Goals and Objectives The student will be able to: Identifythesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetwoconflicts. Listthemajorresultsofthetwoconflicts. Generalizeandextendthetwoconflictstootherperiodsandareasofconflictintheworld.

Curriculum standards addressed KS-World History Thestudentusesaworkingknowledgeandunderstandingofsignificantindividuals,groups,ideas,events,erasanddevelopmentsinthehistoryofKansas,theUnitedStates,andtheworld,utilizingessentialana-lyticalandresearchskills. Benchmark2:Thestudentusesaworkingknowledgeandunderstandingofindividuals,groups,ideas,developments,andturningpointsoftheAgeofRevolutions(1650-1920). 8.^(A)examinescausesofanti-colonialmovementsinLatinAmerica,Asia,andAfrica(e.g.,^BoxerRebellion;^ZuluWars). KS-Geography ThestudentusesaworkingknowledgeandunderstandingofthespatialorganizationofEarth’ssurfaceandrelationshipsbetweenpeoplesandplacesandphysicalandhumanenvironmentsinordertoexplaintheinteractionsthatoccurinKansas,theUnitedStates,andinourworld.

Benchmark4:HumanSystems:Thestudentunderstandshoweconomic,political,cultural,andsocialprocessesinteracttoshapepatternsofhumanpopulations,interdependence,cooperation,andconflict.

Time required/class periods needed Thislessonwillneedapproximately3classperiodsor11/2blockperiods.

Zulus and Boxers

Bianca Elliott

Class and Grade Level(s):WorldHistory,HighSchool

Primary source bibliographyhttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1900fei-boxers.htmlhttp://www.anglozuluwar.com/nss-folder/downloads/letters_from_the_zulu_war.pdf

Other resources used Zulu(1964).OntheJanuary22nd1879theBritishArmysufferedoneofitsworstdefeatswhenZuluforcesmassacred1,500ofitstroopsatIsandlhwana.AshorttimeafterthemainbattleaZuluforcenum-beringinexcessof4000warriorsadvancedonaBritishhospitalandsupplydumpguardedby139Welshinfantrymen.Thefilmconcentratesonthisbloody12hourbattleduringwhichtheBritishforce,undertheircommanderfromtheRoyalEngineerswhohappenedtobeintheareabuildingabridgeandhappenedtobeseniortotheinfantryofficer,won11VictoriaCrosses.Whiletakingsomelibertieswithhistorythefilmfollowsrealityfairlyclosely,includingmatchingexactlytheidentitiesoftheVCwinners.WrittenbyDaveJenkins{david.jenkins@smallworld.co.uk}

ChineseDynasties,PartTwo:TheSongDynastyThroughtheQingDynasty960to1911Developedby

SelenaLaiandWakaTakahasiBrown(2007)SPICEUnit.

MacArcle,M.(2007).ThetimelinehistoryofChina.ThunderBayPress.SanDiego,CA.

Murphey,R.(2003).EastAsia:ANewHistory.PearsonEducation.

http://web.archive.org/web/20000524081335/http://www.thehistorynet.com/MilitaryHistory/articles/1998/0398_text.htm

http://www.anglozuluwar.com/

http://www.zuluwars.co.za/index.php

http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/governence-projects/anglo_zulu_wars/index.html

Shillington,K.(2005).2ndEd.HistoryofAfrica.PalgraveMcMillan.NewYork,NewYork.

Required materials/supplies

PaperforstudentsOverheadorsomethingtorecorddiscussionpointsCopiesofthereadingsTextifitdemonstrates/discusses/presentsthetwoconflicts

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Vocabulary

Revolution

Conflict

“other”

Change

ruler

Procedure

DAY1:Introducethesectionbyaskingstudentstobrainstormwordsthatgowith“conflict”andlistthemontheover-headorboard(maybedoneingroupswithbestanswerssharedwithclass).Haveclassselect2-3wordsthatbestrepresent“conflict.”Repeatprocessfortheword“revolution.”Askiftherearesimilaritiesand/ordissimi-laritiesinthesewords.Recordtheobservationsoftheclass.Presentthetwoconfrontations(ZuluandBoxer)will be looked at and the students need to look for similarities and dissimilarities between these confrontations andtheresultsaswellasconcludethesectionwithageneralizationandextensionregardingtoday’sglobalsitu-ation.AretheseplacesoreventsexperiencingsimilarsituationsastheZulu,theBoxers,orboth?

Next,askthestudentstomakeaKWLchartwhichwillbeturnedinattheendofthelesson.Havethemfillitinindividually/ingroups,with/withoutbooksalltheyknowabouttheZuluWars.Ifthisisdoneindividually(rec-ommended),havethestudentspairandshare(modifiedThink/Pair/Share).Thenhavetheclassshareafewideasandprovidetheclasswithessentialbackgroundinformation.Havethestudentsquicklywrite3-5thingstheywanttoknowfromthisconflict/war.Donotsharethiswithothers.Beginlessonandstatetheyneedtorecordtheinformationastheyhearitwhenitaddresses“WhatIwanttoknow.”(Theycandothisontheirownifthatiswhattheteacheroptsforthislesson.)Homeworkisaone-paragraph(five-sentenceminimum)reflectionofwhatthestudentlearnedthatday.

DAY2:RepeatthesecondparagraphabovesubstitutingBoxersforZulus.

