAEPPE>()(<AE%&R>dREdR&_PT%E$
%%>(5$01&( U&%8&'(80+0($7011&'9&(
! $,+(:10'Q$O*''$]/+5('H$V$X/+1%8H$:&0&Q$Y/:6$K8&-*/2JZ&+&2('H$,*-./0&01*2&3$[(*J\%*3*@6H$V$#-'0(+:&-$
V%<8( W<%.( O%5+0'$&( W%-&(
)&0'(50-.1%'9(<0+&(
#+8(8&2(50-.1%'9(<0+&(
)&0'(#.&&8(
#+8(8&2(5.&&8(
E>P$ E>PeSS$ !d!EP_"f$ >fPP!$ E"E!d_PS$ !E"E__E_$ d"f!TT!R$ S"R_TTT>$
E>P$ E>Pe!S$ !!f>Ef"S$ >>fTR$ E>R"f$ !>d"S>TE$ d"_ff>>E$ d"fRTd!T$
>_f$ >_fed_$ !>_T>!"S$ SdTSf$ R!S">Sfd$ !!">dTS$ >"ESP_S_$ E"dff>Ed$
! $,+(:10'Q$O*''$]/+5('H$V$X/+1%8H$:&0&Q$Y/:6$K8&-*/2JZ&+&2('H$,*-./0&01*2&3$[(*J\%*3*@6H$V$#-'0(+:&-$
,<*55D5$01&(-*2&-&'+(0'0145%5(
! $?1'8(+H$]"H$7**:H$Y"$&2:$,8(2@H$F"H$>PPdH$?7&<&(%5(X&12&114'N(?/^^12(''$*)$-/301J'%&3($3&2:'%&.($-*+.8*-(0+6"$;.%"3%<2#,"3',='2*)'8"32#2-2)',='(.#2#3*'>),/.%5*).3H$LYH$.."$!PRJ!>f"$B-&@(Q$71D1.(:1&$
?+*-$j78(+($1'$g(35(3362=kI$
$
$
$
$
I0*$jg*9$)&'0$1'$&$%*9=k$
,<*55D5$01&(-*2&-&'+(0'0145%5(
!"#$%&%"'()
!"*+,#-.*'()
O&<%2%'9(-*2&-&'+(.0<0-&+&<5(
7'
7?'
,<*55D5$01&(0'0145%5(
− S'H$!P'H$RP'$l!-12mH$EPP'lS-12mH$RPP'$l!P-12mH$!>PP'$l"S8m$
w1
w2
w3
K%&3($!Q$S'
S'
K%&3($>Q$!P'
K%&3($EQ$!-12
Z&5/1+5("Q([($*@56(\(5$01&5(
!"##$%"##&%"#'%%"&%%"$(%%#
! Laube, P., Purves, R. (2011). How fast is a cow? Cross-scale Analysis of Movement Data, Transaction in GIS. 15(3), 401-418 "
]'$&<+0%'+4(
FJ0('0$'1@21<1%&2%($$
5$n$P"P!$
$'.((:$l-'J!m$
0+/($.*'101*2$
-(&'/+('$.*'101*2$
4,$'1-/3&0(:$.*'101*2$
l-'J!m$
Z&5/1+5(""Q(]'$&<+0%'+4(
• *2$0(-.*+&3$'%&3($KII(5$$• 9108$[]KJ/2%(+0&1206$$G(-(• 4(:1&2J'.((:$o$I>GGK(-5DG(
p$o$!-$
p$o$E-$
p$o$!P-$
l-'J!m$
l-'J!m$
0(-.*+&3$'%&3($l'm$!>PP$RPP$RP$ EPP$!P$S$! Laube, P., Purves, R. (2011). How fast is a cow? Cross-scale Analysis of Movement Data, Transaction in GIS. 15(3), 401-418 "
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
! $800.Qcc.1.(+A&'(2a1"A3*@'.*0"%8c>P!!cP!c%&2&:&J@(('("80-3$
%%%>(.0++&<'5(
1
4
2
3
5
7
^*<-01%_0+%*'(
1 4
@'.'
