& - ..
:
, .
.
:
()
/
.
(picture element, pixel, pel)J JxK I(j,k) k=0,1,2.K-1 j=0,1,2.J-1 (k,j)
E (color images): , (RGB).I(k.j)=(IR(k,j), IG(k,j), IB(k,j))IR(k,j), IG(k,j), IB(k,j){0,1,2,...,255} (binary images) I(k,j){0,1} (gray level images)I(k,j)=0,1,...255
. C , bits : C=2B B=log2C
bit (bit depth) . J JKB bits.
.
JKBbitsbytes1001001100001250 10010088000010000 RGB1001002424000030000
KKJJ pixels/mm2 dpi ( dots per inch : )
(Run Length encoding, RLE) (), (connected components) (connected component) (not connected component)
(chain coding) (2,2)0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 6, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1. (signature)
1
3
4
6
11
1
250250100100
2505010010
2505010010
250100250100
250250250250
102505050
103
504
1006
25011
1
0
0
0
0
2
3
1
250250100100
2505010010
2505010010
250100250100
250250250250
102505050
gH(g)h(g)
1030.125
5040.167
10060.250
250110.458
1.000
1
2
3
I(k,j) = [(G-1)P(I(k,j)] P(g) = P(g-1)+ h(g).
6
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. . . . .
C1C2g
- (Otsu)p1+p2=1.=p11+p2212t=107
- (Kapur)t=111
Kohonenoc(t) = min{oj(t)} wj(t+1)=wj(t)+wj(t)
Kohonen
. . (edge detection). . , (k,j) (k, j) . , , , , .
Laplace
1K(k+1,j)- 1K(k,j)= I(k+1,j)-I(k,j)-( I(k,j)-I(k-1,j))= I(k+1,j)-2I(k,j)+I(k-1,j)1J(k,j+1)- 1J(k,j)= I(k,j+1)-I(k,j)-( I(k,j)-I(k,j-1))= I(k,j+1)-2I(k,j)+I(k,j-1) Laplace
12=1-411
HUFFMAN 15+15+24+43+72+52+52=54 bits 253=75 bits bits (3=[log27]+1)
gH(g)h(g)1010.042010.045020.088040.1610070.2815050.220050.2251
g10205080100150200h(g)00000000010001001011011
100100100100100200102015010020050501501002002002001501508080808080
n=0,1,2
132
0
n=0n=2n=1g0g1g2fF0F1F2
( )
1 2 (n1,n2), n1=0,1,,N1-1, n2=0,1,,N2-1. :
#include#include#include#include#include/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/float dct1d(int k, float *x, int N){ int n; float c=0.0;
if( k == 0 ) { for( n = 0; n < N; n++) c += x[n]; return c/sqrt((float)N); }
for( n = 0; n < N; n++) c += x[n]*cos(M_PI*k*(2*n+1)/(2*N)); return c/sqrt((float)N/2);}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/float idct1d(int n, float *c, int N){ int k; float x=0; for( k = 1; k < N; k++) x += c[k]*cos(M_PI*k*(2*n+1)/(2*N)); return c[0]/sqrt((float)N) + x/sqrt((float)N/2);}
/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/float dct2d(int k1, int k2, float *x, int N1, int N2){ int n1; float *c, cc; char buf[20]; c = (float*)malloc(N1*sizeof(float)); for(n1 = 0; n1
Hough = x + y = x + y
Hough
, . . (pixels,picture-elements) . . erosion() dilation(). pixels -pattern . pixels . - (bilevel ),
-
(translation) x :()x = {c|c = + x, a A} 2.1 x (1,2) , , A (3,3) + (1,2) = (4,5). A . (computer graphics) ( {1,2}).