DAY3:Reviewthematerialandlookoverthegraphicorganizerwhichopenedthelesson.Answer/addressanyinforma-tionthathasnotbeenclarified.Returntothetopicofconflictandrevolution.What,ifanychangesneedtobemadetothesedefinitionsfromthefirstday?Whatabouttheword“change?”Discussthechangestothedefini-tions.Onanewpage,makeaVennDiagram(below:inthemiddlemightbesuchitemsasdefensefromthe“other”,fearofchange,“other”knowsbest,outsidepressures,Britishinbothwars,andmultinationalperspec-tive/involvement)andhavethestudentscopyit.Havethemfillitoutindividuallyandshareitwithoneperson.Thenshareitwiththeclass.Discussthoseresults.Havethestudentswriteaone-paragraph(five-sentencemini-mum)overviewofwhattheylearnedfromtheZuluWars/BoxerRebellionandConflictandRebellion.

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Assessment/evaluation

Graphicorganizer…reflectivejournal…teacherobservation…classparticipation

Extension Ideas

Havethestudentswriteadiary,poem,orcreateanimageofoneoftheconflictsfromoneofthepoints-of-viewandassessitondepthofunderstandingoftheviewpoint.

Havethestudentscreatewordsearches,crosswordpuzzles,quizzesand/ortestsoverthesectionsofthebookandormaterialsforreviewandfornextyear’sstudents.

Havethestudentsconductapolicydebateoradiscussiongroupoverthepointregardingwhetheritisac-ceptableforonegrouptoadvanceintoanothergroup’sgeographicorculturalspace.Thismaybeextendedtodiscusstheformsofacceptabledefenseagainstsuchincursions,whoisthe“other,”whatdoesapeopledowith“fear’ofchange,’andothertopicsasdiscoveredintheearlierclassperiod(s).

Readtheprimarysourcematerial(seebelow)anddiscussvariouspointssuchaspersuasion,cultural,propa-ganda,andstereotypes.

ModernHistorySourcebook:FeiCh’i-hao:TheBoxerRebellion,1900FeiCh’i-haowasaChineseChristian.Hereherecountstheactivitiesofthemillenialist“Boxers”intheBoxerRebellionof1900.

IVTHE GATHERING OF THE STORM

ThepeopleofShansiarenaturallytimidandgentle,notgiventomakingdisturbances,beingthemostpeaceablepeopleinChina.SoourShansiChristianswerehopefulforthemselves,evenwhenthereportsfromthecoastgrewmorealarming.Buttherewasonethingwhichcausedusdeepapprehension,andthatwasthefactthatthewicked,cruelYUHsien,thehaterofforeigners,wasthenewlyappointedGovernorofShansi.Hehadprevi-ouslypromotedtheBoxermovementinShantung,andhadpersuadedtheEmpressDowagerthattheBoxershadsupernaturalpowersandweretruepatriots.

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FromthistimewehadnocommunicationwithTientsinorPeking.Alltravellersweresearched,andifdiscov-eredbearingforeignletterstheywerekilled.Sothoughseveraltimesmessengerswerestartedouttocarryourletterstothecoast,theywereturnedbackbytheBoxersbeforetheyhadgonefar.ItwasnotlongbeforetheBoxers,likeapestilence,hadspreadalloverShansi.SchoolhadnotclosedyetinFenChouFu,butasthefeel-ingofalarmdeepened,fatherscametotaketheirboyshome,andschoolwasdismissedbeforetheendofJune.

Mr.andMrs.LundgrenandMissEldredoftheChinaInlandMissionhadcometoMrs.Price'saboutthemiddleofJune,andaftertheBoxertroublebegantheywereunabletoleave.Mr.andMrs.LundgrensoonheardthattheirmissionatP'ingYaohadbeenburned.

Duringthetwolongmonthsthatfollowednotawordreachedusfrombeyondthemountains.ThechurchinShansiwalkedindarkness,notseeingthewaybeforeit.

ThewickedGovernor,YüHsien,scatteredproclamationsbroadcast.Thesestatedthattheforeignreligionsover-threwmoralityandinflamedmentodoevil,sonowgodsandmenwerestirredupagainstthem,andHeaven'slegionshadbeensenttoexterminatetheforeigndevils.MoreoverthereweretheBoxers,faithfultotheirsov-ereign,loyaltotheircountry,determinedtouniteinwipingouttheforeignreligion.Healsoofferedarewardtoallwhokilledforeigners,eithertitlesorofficeormoney.WhenthehighestofficialintheprovincetooksuchastandinfavoroftheBoxers,whatcouldinferiorofficialsdo?Peopleandofficialsbowedtohiswill,andallwhoenlistedasBoxerswereinhighfavor.Itwasatimeoflicenseandanarchy,whennotonlyChristianswerekilled,buthundredsofothersagainstwhomindividualBoxershadagrudge.

Crowdsofpeoplekeptpassingourmissiongatetoseewhatmightbehappening,forthecitywasfullofrumors.“Theforeignershaveallfled.”“Manyforeignersfromotherplaceshavegatheredhere.”“Agreatcannonhasbeenmountedatthemissiongate.”“Theforeignershavehiredmentopoisonwells,andtosmeargateswithblood.”

IwasstayinginthecompoundwiththePrices,insidethewestgateofthecity,andMr.andMrs.Atwater,withtheirchildren,BerthaandCelia,livedneartheeastgate.Onthe28thofJunealldaylongamobofoneortwohundredroughs,withcrowdsofboys,stoodatthegateoftheAtwaterplace,shouting:“Killtheforeigners,lootthehouses.”

