u Arheološkommuzeju istre

Zlato isrebrosrednjegvijekaMedievalgold andsilverin the archaeologicalmuseum of istria

Uvodna riječ ravnateljâIzložbenim projektom ZLATO I SREBRO SREDNJEG VIJEKA... — izložba Zlato i srebro srednjeg vijeka u Arheološkom muzeju Istre samo je jednim njegovim dijelom — željelo se široj javnosti predstaviti, prikazati i protumačiti odabrane predmete hrvatske kulturno-po-vijesne baštine pohranjene u srednjovjekovnim zbirkama hrvatskih arheoloških muzeja. U središtu tog bogatog, često neobičnog ali ipak jasno stratificiranog kolopleta kulturne povijesti imali su se naći i na jednom mjestu biti prikupljeni raznovrsni arheološki predmeti izrađeni od plemenitih metala koji svojom zanimljivošću i kulturno povijesnom vrijednošću oslikavaju, govore i opisuju različita srednjovjekovna razdoblja koja započinju vremenom koje predhodi odlasku Hrvata iz njihove zakarpatske pradomovine, a završava doseljava-njem u njihove i naše nove srednjoeuropske i istočnomediteranske prostore. U toj novoj domovini Hrvati su zatekli i prihvatili štošta, što je u prostornoj i vremenskoj interakciji stvorilo novu, baštinski i kulturološki oplemenjenu vrijednost ostavivši iza sebe neizbrisiv trag na spomenicima povijesti i stvaralaštva kojeg smo s vremenom imenovali hrvatskim. Arheološka baština, više nego ikoja druga baštinska skupina, oslikava svu tu dijelom vidlji-vu, dijelom prikrivenu a često i posve sakrivenu povijesnu i materijalnu stvarnost u kojoj je nastajao, razvijao se i u konačnici oblikovao hrvatski kulturni identitet.

Na tragu ovih spoznaja i saznanja nekolicina stručnjaka vodećih arheoloških muzeja Re-publike Hrvatske zamislila je i u Zadru krajem 2011. godine dogovorila zajednički izložbeni projekt koji je prema prvotnim razmišljanjima prisutnih trebalo oblikovati i pripremiti prema istom izložbenom obrazcu te ga zainteresiranoj publici prikazati istovremeno tijekom 2014. godine u svakom od sjedišta hrvatskih matičnih arheloških muzeja, tj. u Zagrebu, Splitu, Zadru, Osijeku i Puli. Za ovako zamišljenu izložbenu smotru svaki je muzej trebao odabrati i predstaviti najvažnije, najznačajnije, najvrijednije ili najljepše eksponate svojih srednjovjekovnih zbirki — pojedinačne predmete, grobne nalaze i skupne nalaze ili ostave blaga nastale u vremenu od oko 400. godine do oko 1500. godine po Kr. Želja da ove izložbe budu jednoobrazno oblikovane i da ih prate izložbeni katalozi jednako ili slično oblikovani i stručno usaglašeni računalo je s povezivanjem predviđenih izložbenih aktivno-sti u jedinstvenu i zajedničku izložbenu cjelinu koja bi u konačnici postala prispodobiva za izlaganje i prezentaciju u svakom većem izložbenom prostoru u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Izložba je tijekom 2014. godine realizirana u tri matična muzeja, u Arheološkom muzeju u Zagrebu, Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu i Arheološkom muzeju – Zadar. Tijekom 2015. go-dine je realizirana i u Muzeju Slavonije u Osijeku, i sada u Arheološkom muzeju Istre u Puli.

Organizatori izložbenog projekta Zlato i srebro srednjeg vijeka... i njegovog izložbenog dijela Zlato i srebro srednjeg vijeka u Arheološkom muzeju Istre u Puli zahvaljuju Ministarstvu kultu-re Republike Hrvatske na potpori projektu i njegovim izložbenim zamislima i održavanju.

Zahvaljujemo i svim suradnicima — institucijama i pojedincima na svakom obliku pomoći.

Foreword by the DirectorsThe aim of the exhibition project entitled MEDIEVAL GOLD AND SILVER... – of which the exhibition Medieval Gold and Silver in the Archeological Museum of Istria is only a single component – is to present to, and also interpret for, the broader public select items from the Croatian cultural/historical heritage stored in the medieval collections of Croatiaʼs archaeological museums. The focus of this rich, often unusual but still clearly stratified kaleidoscope of cultural history had to be the various archaeological artefacts made of precious metals, as their attractiveness and cultural – historical value reflect, convey and illustrate different medieval periods that began in the time before the arrival of the Croats from their ancient homeland in the Carpathians, and ended with their settlement in our new central European and Adriatic territory. In their new homeland, the Croats came upon and accepted many things, which in interaction over space and time created a new, enriched cultural legacy that has left an indelible mark on the monuments of history and creativity that we came to call Croatian. The archaeological heritage, more than any other, reflects this partially visible, partially concealed and often entirely hidden historical and physical reality which emerged, developed and finally forged the Croatian cultural identity.