)+*20$+(@1*2$M.H$@N$$
78*$1'$2*0$)*33*9(:=$
78*$)*33*9'$98*-=$
^*<-01(8&5$<%.+%*'(
1 3 4
2
d$)*33*9'$2*A*:6$
$
!$)*33*9'$d$
E$)*33*9'$!$
3 2
1
d$)*33*9'$2*A*:6$
$
!$&2:$E$)*33*9$d$
>$)*33*9$E$
3
2
d$)*33*9'$2*A*:6$
$
!H$>$&2:$E$)*33*9$d$
>$)*33*9'$!$&2:$d$
E$)*33*9'$!$&2:$d$
4 1
4
)&`(L(
B0++&<'Q(ELJ(LJ(Ga-J(GLIbFcd1&08&<d(
! $#2:(+''*2H$4"H$[/:-/2:''*2H$Y"H$C&/A(H$]"H$&2:$7*33(H$F"H$M>PPfN"$O(.*+012@$3(&:(+'$&2:$)*33*9(+'$&-*2@$0+&a(%0*+1('$*)$-*512@$.*120$*Aa(%0'"$>),8"=,.$%2#<%H$GLMdNH$d_TJS>f"$
^*<-01&(V&5$7<&%:/'9(
B0++&<'Q(ELJ(LJ(Ga-J(GLIbFcd1&08&<d(
! $#2:(+''*2H$4"H$[/:-/2:''*2H$Y"H$C&/A(H$]"H$&2:$7*33(H$F"H$M>PPfN"$O(.*+012@$3(&:(+'$&2:$)*33*9(+'$&-*2@$0+&a(%0*+1('$*)$-*512@$.*120$*Aa(%0'"$>),8"=,.$%2#<%H$GLMdNH$d_TJS>f"$
Z&5/1+5( 31+&<'0+%2&(O&P%'%+%*'(8&5(V&@&9/'95-/5+&<S(
! $W&@6H$4"H$#D*'H$X"H$Z1+*H$U"$&2:$b1%'(DH$F"H$>P!PH$g1(+&+%81%&3$@+*/.$:62&-1%'$12$.1@(*2$<3*%D'"$A%2-.)H$dRdH$.."$f_PJf_E"$
! $800.Qcc999"&33.*'0(+'"%*-$%2>($*'+&;+(
! $2(9'"AA%"%*"/D$
HaA-e7N(
*$*@`HaA-e7N(
! $,+(:10'Q$41%8&(3$K&/0(+H$4K%$F8('1'H$V$X/+1%8$
! $,"$['%89(2:H$V"$X/+1%8$%#
%)$#
%)(#
%)'#
%)*#
%)!#
%)&#
+,-..# ,-/#.012# /0032-43#
50146#
71,728#
.8760,#&%9#
.8760,#(:%9#
,14+#
! $B-)(3:H$K"H$>PPPH$F1-(H$]*120'$&2:$K.&%(Q$F*9&+:'$&$A(00(+$&2&36'1'$*)$913:31)($:&0&$12$[BK"$V215(+'106$*)$X/+1%8"$
! MSc Arbeit, Alexandra Zeiler, 2012"
!"#$%&'$&(%'()*+%*'(
%%%>(.0++&<'5( %2>($*'+&;+(
%>(5.0$&5(0'8(+<0$&5(
%%>(5$01&(
− ,*2%(.0/&3$-*:(3'$:(<12($98&0$&2&36'1'$*.(+&01*2'$&+($.*''1A3($
&2:$'/10&A3($
− ,4#$.+*51:('$0&13*+(:$&2&36'1'$0**3'$(;.3*1012@$@(*@+&.81%$
(;.(+01'($
− g&--(+J2&13$.+*A3(-$− 781%8$.&00(+2'$&+($+(3(5&20=$− \5&3/&01*2$+(-&12'$:1)<1%/30$
− ,*-./012@$-*5(-(20$.&+&-(0(+'$1'$5(+6$'%&3(J:(.(2:(20$&2:$
'(2'1015($0*$/2%(+0&1206$$
− ,4#$*))(+'$%+*''J'%&3($'(2'1015106$'0/:1('$&'$&$'/10&A3($-(&2'$)*+$
1:(201)612@$'(2'1A3($&2&36'1'$'%&3('$
− 4*'0$+('(&+%8$*2$'8&.($− 41''(:$%+/%1&3$(-A(::12@$12$
%*20(;0$
− ,4#$.+*51:('$0**3'$)*+$120(@+&0(:$&2&36'1'$$
?70+("(+7%'A(4*/(-%97+(:&(%'+&<&5+&8(%'(− 78&0$&+($08($1-.31%&01*2'$*)$:&0&$31-10&01*2'$&2:c*+$%8*'(2$-*:(3'=$– F812D$*)$10$&'$&2$&2&3*@6$0*$4#V]$
− K%&3($-&00(+'$– V.J'%&312@$&2:$:*92J'%&312@$– #@@+(@&01*2$1''/('$
− g*9$0*$&''(''$0+&a(%0*+6$'1-13&+106=$
W**15Q(V1&'8&8(.<*+*+4.%'9(− ,*--(+%1&3$[BK$)*+$[BK$A/'12(''H$\KOB$0**3'$M-&..12@H$'.&01&3$&2&36'1'N$
− Y&5&H$]608*2$)*+$2/-A(+J%+/2%812@$&2:$120(+)&%12@$− ?4\$)*+$@(*J2/-A(+J%+/2%812@$&2:$@(*J120(+)&%12@$− ]+*%(''12@$)*+$51'/&31^&01*2$− O$)*+$'0&0'$− K.(%1<1%$0**3'$)*+$'.(%1<1%$0&'D'H$("@"$F+&412(+$)*+$'(L/(2%($-1212@$
! 800.Qcc999"+*9*830":(cA/%8c>T!P>!$
^%'01(<&-0<A5(− 4*5(-(20$:&0&$#3$'.(%1&3H$@(*J(;.(+01'($+(&336$8(3.'$)*+$
,4#$
− h3:$)+1(2:'$&2:$2(9$%8&33(2@('$
− #21-&3'$&+($%/0(H$A/0$.(*.3($9108$-*A13($.8*2('$8&5($
-*2(6$
− C*9$8&2@12@$)+/10$&+($@*2($− F8($D133(+$&..31%&01*2$1'$6(0$0*$%*-($
! 800.Qcc.(212'/3&%3&+1*2"%*-c2(9'c>P!>JP>JP!c.8*0*J3*9J8&2@12@J)+/10$
W70'A5(
4&00$
,8+1'01&2$
O*A(+0$
Y*&%81-$
O*''$
4&+%$