Mr.Atwatercameoutonceandaddressedthecrowd:“Friends,don’tmakethisdisturbance;whoeverwouldliketocomein,Iinvitetocome,andwewilltalkto-gether.”WhenthecrowdsawMr.Atwatercomeout,theyallretreated,butwhenheshutthegatetheythrongedbackagainwithmadshouts.Thishappenedseveraltimes.Bysixorsevenintheeveningthecrowdhadin-creasedandgatheredcourage.Thegatewasbrokendownandtheysurgedin,someshouting,somelayinghandsonwhatevertheycouldfindtosteal,somethrowingstonesandbrickbatsatthewindows.Astheyrushedin,Mr.AtwaterandhisfamilywalkedthroughtheirmidstandtookrefugeintheYamenoftheDistrictMagis-trate,whichwasnearby.TheMagistrate,notevenwaitingforhisofficialchair,ranatoncetothemissionandarrestedtwomenwithhisownhands.Hisattendantsfollowedclosebehindhim,andthemobscattered.TheMagistratethensentsoldierstostandguardatthemissiongate,andtheAtwaterscametolivewiththePrices.Weexpectedthemobtomakeanattackonusthatsamenight,butwewereleftinpeace...

EarlyinJunemycollegefriendK’ungHsiangHsicamebackfromT’ungchouforhisvacation,reportingthatthestateofaffairsthereandatPekingwasgrowingworse,thatthelocalofficialswerepowerlessagainsttheBoxers,andthattheBoxers,armedwithswords,wereconstantlythreateningChristiansscatteredinthecountry.

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LateinjulyaproclamationoftheGovernorwaspostedinthecityinwhichoccurredthewords,"Exterminateforeigners,killdevils."NativeChristiansmustleavethechurchorpaythepenaltywiththeirlives.LiYijandItalkedlongandearnestlyoverplansforsavingthelivesofourbelovedmissionaries."Youmustnotstayherewaitingfordeath,"wesaid.Yetwerealizedhowdifficultitwouldbetoescape.Foreignerswithlighthairandfairfacesarenoteasilydisguised.Thenwherecouldtheygo?Eastwardtowardthecoastallwasintumult.Perhapstheprovincestothesouthwerejustasbad.Ourbestwaywouldbetofindaplaceofconcealmentinthemountains.LiY0andIthoughtthatthechancesofescapewouldbebetterifthemissionariesdividedintotwocompanies;theymustcarryfood,clothing,andbedding,andthelargecompanywouldsurelyattractattention.Moreover,iftheywereintwoparties,andonewaskilled,theothermightescape.SoLiYüandIwenttotalkthematteroverwithMr.Han,theformerhelper,andaDeaconWang.Bothofthesemenhadrecanted,buttheystilllovedtheirforeignfriends.DeaconWang,wholivedinavillageovertenmilesfromFenChouFu,wishedtoconcealMr.andMrs.PriceandlittleFlorenceinhishomeforadayortwo,andthentakethemverysecretlytoabroken-downtempleinthemountains.LiYüsaidtome:

"IfyoucanescapewithMr.andMrs.Pricetothemountains,IwilltrytotaketheAtwaters,Mr.andMrs.Lun-dgren,andMissEldredtoanotherplaceinthemountains."

ButwhenIproposedthisplantoMr.andMrs.Price,theysaid:

"Wemissionariesdonotwishtobeseparated.Wemustbeinoneplace,andifwediewewanttodietogether."

WhenIspoketothemagainaboutgoing,theysaid:

"Thankyouforyourlove,butwedonotwanttodeserttheothermissionaries."

"Youwillnotbedesertingthem,"Ipleaded."Ifyoudecidetofleewithme,Mr.Liwilldohisbesttoescapewiththeothers."

ThenIbroughtforwardallmyargumentstopersuadethem.Againallconsultedtogether,anddecidedtogo.IthinkthiswasthelastdayofJuly-theverydayoftheTaiKutragedy.Mr.andMrs.PricemadeuptwobundlesofbaggageandgavethemtoMr.Han,tobecarriedsecretlytoDeaconWang'shome.Mr.Hanpaidalargepriceforacoveredcarttowaitforussecretlyatteno'clockintheeveningatthegateofanoldtemplenorthofthemission.Weweretowalktothecart,asitwouldattractattentionifthecartstoppednearthemission.Wecouldnotleavebythefrontgate,forthefourYamenmenwereguardingit;andpatrollingthestreetsinfrontbydayandnightweretwentysoldiers,ostensiblyprotectingus,but,aswesurmised,stationedtheretopreventtheescapeofforeigners.Iwentprivatelytothebackofthecompoundandunlockedanunusedgate,removingalsoastonewhichhelpedtokeepitshut.Ihadalreadymadeupabundletocarrywithme,andaskedMr.Jen,aChirstianinquirer,totakecareofitwhileIwashelpingMr.andMrs.Pricetogetready.AfterIhadopenedthegateIaskedMr.JentowaitthereuntilIwentintothesouthcourttocallthePrices.