Prompted by this knowledge and insight, a handful of experts from the leading archaeo-logical museums in the Republic of Croatia devised and then, in Zadar, at the end of 2011, formulated a joint exhibition project which, as initially conceived, had to be organized and prepared under a uniform structure and presented to the interested public in each of the core Croatian archaeological museums in Zagreb, Split, Zadar, Osijek and Pula at the same time during the course of 2014. For the review exhibition conceived in this manner, each museum had to select and present the most important, most significant, most valu-able or most attractive exponents from their medieval collections: individual items, grave goods or group finds and treasure hoards that date from roughly 400 to 1500 AD.The desire for these exhibitions to be uniformly structured and to have them accompa-nied by exhibition catalogues that are identically or similarly compiled and expertly com-piled entailed the linkage of all exhibition activities in to a single and common exhibition unit that would ultimately become suitable for display and presentation in any larger exhibition hall in Croatian.

The exhibition was organized in three core museums during 2014: the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, the Archaeological Museum in Split, and the Archaeological Museum Zadar. In the course of 2015 it was also presented in the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek, and now in the Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula.

The organizers of the exhibition project Medieval Gold and Silver... and its exhibition com-ponent Medieval Gold and Silver in the Arhaeological museum of Istria would like to extend their gratitude to the Croatian Ministry of Culture for underwriting the project and its presentation concepts to say nothing of the exhibition itself.

Thanks also go to all of those, both institutions and individuals, who assisted us in any way.

Ravnateljica / DirectorArheološki muzej u ZagrebuArchaeological Museum in ZagrebJacqueline Balen

Ravnatelj / DirectorArheološki muzej u SplituArchaeological Museum in SplitDamir Kliškić

Ravnatelj / DirectorArheološki muzej - ZadarArchaeological Museum - ZadarJakov Vučić

Ravnatelj / DirectorMuzej SlavonijeMuseum of Slavonia Denis Detling

Ravnatelj / DirectorArheološki muzej Istre Archaeological Museum of IstriaDarko Komšo

Zlato i srebro srednjeg vijeka u Arheološkom muzeju IstreArheološki predmeti od zlata i srebra iz srednjovjekovne zbirke Arheološkog muzeja Istre skromnije su zastupljeni u broju i dizajnerskoj raskoši u odnosu na one iz bogatih fundusa ostalih hrvatskih arheoloških muzeja. Kako je pulski muzej osnovan 1902. godine, poznati ili pak zagubljeni zlatni i srebrni pred-meti izuzetne kulturno-umjetničke i arheološke vrijednosti, koji su pronađeni u drugoj polovici 19. st. u Istri, svojevremeno su preneseni u Beč i Trst.

Poletom novih terenskih istraživanja nakon Drugog svjetskog rata pri Arheološ-kom muzeju Istre uspostavlja se srednjovjekovna zbirka, kao preduvjet razvoju ranosrednjovjekovne i staroslavenske odnosno starohrvatske arheologije u Istri. Među novim brojnim nalazima bio je svega jedan par zlatnih naušnica, a najviše je bilo srebrnih ili posrebrenih naušnica. Najraskošniji filigranski nakit od zlata i srebra izrađivan je u radionicama s kasnoantičkom i bizantskom tra-dicijom, kao predložak za srebrni ili posrebreni i najmasovniji brončani nakit za široki puk. Zlato, srebro i bronca: bila je to materijalna gradacija - prepoznatljiva oznaka bogatstva i moći na piramidi društvenog statusa.

Stoga su na izložbi predstavljeni rijetki zlatni, više pozlaćeni nalazi, a ponajviše nakit izrađen od srebra. Nalazi su kronološki predstavljeni s lokaliteta Pula, Nezakcij, Veli Mlun kod Buzeta, Čelega kod Novigrada, Novigrad, Sipar kod Umaga, Žminj, Dvigrad (kod crkve sv. Petra), Barban (kod crkve sv. Križa), Buje (brežuljak Sv. Margerita), Brest (kod crkve sv. Bartula) te nepoznatih nalazišta.

