42
WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany National Reference Centre for Tropical Diseases Jonas SchmidtChanasit Rome 19.04.2016 Zika virus emergence in the Americas – A potential threat to Europe?

Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, GermanyNational Reference Centre for Tropical Diseases

Jonas Schmidt‐ChanasitRome 19.04.2016

Zika virus emergence in the Americas –A potential threat to Europe?

Page 2: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

WHO statement, 1 February 2016

“The Committee advised that the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil, following a similar cluster in French Polynesia in 2014, constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).“

I. Surveillance for Zika virus infectionshould be enhanced

II. The development of new diagnosticsfor Zika virus infection should beprioritized

III. Vector control measures andappropriate personal protectivemeasures should be aggressivelypromoted and implemented

Page 3: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR
Page 4: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

The number of suspected microcephaly cases in Brazil relied on a screening test that had very low specificity and 

therefore overestimated the actual number of cases by including mostly normal children with small heads. 

Victoria et al. (2016) Lancet

Page 5: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

907 confirmed cases of microcephaly or other nervous system malformation among newborns have been reported 

in Brazil since 22 October 2015.

PAHO (March 2016)

Page 6: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

The increases of microcephaly cases in Pernambuco state, Brazil were registered 7‐8 months after the 

first detection of Zika virus cases. 

PAHO (March 2016)

Page 7: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

1874

1924

2001

PYF

COK2013

NCL

2010

BRA

COL

GTM MTQ

2013

HTIMEX

2014

SUR

PRI

2014

2013

UGA

CAF

GAB

CIV

BFASEN THA

KHM

MYS

PHL

FSN

Cadar, BNITM (2016)

Spatiotemporal spread pattern of Zika virus based on analysis of NS5, envelope, and complete genome sequences 

demonstrates recent introduction into Brazil.

Page 8: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

DQ859059_1947_Uganda

KF383115_1968_Central African Republic

HQ234501_1984_Senegal

KF268949_1980_Central African Republic

KF383119_2001_Senegal

Brazil Central African RepublicCambodia Guatemala Haiti Malaysia Martinique MicronesiaFrench PolynesiaPuerto RicoSenegal Suriname Thailand Uganda

KF268950_1976_Central African Republic

KF268948_1976_Central African Republic

HQ234499_1966_Malaysia

EU545988_2007_Micronesia

JN860885_2010_Cambodia

KF993678_2013_Thailand

KJ776791_2013_French_Polynesia

KU647676_2015_Martinique

KU527068_2015_Brazil

KU321639_2015_Brazil

KU509998_2014_Haiti

KU501217_2015_Guatemala

KU501216_2015_Guatemala

KU365779_2015_Brazil

KU365777_2015_Brazil

KU365780_2015_Brazil

KU312312_2015_Suriname

KU501215_2015_Puerto Rico

KU365778_2015_Brazil

African lineage

Asian lineage

1501251007550250

Ongoing outbreakin Americas

Years Cadar, BNITM (2016)

So far, two genetic lineages are described : the African and the Asian lineage of Zika virus. 

Page 9: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Congenital Zika virus infection and microcephaly

Mlakar et al. (2016) NEJM

Page 10: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

enital Zika virus infection and fetal brain damage

Page 11: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

risk of microcephaly increases to about 1% when mothers are ected with Zika virus during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Page 12: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

e incidence of Guillain‐Barré syndrome cases during the French Polynesian outbreak was mated to be 0.24 per 1000 Zika virus infections. 

Page 13: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

e geographic distribution of GBS cases in alvador indicates that there is a spatial and mporal association with Zika virus cases. 

Page 14: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

HPs, African lineage of Zika virus achieved peak plasma at least one order of magnitude lower those observed in nimals infected with the Asian lineage of Zika virus.

Page 15: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Twenty‐two pregnant NHPs with and without pre‐existing anti‐dengue immunity will be inoculated with low passage 

Asian and African lineage of Zika virus 15 days after insemination and monitored for birth defects.