Manproposes,butGoddisposes.AMr.WangwhohadoftencometothemissionknewthatwewereplanningtoescapethatnightandsawmegivemybundletoMr.Jen.ThinkingthatitmustcontainsomevaluablethingsbelongingtothePrices,anevilthoughtenteredhisheart.HewatchedwhenMr.Jenlaidthebundleinasmallemptyroomclosebythegate,andafterhecameout,Mr.Wangwentintotheroom.Mr.Jenthoughtnothingofthis,supposingthatMr.Wangwasafriend.ButinaminutehesawMr.Wangrushoutoftheroom,leapover

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thewall,andrunaway.Goingatonceintotheroomandnotfindingthebundle,helosthisheadcompletely,andsetupaloudwail.Hisonethoughtwasthathehadbeenfaithlesstohistrust,andsittingdowninthebackgatewhichIhadopenedsosecretly,hecriedatthetopofhisvoice,thusbringingtonaughtourcarefullylaidplanstoescape.UpranthefourYamenmenandthesoldiersfromthestreet.Everyoneinthecompoundap-pearedonthescene.WhenIheardhisoutcryIthoughtthathehadreceivedsomeseriousinjury.Allgatheredabouthimaskinghistrouble,butovercomewithemotionhejumpedupanddown,slappinghislegsandcryinglustily.Finallyhemanagedtosaythroughhistears,"Mr.Fay[Fei],Mr.Wanghasstolenthethingswhichyougaveme."

WhenIheardthisIcouldneitherlaughnorcrynorstormathim.TheYamenmenandsoldiersatoncepickeduptheirlanternsandbegantosearch.Whentheysawthatthebackgatehadbeenunlockedandthestonere-moved,notknowingthatIhaddoneit,theybegantoscoldandmutter:"Thesethings!Howcontemptibletheyare!Whendidtheyopenthisgateinordertostealtheforeigners'things?"

Astheymutteredtheylockedthegateandreplacedthestone,thenlefttwomentoguardit.Itwasaftermidnightwhenthiscommotionwasover,andeverygatewasguarded.Mr.PriceandIsawthatitwouldbeimpossibletogetoutthatnight.Evenifwecouldleavethecompound,wecouldnotreachDeaconWang'sbeforedaylight.Ifweattemptedit,thePriceswouldnotbesaved,andDeaconWang'swholefamilywouldbeendangered.

SoIwentaloneoutsidethecompoundtotellMr.Hantodismissthecart.Assoonashesawme,hesaidquickly:

"ItisindeedwellthatthePriceshavenotcome.Ijustcameacrossseveralthieves,andwasmistakenforoneoftheircompany.Oneofthemsaidtome,'Ifyougetanything,youmustdividewithme.'IfthePriceshadcomeout,Ifeartheywouldhavebeenkilled."

Thenextdayweconsultedagainaboutflight.LiYiisaid:

"Letusfleealltogethertothemountainsfromthirtytosixtymilesaway."

Sowehiredalargecartandloadeditwithfoodandothernecessities,andsentitaheadofusintothemoun-tains.TwoChristianinquirerswentwiththecarttoguardit.Whenithadenteredthemountainsaboutsevenmilesfromthecity,suddenlyamanranupandsaidtotheinquirers:

"Runquickforyourlives!Yourmissioninthecityisburning,andtheforeignershaveallbeenkilled."Assoonastheyhadjumpeddownfromthecartandrunaway,rascalscameupandstoleallthatwasonthecart.

Whenweheardthiswegaveupallhopeofescape,especiallyasweweretoldthatbadmeninthecityhadheardofourintention,andwerehidingoutsidethecitydayandnightreadytokillandrobtheforeignersiftheyshouldappear.Sowetalkednomoreoffleeing,butcommittedourlivesintothehandsofourHeavenlyFather,todoasseemedtoHimbest.Wehadlittlehopethatwewouldbesaved.Stillwekeptguardeverynight,Mr.AtwaterandMr.Lundgrenbeingondutythefirsthalfofthenight,andMr.PriceandIthelasthalf.Atthattimealloftheservantshadleftus,andMrs.Pricedidallthecooking,Mrs.LundgrenandMissEldred

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LiYüwassohelpfulthosedays.HealonewentoutsidethecompoundtoseetheMagistrate,totransactbusi-ness,topurchasefood,andeverydaytogetthenews.

Augusthadcome,andwewerestillalive.CoulditbethatGodwishingtoshowHismightypower,wouldoutofthatwholeprovinceofShansisavethemissionariesatFenChouFuandTaiKu?

TheseconddayofAugust,alittleafternoon,amancameintoourcompoundwiththesaddeststorythatourearshadheardduringthosesadsummerdays.HewasMrs.Clapp'scook,andtwodaysbefore,intheafter-noon,hehadfledfromtheTaiKucompoundwhenflameandswordandrifleweredoingtheirmurderouswork.AshefledhesawMr.Clapp,Mr.Williams,andMr.DavismakingalastvainefforttokeepbackthemobofhundredsofsoldiersandBoxers,andsawMrs.Clapp,MissPartridge,MissBird,andRuthtakingref-ugeinalittlecourtinthebackofthecompound.MissBirdhadsaidtohimasheran:

"Bequick!bequick!"

Overthecompoundwall,thenthecitywall,hehadtakenshelterinafieldofgrain,wherehestillheardthehowlingofthemobandsawtheheavensgraywithsmokefromtheburningbuildings.Hehidinthegrainuntilmorningbroke,thenstartedonhisjourneytoFenChouFu.

Sotoourlittlecompanywaitingsolonginthevalleyoftheshadowofdeath,camethetidingsthatourTaiKumissionarieshadcrossedtheriver.SeveralnativeChristianswhocountednottheirlivesdearuntothemselves,hadgonewiththemartyrband.EagerlyIaskedaboutmysister,herhusbandandchild.Themessengerdidnotknowwhethertheywerelivingordead---onlythattheyhadbeenstayinginthemissionbuildingsoutsidethecity.Twodayslaterfullaccountsofthemassacrereachedus,andIknewthattheywereamongtheslain.