Premda vrlo skromni, istarski primjerci od plemenitog metala u svojem su kontekstu nalaza i sadržaja doista nezaobilazni bljeskovi i svjedočanstvo o prošlosti Poluotoka. Izloženi predmeti kronološki svjedoče o vremenu ranog kršćanstva te vladavini Istočnih Gota (od 493. g.). Izloženi nakit iz razdoblja vladavine Bizanta (od Justinijanove rekonkviste 539. g.) i Franaka (od osvajanja Karla Velikog 788. g.) ukazuje na naseljavanje Slavena, odnosno Hrvata. Istra je od 843. g. dio Italskog Kraljevstva, a priključenjem Bavarskoj 952. g. pripada Njemačkom Kraljevstvu.

Medieval Gold and Silver in the Archaeological Museum of IstriaGold and silver artifacts from the Medieval Collection of the Archaeological Museum of Istria are modest both in number and design in comparison with the rich holdings of other Croatian archaeological museums. Some known or nowadays lost artifacts made of gold and silver, which were of an exceptional cultural-artistic and archaeological value and had been discovered in the second half of the 19th century, were formerly taken to Vienna and Trieste because the City Museum of Pula was founded in 1902.

The Medieval Collection was created at the Archaeological Museum of Istria with the start of new field explorations after World War II, which served as a pre-condition for the development of early medieval and Early Slavic or Early Croatian archaeology in Istria. Amongst the large number of new finds there was but a single pair of gold earrings, as most of the others were either of silver or silver-plate. The most luxurious filigree jewelry made of gold or silver was crafted in workshops with a Late Roman and Byzantine tradition, and it served as a model for some of the silver, silver-plated, or, the most popu-lar, bronze jewelry intended for use by the broad masses. Gold, silver and bronze: this was a material gradation – a readily observable sign of wealth and power on the social status pyramid.

This exhibition therefore consists of rare gold, and a larger number of gilt finds, most numerous being jewelry made of silver. The finds are chrono-logically presented and are from the localities of Pula, Nesactium, Veli Mlun near Buzet, Čelega near Novigrad, Novigrad, Sipar near Umag, Žminj, Dvigrad (at the Church of St. Peter), Barban (at the Church of the Holy Cross), Buje (hillock of Sv. Margerita), Brest (at the Church of St. Bartholomew), as well as from unknown sites.

Although very modest, Istrian specimens made of precious metals, bearing in mind the context of their discovery and content, represent truly indispens-able flashes and testimonies about the past of this Peninsula. The items on display bear witness of the Early Christian period and the rule of the Ostro-goths (from 493). The exhibited jewelry points to the settlement of Slavs and Croats, starting with the period of Byzantine rule (from Justinian’s re-conquest in 539) and that of the Franks (from Charlemagne’s conquest in 788). Istria was part of the Italic kingdom from 843, and with the linkup to Bavaria in 952 it belonged to the German kingdom.

1. Pula-groblja Istočnih Gota / Pula – Ostrogothic cemeteries 1.1. Ostrogotska lučna fibula, pozlaćeno srebro, groblje kod Amfiteatra, 493. g. – 538. g.

An Ostrogothic bow fibula, gilt silver, the cemetery at the Amphitheater, 493 – 538;1.2.-3. Dva para naušnica sa poliedrom, srebro, groblje kod Amfiteatra (?), 5/6. st.

Two pairs of earrings with a polyhedron, silver, the cemetery at the Amphitheater (?), 5th/6th century;1.4. Germanska pojasna kopča, pozlaćena bronca, istočna padina kaštela, 493. g. – 538. g.

A Germanic belt buckle, gilt bronze, eastern slope of the old town, 493 – 538;1.5. Ostrogotska fibula, pozlaćena bronca, Poreština (?), konac 5. poč. 6. st.

An Ostrogothic fibula, gilt bronze, the Poreč territory (?), late 5th – early 6th century.

2. Pula–rano kršćanstvo / Pula – Early Christianity2.1. Zidni mozaik s prikazom „Traditio Legis“, pozlaćene tessere od staklene paste, Pula, bazilika sv.