BNITM and FIOCRUZ  (2016) 

0 14 21 30 54 140

ZIKV s.c. 106 and10515 days after insemination

Euthanasia and necropsy mother and offspring 

Baseline  valuesPregnancy  confirmation Artificial Insemination  

Delivery

108947 64 74 162dpi40 120 200dpi

⅓ amniocentesis ⅓ ⅓amniocentesis amniocentesis

sampling of blood, urine and sonography

Page 16: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

‐ Does the observed association of Zika virus infection withmicrocephaly and GBS simply reflect an increasedincidence of infection or is it the result from a change invirulence or is it caused by co‐factors?

‐ Will Zika virus become endemic and an enzootictransmission cycle develop in the Americas ?

Urgent questions / tasks

Page 17: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

‐4      0      7     14      21      28          60            120                 240                           480     

symptoms

days after onset of symptoms

antib

ody titer

IgG

IgM

Course of Zika virus diagnostic parameters in flavivirus‐naive individuals.

ZIKV RNA

ZIKV RNA

urine

blood

BNITM (2016) 

Page 18: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Dudley et al.  (2016) bioRxiv

In NHPs, prolonged detection of viral RNA in urine and salivaafter clearance from the blood was demonstrated.

Page 19: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

There is growing evidence of sexual transmission of Zika virus.

Ortenzio et al. (2016) NEJM

Page 20: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016)

Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR test kits for Zika virus detection:

The limit of detection for Zika virus using the RealStar® Zika Virus RT‐PCR Kit1.0 is 0.61 copies/μl (95% confidence interval 0.39 to 1.27 copies/μl).

Viruses tested to demonstrate the analyticalspecificity of the RealStar® Zika Virus RT‐PCR Kit 1.0

Page 21: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Corman et al. (2016)

Most of the in‐house assays showed comparably high analytical sensitivity with around 5 copies per reaction.

Page 22: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Corman et al. (2016)

We projected the estimated risk of false‐negative test results for Zika virus RNA  to 20% upon usage of highly sensitive assays with a detection threshold of 5 copies per reaction.

Page 23: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked Zika virus ELISA:

BNITM and EUROIMMUN (2016)

IgM

IgG

Page 24: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Seroconversion panels confirmed the high sensitivity of the Zika virus ELISA:

BNITM and EUROIMMUN (2016)

Sample GenderAge in

years

Days after onset of

symptoms

PCR EUROIMMUN ELISA

Material Results

IgG (Ratio) IgG IgM (Ratio) IgM

pos: > 1,1 Results pos: > 1,1 Resultsbl: 0,8-1,0 bl: 0,8-1,0

patient 1 f 273 Serum pos.

17 2,2 pos. 4,8 pos.56 3,0 pos. 0,8 bl.

patient 2 7 1,3 pos. 4,0 pos.25 2,2 pos. 1,1 pos.

patient 3 m 45

3 Urine pos.4 0,1 neg. 0,2 neg.11 0,8 bl. 1,7 pos.26 2,1 pos. 1,6 pos.

patient 4 m 4 3 Urine pos. 0,1 neg. 0,4 neg.

patient 5 f 28 11 Urine pos. 2,6 pos. 7,5 pos.22 4,8 pos. 5,6 pos.

Page 25: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

ka virus diagnostic algorithm in Germany

Page 26: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

a virus diagnostic algorithm of the CDC

Page 27: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

and laboratory findings of imported Zika virus infections diagnosed at e WHO CC until the beginning of the epidemics in the Americas.

y year clinical findings Zika virusdiagnostics reference

d November 2013

52‐year‐old woman,fever, polyarthralgia, rash

IgG+, IgM+, VNT+, RT‐PCR‐

Tappe et al. (2013) Eurosurveillance

December2013

31‐year‐old woman, fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, 

Lymphopena, neutropenia

IgG+, IgM+, RT‐PCR+

Wæhre et al. (2014) Emerg Infect Dis

January2014

31 Jahre, weiblich, fever, polyarthralgia, rash, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, Zahnfleischblutungen

IgG+, IgM+, qRT‐PCR+

Zammarchi et al. (2015) J Clin Virol

January2014

33‐year‐old man, fever, polyarthralgia, rash, conjunctivitis, 

lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, thrombozytopenia

IgG+, IgM+, RT‐PCR‐

Zammarchi et al. (2015) J Clin Virol

a August 2014

45‐year‐old woman, fever, polyarthralgia, rash, conjunctivitis,  IgG+, IgM+, 

VNT+ PCR‐Tappe et al. (2015) Emerg Infect Dis

Page 28: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

functional T cell activation was seen during the acute phase of virus disease (ZVD) characterized by respective cytokine level ses, followed by a decrease in the reconvalescent phase of ZVD.