Bitterwerethetearswhichweshedtogetherthatafternoon.ItseemedasifmyheartwasbreakingasIthoughtofthecrueldeathofthosewhomIlovedsomuch,andwhomIshouldneveragainseeonearth.Whatwordscantellmygrief?Icouldnotsleepthatnight,norformanynightsfollowing.IthoughthowlovinglyMr.andMrs.Clapphadnursedmethroughmylongillness.IweptforMissBird,whohadsympathizedwithmeandhelpedme."Mydearones,mydearones,wholovedandhelpedmeasifIwereyourveryfleshandblood,whobroughtsomuchjoyandpeacetothelonelyonefarfromhishome,whoworkedsoearnestlyforGod,whopitiedandhelpedthesufferingandpoor,wouldthatIcouldhavediedforyou!CouldmydeathhavesavedoneofYou,gladlywouldIhavelaiddownmylife."

TheTaiKumissionariesweregone,theChristianswerekilledorscattered,thebuildingswereallburned.WeofFenChouFualonewereleft.Weallthoughtthatourdaywasathand,butGodstillkeptusfornearlytwoweeks.AndnowIwanttotellyouthestoryofthoseremainingdays.

helpingher.Itwasthehottesttimeinsummer,andMrs.Pricestoodoverthestovewithflushedfacewetwithperspiration.LiY0andIweresosorryforher,andwantedtohelpher,butalas!neitherofusknewhowtocookforeignfood,sowecouldonlywashthedishesandhelptowashtheclothes.

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VLAST DAYS AT FEN CHOU FU

ThenextdayafterweheardoftheTaiKutragedyamanranintotellusthatseveralhundredBoxerswerecomingfromtheeast.TheywerethosewhohadkilledthemissionariesatTaiKu,andnowtheywererestinginavillageoutsidetheeastgate,preparedtoattackourmissionthatafternoon.Weallbelievedthisreport,forwewerehourlyexpectingdeath.Therewasnothingtheforeignerscoulddobuttowaitfortheend.Mr.Priceurgedmetoleavethematonceandflee.Mr.Price,Mrs.Atwater,Mrs.Lundgren,andMissEldredallgavemeletterstohomefriends.Allofmyforeignfriendsshookhandswithmeatparting,andMrs.Atwatersaid,with tears in her eyes:

"MaytheLordpreserveyourlife,andenableyoutotellourstorytoothers."

MissEldredhadpreparedforherselfabeltintowhichwasstitchedfortytaelsofsilver.Shethoughtthatshewasstandingatthegateofdeathandwouldhavenouseformoney,soshegaveittomeformytravellingexpenses.Mrs.Pricegavemehergoldwatchandanenvelopeonwhichanaddresswaswritten,andaskedmetotakethewatchtoTientsinandfindsomeonewhowouldsentittoherfather.BeforeIwentoutoftheIgateIsawMrs.

Priceholdingherlittledaughtertoherheart,kissingherthroughhertears,andheardhersay:

"IftheBoxerscometoday,IwantmylittleFlorencetogobeforeIdo."

MyheartwaspiercedwithgriefasIsawthesadplightofmyfriends,butIcoulddonothingforthem.HadIdiedwiththemitcouldnothavehelpedthem.Sowepartedwithmanytears.

WhileIwasawaytheMagistratehadsentforLiYüanddemandedthatallthefirearmsoftheforeignersbegivenuptohim.LiYüreplied,"Iknowthemissionarieswillusetheirweaponsonlyinself-defense."TheMagistratewasveryangry,andorderedthatLiYübebeatenthreehundredblows,witheightyadditionalblowsonhislipsbecausehehadusedtheword'I'inspeakingtotheMagistrate,insteadofthehumble"littleone"whichwascustomary.LiYüwasthenlockedinthejail,andtheMagistratesentmentothemissiontodemandthefirearms.Themissionariescouldnotrefusetocomply,sotheirtwoshotgunsandtworevolversweregivenup.

InthistimeofneedtwoChristiansnamedChangandTiencametohelpthemissionaries.TheyworkedforMrs.Pricetothelast.Thesufferingsofthemissionarieswereindeedsore.TheirpatienceandperfecttrustinGodgreatlymovedmyheart.InthesummerheatMrs.Pricethreetimesadayhungoverthestovepreparingfoodforherfamilyoften,yetIneverheardawordofcomplaint.Herfacewasalwayspeaceful,andoftenshesangasshewentaboutherwork.OneeveningwhenwewereallstandingintheyardtogetherMrs.Pricesaidto me:"Thesedaysmythoughtsaremuchon'thethingsabove.'SometimeswhenIthinkofthesufferingsthroughwhichmylovedfriendspasseditseemsasifavoicefromheavensaidtome,'Dearsister,seehowhappywearenow;allofearth'ssufferingsareover,andifoursorrowsoneartharecomparedwithourblissinheaven,theyarenothing,nothing."'

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MissEldredwasveryyoung,andhadcomefromEnglandonlyayearortwobefore,soshecouldspeaklittleChinese.Theexpressionofhergentlefacemovedonetopity.WhenshewasnothelpingMrs.Price,sheplayedoutdoorswiththethreechildren,andgaveMrs.Price'slittledaughtermusiclessons.