Marije Formoze, južni mauzolej, pol. 6. st. A wall mosaic with a “Traditio Legis” depiction, gilt tesserae made of glass paste, Pula, Basilica of St. Mary Formosa, southern mausoleum, middle of the 6th century;

2.2. Tessera zidnog mozaika, pozlaćena staklena pasta, Pula, riva do Katedrala, 6. st. A wall mosaic tessera, gilt glass paste, Pula, the waterfront at the Cathedral, 6th century;

2.3. Križ, aplika ili privjesak, srebro, nepoznato nalazište, 6.-7. st. A cross, an appliqué or pendant, silver, unknown findspot, 6th – 7th century;

2.4. Pločasta fibula, bronca sa tragovima srebra, Nezakcij, površinski nalaz 6. st. A plate fibula, bronze with traces of silver, Nesactium, a surface find, 6th century.

3. Veli Mlun kod Buzeta / Veli Mlun near Buzet3.1. Par filigranskih naušnica s granulacijom, zlato, grob 88, 7. st.

A pair of filigree earrings with granulation, gold, grave 88, 7th century;3.2. Razvodna alka, srebro i kositar, grob 47, 7.- 8. st.

A retainer ring, silver and tin, grave 47, 7th – 8th century;3.3. Igla, srebro, grob 47, 7. – 8. st.

A pin, silver, grave 47, 7th – 8th century;3.4. Srebrni novčić bizantskog cara Konstatina V. Kopronima (741.-775.) na ogrlici od staklenih perli, grob 65.

A silver coin of Byzantine emperor Constantine V Copronymus (741 – 775) on a glass bead necklace, grave 65.

4. Čelega kod Novigrada - 4.1. Par jednostavnih naušnica s petljom, srebro, grob 12, 7. st. Čelega near Novigrad – 4.1. A pair of simple earrings with a knot, silver, grave 12, 7th century.

5. Novigrad i Umag – okovi pojasnih garnitura / Novigrad and Umag – mounts used for belt sets5.1. Okov pojasne avarske garniture, pozlaćena bronca, Novigrad – okolica, 8. st.

An Avar mount for a belt set, gilt bronze, Novigrad - surroundings, 8th century;5.2. Pojasni karolinški jezičak, pozlaćena bronca, Sipar kod Umaga, 9. st.

A Carolingian belt tang, gilt bronze, Sipar near Umag, 9th century.

6. Žminj – mediteransko-bizantske naušnice / Žminj – Mediterranean-Byzantine earrings6.1. Filigranska naušnica, srebro s primjesom bronce, grob 188, sredina 9. st.

A filigree earring, silver with an addition of bronze, grave 188, middle of the 9th century;6.2. Filigranska naušnica, srebro, grob 93, sredina 9. st.

A filigree earring, silver, grave 93, middle of the 9th century;6.3. Par filigranskih naušnica, srebro s primjesom bronce, grob 193/2, zadnja desetljeća 9. st.

A pair of filigree earrings, silver with an addition of bronze, grave 193/2, final decades of the 9th century;6.4. Par filigranskih naušnica s dva nasuprotna srcolika ukrasa, srebro, grob 192, sred. 9. st.

A pair of filigree earrings with two antithetical, heart-shaped ornaments, silver, grave 192, middle of the 9th century.

7. Žminj–starohrvatsko-dalmatinske naušnice / Žminj – Early Croatian – Dalmatian earrings7.1. Naušnica s jednom jagodom, srebro, grob 191, II. pol 9. i I. pol. 10. st.

A single-bead earring, silver, grave 191, second half of the 9th and first half of the 10th century;7.2. Par naušnica s jednom jagodom, srebro, grob 215, II. pol 9. i I. pol. 10. st.

A pair of single-bead earrings, silver, grave 215, second half of the 9th and first half of the 10th century;7.3. Naušnica s jednom jagodom, srebro, grob 215, kraj 9. i početak 10. st.

A single-bead earring, silver, grave 215, late 9th and early 10th century;7.4. Par naušnica s jednom jagodom, srebro i bronca, grob 226, kraj 9. i početak 10. st.

A pair of single-bead earrings, silver and bronze, grave 226, late 9th and early 10th century;7.5. Par naušnica s dvije jagode, srebro, grob 199, I. pol. 10. st.

A pair of two-bead earrings, silver, grave 199, first half of the 10th century;7.6. Par naušnica s četiri jagode, srebro, grob 151, II. pol. 9. st.

A pair of four-bead earrings, silver, grave 151, second half of the 9th century;7.7. Naušnica s četiri jagode, srebro sa primjesom bronce, grob 187, II. pol. 9. st.

A four-bead earring, silver with an addition of bronze, grave 187, second half of the 9th century.

8. Žminj– naušnice s grozdolikim privjeskom / Žminj – earrings with a raceme pendant8.1. Grozdolika naušnica, srebro, grob 158, sredina 9. st.