IL-2

ormal Acute Recovery

*

IFN-g

Normal Acute Recovery0

100

200

300

400

500

pg/m

l

*IL-4

Normal Acute Recovery0

2

4

6

8

pg/m

l

*

IL-6

**

IL-13

20

40

60

80

pg/m

l

* *IL-17

50

100

150

pg/m

l

**

Page 29: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

very from ZIKV infection is associated with restoration rmal numbers of immune cells in the periphery as well s with normal function of antigen‐presenting cells.

cells

T cells

CD4TCD8T

Naive C

D4Mem

ory C

D4Naiv

e CD8

Memory

CD8

ControlsZika

MFI 37/4 Bead uptake

Controls Zika0

10000

20000

30000

40000

MFI

FIT

C

Page 30: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Simple point‐of‐care diagnostics (Ag, Ab or RNA) will be needed.

Harmonization of VNTs (reference ZIKV strains?, PRNT50 or PRNT90, FRNTs, endpoint titration?)

Urgent questions / tasks

Page 31: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Aedes aegypti populations with widespread resistance to insecticides

Page 32: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

ore than 19 mosquito species were und to be infected with Zika virus

Page 33: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

portant intraspecies differences for the vector petence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus

14 days after oral exposure to ZIKV

Page 34: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

uropean Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus pulations are competent vectors for Zika virus.

Page 35: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Aedes albopictus is an invasive mosquito species in Europe:

2010 2016

ECDC (2010 and 2016)

Page 36: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Luehken, BNITM (2016)

Modeling of suitable areas for Zika virus in Europe

Page 37: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Luehken, BNITM (2016)

The conservative model (28°C), demonstrates that costal areas of France, Italy, Greece, and 

Turkey are suitable for Zika virus.

ZIKV + Ae.albopictus

ZIKV

Page 38: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Luehken, BNITM (2016)

The generous model (25°C), demonstrates that most parts of the Mediterranean countries are 

suitable for Zika virus.

ZIKV + Ae.albopictus

ZIKV

Page 39: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

- May

Infection of Aedes aegypti (lab strain) and Culex pipiens (lab strain)

Infection18, 21, 23, 25°C

Collection of Culex torrentium, Aedes

vexans, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes japonicus

eggs

Breeding

sampling 0,4,7,14,21 dpi

RNA isolation of all samples & qPCR analysis

TCID50

April June - August September - December 2017

Publishing results

Indigenous and invasive mosquito species from Germany will be infected with low passage Asian and African lineage of Zika 

virus and tested for virus replication and transmission.

Heitmann and Jansen (2016) BNITM

Page 40: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Returning viremic travellers may ignite autochthonous infections in European countries. Therefore, it will be important to enhance vigilance towards the early detection of imported cases of ZIKV infection in Europe, 

in order to reduce the risk of autochthonous transmission.

„Mit der Meldepflicht für Arbovirensorgen wir außerdem dafür, dassetwa eine Zika‐Infektion beiReiserückkehrern in Deutschlandbesser überwacht werden kann.Damit gewinnen dieGesundheitsämter vor Ort wertvolleZeit zum schnellen Handeln."

Hermann Gröhe ‐ Minister of Health, Germany

Page 41: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR

Targeted and sustainable vector control measures

Is Zika virus able to infect and be transmitted by other mosquito genera (e.g. Culex, Mansonia, Anopheles) ?

Urgent questions / tasks

Page 42: Zika virus emergence in the A potential threat to Europe? · BNITM and altona Diagnostics (2016) Development and evaluation of specific and sensitive CE‐IVD marked real‐time PCR