Westillpatrolledtheplaceatnight,IcontinuingtotakemyturnwithMr.Priceinthelasthalfofthenight.SoIhadanopportunityforformingamostintimatefriendshipwithMr.Price.Hetoldmemanythingsdur-ingthoselonghours,sometimesrelatinghisownexperienceswhenasoldierduringtheAmericanCivilWar.

EverydayatsunsetIplayedwithFlorencePriceandCeliaandBerthaAtwater.EversinceIhadcometoFenChouFuIhadplayedanhourwithFlorence.Thishadbeengoodforbothofus,formebecauseIlearnedEnglishbytalkingwithher,andforFlorencebecauseshehadnochildrenforcompanionsandwasverylonely.Iftherewasadaywhensomethingpreventedmygoingtoherasusual,shewouldcomeorsendforme.WhenMr.Atwatermovedtothesameplacehistwolittlegirlswereveryfondofrompingwithmetoo.Ioftencarriedthechildrenonmyshoulder,andtheylovedmeverymuch.Atseveno'clock,whentheirmoth-erscalledthemtogotobed,allthreewouldkissme,saying:"Good-night,Mr.Fay,good-night.Pleasantdreams,pleasantdreams."Soitwasuntilthedaywhentheylefttheearth.

AtthistimeitseemedasiftheBoxertroublemightbeover.Therewerefewrumorsonthestreets,andtherehadneverbeenorganizedBoxerbandsinFenChouFu.Soourheartsweremorepeaceful.PerhapsitwasGod'swillafteralltosaveourlittleband.Stillnowordreachedusfromtheoutsideworld.Wewalkedoninthedarkness.ItwasbecauseofthefriendlinessoftheFenChouFuMagistratethatthelittleChristiancom-munitytherewaspreservedsolongafterthefloodsofdestructionhadsweptovereveryothermissionintheprovince.Hissuperiorofficer,thePrefect,aweakoldman,diedJuly27.Uponthecharacterofhissuccessormightdependthelifeordeathofthemissionaries.

OnAugust12thenewPrefectappointedbytheGovernorarrivedfromTaiYuanFu.Hewasamanofgreatleamingbutlittlepracticalability,thetooloftheGovernor,whohadsenthimexpresslytomurderthefor-eigners.SohemadetheirexterminationhisfirstbusinessonreachingFenChouFu.Itwasthe13thwhenhetookthesealsofoffice,andthatsamedayhewenttotheMagistrateandupbraidedhimforhisremissnessintheworkofmassacre....

VIOUTSIDETHECITYWALL

Itwasaclear,beautifulday,withagentlewindblowing,abrightsunshining,andnotacloudwithinsight.Aswedroveoutofthegatewesawthestreetspackedwithadensecrowdofspectators.FromthemissiontotheNorthGateofthecitytheyseemedasolidmass,whilehouseroofsandwallsswannedwithmenandwomeneagerforasightofus.Thereweretensofthousands,andwhenweleftthecitygatebehind,manyflockedafterusandstoodwatchinguntilwewereoutofsight.SoweleftFenChouFuonthatfatefulmorn-ing,August15.

Wehadbeenimprisonedwithinwallsfortwoorthreemonths,andourheartshadallthetimebeenburdenedandanxious.Nowsuddenlywewereoutsidethecityinthepure,bracingair,inthemidstofflowersandtrees,luxuriantinsummerbeauty,ridingthroughfieldsripefortheharvest.Itwasallsobeautifulandpeacefulandstrength-giving.Soassoonaswewereoutinthecountryairourspiritsroseandfreshlifeandjoycametous.

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InthefrontofourcartsatMr.Atwaterwiththecarter,behindhimwereMrs.AtwaterandMrs.Lundgren,andIsatinthebackofthecartwiththetwolittlegirls.Onbothsides,beforeandbehind,walkedthetwentysoldiers,whileinfrontofall,mountedonmywhitehorse,withchinheldhighandaveryself-satisfiedman-ner,rodetheleader.Afterteno'clockthesun'sraysgrewwarmer,andMrs.Lundgrenhandedherumbrellatoasoldier,askinghimtoofferittotheleadertoshieldhimfromtheheat.

Wetalkedaswerodealong.Mrs.Lundgrenremarked:"Whatabeautifuldayitis!"Mrs.Atwatersaid,"WhowouldhavethoughtthatwhenweleftFenChouFuwewouldhavesuchanescort?""Seethesoldiers'uniforms,gaywithredandgreentrimmings,"saidMrs.Lundgren.

Sothelightconversationwenton.Mrs.Atwatersaidtome,"I'mafraidthey'llnotgiveyourhorsebacktoyouatP'ingYao."

"I'mafraidnot,"Ireplied.

ThenthetwoladiestumedandtalkedinEnglishwithMr.Atwater,andItalkedandlaughedwiththetwochil-drenclosebesideme.Weplayedafingergame,andtheyprattledceaselessly.

"Mr.Fay,pleasetelluswherewearegoing,"theysaid.

AfterawhilelittleBerthagrewsleepy,andnestledtorestinhermother'sarms.

WhenweleftFenChouFuwethoughtthatwemightmeetBoxersorrobbersbytheway,butwesaid,"Ifanydangercomes,thesesoldierswillprotectuswithalltheirmight."

Littledidwedreamthattheseverysoldiersweretomurderus.