A raceme earring, silver, grave 158, middle of the 9th century;8.2. Grozdolika bjelobrdska naušnica, srebro s primjesom bronce, grob 126, prva pol. 10. st.

A raceme earring of the Bjelo Brdo type, silver with an addition of bronze, grave 126, first half of the 10th century;

8.3. Prsten, srebro i bronca, grob 210/1, kraj 9. st. A ring, silver and bronze, grave 210/1, late 9th century;

8.4. Prsten, srebro, grob 106, I. pol. 10. st. A ring, silver, grave 106, first half of the 10th century.

9. Žminj i Dvigrad - naušnice kao jednostavne karičice / Žminj and Dvigrad – earrings shaped like simple shanks

9.1.-3. Tri para jednostavnih naušnica, srebro, Žminj, grob 10, II. pol. 9. st. – I. pol. 10. st. Three pairs of simple earrings, silver, Žminj, grave 10, second half of the 9th – first half of the 10th century;

9.4. Par naušnica sa završetkom u obliku petlje i kukice, posrebrena bronca, Žminj, grob 82, II. pol. 9. st. A pair of earrings with a terminal in the form of a knot and small hook, silver-plated bronze, Žminj, grave 82, second half of the 9th century;

9.5. Par ketlaških naušnica, srebro, Žminj, grob 137, II. pol. 9. st. – I. pol. 10. st. A pair of Koetlach type earrings, silver, Žminj, grave 137, second half of the 9th – first half of the 10th century;

9.6.-9. Četiri jednostavne naušnice sa završetkom u obliku petlje i kukice, srebro, Dvigrad, kod crkve sv. Petra, grobovi 12, 16, 19, 20, 9. st. Four earrings having terminals in the form of a knot and small hook, silver, Dvigrad, at the Church of St. Peter, graves 12, 16, 19 and 20, 9th century;

9.10. Ketlaška naušnica, srebro, Dvigrad, kod crkve sv. Petra, grob 48, 10. st. A Koetlach type earring, silver, Dvigrad, at the Church of St. Peter, grave 48, 10th century.

10. Barban, Buje, Brest / Barban, Buje, Brest10.1. Naušnica s tri jagode, pozlaćeno srebro, Barban, kod crkve sv. Križa, 10. st.

A three-bead earring, gilt silver, Barban, at the Church of the Holy Cross, 10th century;10.2. Prsten, srebro, Buje, brežuljak Sv. Margerita, grob 7, II. pol. 10. st.

A ring, silver, Buje, Sv. Margerita hillock, grave 7, second half of the 10th century;10.3. Pojasna kopča, pozlaćena bronca, Buje, brežuljak Sv. Margerita, II. pol. 10. st.

A belt buckle, gilt bronze, Buje, Sv. Margerita hillock, second half of the 10th century;10.4. Prsten sa krunom i ukrašen filigranom, srebro, Brest, kod crkve sv. Bartula, kraj 10. - početak 11. st.

A ring with a bezel, decorated with filigree, silver, Brest, at the Church of St. Bartholomew, late 10th – early 11th century.

Popis izložaka / List of exhibits

Projekt / Project:Zlato i srebro srednjeg vijeka u matičnim arheološkim muzejima

Republike Hrvatske / Medieval Gold and Silver in the Core Archaeological Museums of the Republic of Croatia

Nakladnik / Publisher:Arheološki muzej Istre / Archaeological Museum of Istria

Za nakladnika / For the publisher:Darko Komšo

Uredništvo / Editorial board:Kristina Mihovilić, Ondina Krnjak, Adriana Gri Štorga

Organizacija izložbe / Exhibition organization:Arheološki muzej Istre / Archaeological Museum of Istria

Autor izložbe i tekstova / Author of exhibition and texts:Željko Ujčić

Autor postava, grafičko oblikovanje plakata i deplijana / Author of set up, graphic design of posters, and flyers:

Vjeran Juhas

Fotografije / Photography:Tanja Draškić Savić

Konzervacija arheološke građe / Conservation of archaeological materials:Đeni Gobić Bravar

Tehnički suradnici na izložbi / Exhibition technical assistants:Jadranka Homoky, Andrea Sardoz

Lektura / Language editing:Dubravka Blaško

Prijevod / Translation:Apostrof d.o.o., Miloš Ilgo

Korektura / Proofreading:Adriana Gri Štorga, Katarina Zenzerović

Tisak / Print: MPS PulaNaklada / No. of copies: 500

Pula 2015.