Wepassedthroughseveralvillages,andeveryman,woman,andchildwasouttostareatus.Thenwecametoalargevillage.Itwasnearlynoonandveryhot,sowestoppedtorestawhile,andthecarterswateredtheirmules.Amanhappenedtobetherepeddlinglittlesweetmelons.Wewereallthirsty,soweboughtsome,andasMr.AtwaterhadnochangehandyIpaidforthemwiththecashinmybag.Wepassedsomebacktothoseintheothercart,andMrs.Lundgrentookoutapackageofniceforeigncandyandpassedsometous.Afterafewminuteswewereonourwayagain.

Aswetravelledtheyoungsoldierwhohadtakenmyhorseawaywalkedclosebehindmycart,nevertakinghiseyesoffme.IthoughtthathewasangrybecauseIhadobjectedtogivinghimthehorse,soIgavelittleattentiontoit.ThenInoticedsomethingstrangeinhiswayoflookingatme,asiftherewassomethinghewishedtosaytome.

Afterwehadgoneonalittlefartherwiththesoldierwalkingbehindthecart,stillkeepinghiseyesonme,heheavedagreatsigh,andsaid:

"Alasforyou-soveryyoung!"

ThesoldierwalkingatthesidelookedsternlyatthespeakerandsaidsomethingtohimwhichIcouldnothear,

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butIheardthereply:

"Thisisourowncountryman,andnotaforeigner."

WhenIsawtheexpressionontheirfacesandheardthesewords,suddenlyitflashedacrossmethattheyhadsomedeepmeaning,andIaskedtheyoungsoldierwhatwasup.

"Idon'tknow,"hereplied.

"Ifanythingisgoingtohappen,"Isaid,"pleasetellme."

Hehunghisheadandsaidnothing,butfollowedstillclosetothecart,andafterawhilesaidtomeplainly:"Yououghttoescapeatonce,foronlyashortdistanceaheadwearetokilltheforeigners."

Ijumpeddownfromthecart,butanothersoldiercameup:saying,"Don'tgoaway."

ThenIbegantothinkitwastruethattheforeignersweretobekilled,andwantedtogetfartherawayfromthecart,butthesoldierwhohadfirsttalkedwithme,said:

"Youcan'tgoyet;youmustfirstleaveyourmoneywithus."

Isaid,"Ihaveonlyalittle,barelyenoughformyjoumey."

ButIknewthattheywouldnotletmeoffwithoutmoney,soIgavemywatchtothesoldierwhohadtakenmyhorse.Anothersoldierdemandedmoney,saying:

"Ifyouhavenomoneyyoumaygivemeyourboots."

SoItookoffmynewlypurchasedbootsandgavethemtohimputtingonthewell-wornshoeswhichhegavemeinexchange.AnothersoldiertookawaymystrawhatandthewhipwhichIcarriedinmyhand.Ithappenedthatatjustthispointalittlepadbranchedofffromthemainroadthroughafieldofsorghumhigherthanmyhead.Istartedoffonthepath.WhileIhadbeentalkingwiththesoldiersMr.Atwaterhadconversedwiththetwoladiesandhadnotnoticedourwords.AsIleftmyfriendsItookalaslookatthem,sayinginmyheart:

"IfearthatIshallneveragainonearthseeyourfaces."

Ihadnochancetospeaktothem,forthevillagewheretheyweretobekilledwasonlyaquarterofamileaway,thecartshadnotstopped,andmanypeoplewerefollowingclosebehind.Acrowdwasalsocomingoutfromthevillagewhichtheywereapproaching.

IhadwalkedonlyashortdistanceonthelittlepathwhenIheardfootstepsfollowing,andlookingbacksawthatitwasthetwosoldiershasteningafterme.Myheartstoodstill,forIthoughtthattheywerecomingtopreventmyescapeandkillme.Ididnotdaretorun,fortheyhadriflesintheirhands.Soontheyovertookme,oneseiz-ingmyqueueandanothermyarm,andsaying:

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"Youmusthavesomemoney;we'llonlyletyouescapewithyourlife;yourmoneymustbegiventous."BeforeIhadtimetoanswer,thesoldiersnatchedfrommypurseallthesilverwhichMr.Pricehadgivenme.Imadeanefforttogetitback,butthesoldiersaid:

"Ifwekillyou,nothingwillbeyours.Ifweletyouescapewithyourlife,shouldnotyoursilverbegiventous?"Therewassomereasonintheirtalk,soIonlyentreatedthemtoleavemealittlemoney,forIhadmanyhundredmilestotravelbeforeIwouldreachmyhome.Thesoldiershadalittleconscience,fordividingthesilverbe-tweenthemtheytookoutasmallpieceamountingtoaboutatael,andgaveittome.

Theyoungsoldierwhohadfirsttalkedwithmesaid:"Don'tgofarawayyet.Waituntilyouseewhetherwekilltheforeignersornot.Ifwedon'tdoit,huntmeupandI'llgiveyouyourwatchandallofyoursilver.Ifwekillthemconsiderthatwedidnottakeyourmoneywithoutcause."

Theythenhurriedbacktotheroad.

WhenIhadgoneonalittlefartherIheardaloudriflereport.BythattimeIwasalmostconvincedthattheywereindeedgoingtokilltheforeigners.SoIranwithallmymight.Itwasaboutoneo'clockandthesunbeatdownfiercely.AfterIhadgoneseveralmilesIfeltveryweary,andthoughIwasnotafraid,myheartstillflut-teredandmyfleshcrept.

Thesunwassinkingwestward,andIlookeduptotheskywithasigh.Theatmospherewasclear,windandlightwerefair,andIaskedmyself:

"CanthegreatLordwhorulesheavenandearthpermitevilmenunderthisbrightheaven,inthisclearlightofday,tomurdertheseinnocentmenandwomen,theselittlechildren?Itcannotbe.PerhapsIcanstillreachP'ingYao,andlookinthefacesofthosewhomIlove."

ThenIthoughtthatifthesoldiershadreallykilledtheminthatvillage,astheysaidtheywould,theywerenolongerontheearth,butwerehappywithGod.WhenthisthoughtcameIliftedmyfacetowardheaven,saying:"MybelovedMr.andMrs.Priceandotherdearfriends,ifyouaretrulyinheavennow,doyouseemytroubleanddistress?"

SoIwalkedon,myheartnowinheaven,nowonearth,athousandthoughtsentanglingthemselvesinmybewil-deredmind.

Iwaswearyandwouldwalkamileortwo,thenrest.IcametothebankoftheFenRiver,fivemilesfromP'ingYao,andwaitedsometimeattheferrytohearwhatmenweresaying;foriftheforeignershadnotbeenkilledtheymustcertainlycrossbythisferry,andeveryonewouldbetalkingaboutit.ButthoughIstoodtherealongtimeIheardnoonementionthesubject,andthedreadthatmyfriendshadbeenkilledtookfullpossessionofmyheart.ThenIcrossedontheferrywithothers,andstrangetosaytheferrymandidnotaskmeformoney.OnceacrosstheriverIreachedasmallinnoutsidethewallofP'ingYao.Ihadwalkedtwentymilesthatday-thelongestwalkIhadevertaken,andIthrewmyselfdowntosleepwithouteatinganything.OftenIawokewithastartandturnedmyachingbody,askingmyself,"WhereamI?HowcameIhere?AremyWesternfriendsindeedkilled?Imustbedreaming."

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ButIwassotiredthatsleepwouldsoonovercomemeagain.

ThesunhadrisenwhenIopenedmyeyesinthemorning.Iforcedmyselftorise,washedmyface,andaskedforalittlefood,butcouldnotgetitdown.SittingdownIheardloudtalkingandlaughteramongtheguests.Thetopicofconversationwasthemassacreofforeignersthedaybefore!Onesaid:

"Thereweretenoceanmenkilled,threemen,fourwomen,andthreelittledevils.

"Anotheradded,"LijChengSanyesterdaymorningcameaheadwithtwentysoldiersandwaitedinthevillage.Whentheforeignerswiththeirsoldierescortarrivedagunwasfiredforasignal,andallthesoldierssettoworkatonce."

Thenoneafteranotheraddedgruesomedetails,howthecruelswordshadslashed,howthebaggagehadbeenstolen,howtheveryclothinghadbeenstrippedfromthepoorbodies,andhowtheyhadthenbeenflungintoawaysidepit.

"AretherestillforeignersinFenChouFuT'Iasked.

"No,theywereallkilledyesterday."

"Whereweretheykilled?"

"Inthatvillageahead-lessthantwomilesfromhere,"hesaid,pointingashespoke."Yesterdayaboutthistimetheywereallkilled."

"Howmanywerethere?"Iasked.

Hestretchedoutthefingersofhistwohandsforananswer.

"Weretherenoneofourpeople?"

"No,theywereallforeigners."

MyheartwasleadenasIrodeonthecart,withmyfaceturnedtowardFenChouFu.ItwaseightwhenthecarterdroveuptoaninnintheeastsuburbofFenChouFu,andIwalkedonintothecity.Fortunatelyitwasgrowingdark,andnoonesawmyfaceplainly,as,avoidingthemainstreet,ImademywaythroughalleystothehomeofaMr.Shih,aChristianwholivednearthemission.WhenIknockedandenteredMr.Shihandhisbrotherstartedupinterrorandamazement,saying:

"Howcouldyougethere?"

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Wethreewentinquickly,barringthegate,andwhenwewereseatedinthehouseItoldmysadstory.Sighing,Mr.Shihsaid:

"Weknewwhentheforeignersleftyesterdaythatdeathawaitedthemontheroad.NotlongafteryouhadgonethePrefectandtheMagistraterodeintheirchairstothegateofthemission,tookalookinsidewithoutentering,andthensealedupthegate."

Mr.ShihtoldmealsohowthePrefect,assoonashehadreturnedtohisYamen,hadorderedLiYübroughtbeforehim,andinflictedmorecruelblowsonhisbruisedbody.Thenhetolddetailsofthemassacre.TherewasoneyoungsoldiernamedLiwhohadstudiedseveralyearsinthemissionschool,andwhoseswordtooknopartinthecarnage.Whentheleaderknewthishebeathimfromheadtofootwithhisgreathorsewhip.Thepoorre-mainsofthemissionarieswouldhavebeenleftonthevillagestreethadnotthevillageleadersbeggedthattheybetakenaway.Sothesoldiersdraggedthemtoapitoutsidethecity,wheretheyfoundacommongrave.

________________________________________Source:LuellaMiner,TwoHeroesofCathay,(N.Y.:FlemingH.Revell,1907),pp.63-128,quotedinEvaJanePrice,ChinaJournal,1889-1900(N.Y.:CharlesScribner'sSons,1989),pp.245-247,254-261,268-274.

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