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©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA).
Notice: No material in this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of CABA.
ZERO NET ENERGY BUILDING CONTROLSCHARACTERISTICS, ENERGY IMPACTS, AND LESSONS
FINAL PRESENTATION TO STEERING COMMITTEENOVEMBER 2, 2015
CATHY HIGGINS, ALEXI MILLER, MARK LYLESNEW BUILDINGS INSTITUTE
Sponsors
These visionary organizations sponsored this research project:
THANK YOU!
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.2
Continental Automated Buildings Association
The Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA) is an international not-for-profit
industry association, founded in 1988, dedicated to the advancement of connected home
and building technologies. The organization is supported by an international membership
of over 325 organizations involved in the design, manufacture, installation and retailing of
products relating to home automation and building automation. Public organizations,
including utilities and government are also members. CABA's mandate includes
providing its members with networking and market research opportunities. CABA also
encourages the development of industry standards and protocols, and leads cross-
industry initiatives.
Please visit http://www.caba.org for more information.
Greg Walker, CABA Research Director
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.3
Research Team – NBI and partners
New Buildings Institute (NBI) is a nonprofit organization working
to improve the energy performance of commercial buildings. As
a technical resource for governments, utilities, energy efficiency
advocates and the building industry, NBI acts as a carrier of
ideas between these groups and works collaboratively to put the
best innovations for advanced buildings into action. Our primary
work areas are focused on creating the thought leadership that
defines "What's Next" in our industry, assessing effectiveness of
emerging technologies, promoting best practice design
approaches and helping to guide policies and programs that will
significantly improve the energy efficiency of commercial
buildings. www.newbuildings.org
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.4
1. Background: Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
2. Research Review
3. Buildings and People
4. Types of Controls
5. Control Design Selection Process
6. User Experience
7. Energy Findings
8. Ten Key Takeaways
9. Conclusions, Implications, Recommendations
10. Discussion, Questions and Answers• Embargo Period
• Final Report Changes
• Individual Organization Follow-up by November 20
Presentation Agenda
5 ©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.
GETTING TO ZERO NET
ENERGY BUILDINGS
CASE STUDIES
RESEARCH REVIEW
BUILDINGS AND PEOPLE
TYPES OF CONTROLS
Alexi Miller, NBI Sr. Project Manager
Background – Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.7
A Zero Net Energy (ZNE) building generates as much energy as it
consumes annually. Also known as Net Zero Energy.
» Zero = ‘nothing’ – plain & simple
» Net = On-site Energy Production (renewable) minus Energy Use, over 1 year
» Energy = All energy (electric, gas, steam, liquid fuel etc.) consumed on site
Background – Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.8
Small-Med Commercial Offices
Large Office Facilities K-12 Schools
Environmental Centers Higher Education Institutions
Government Offices
ZNE Buildings are in many building types, climate zones and sizes
Background – Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.9
Background – Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.10
ZNE Building Ownership Types ZNE Buildings – Existing vs. New
Background – Getting to Zero Net Energy Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.11
CASE STUDIES
(BY SPONSORS) Alexi Miller, NBI Sr. Project Manager
Case Study: VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor
Centre, BC (BC Hydro)
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.13
High-Performance Achieved: ZNE+W, Living Building, LEED Platinum
» Innovative design & flexible adaptation to actual building needs
» Complex systems = complex controls. Training & collaboration required.
Image: Perkins + Will
Case Study: PNC Bank Branch, FL
(Emerge Alliance)
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.14 Photo: PNC
Solar panels produce Direct Current (DC); Grid uses Alternating Current (AC)
» Typical: Solar Panel DC => inverter to AC => back to DC after plug level
» PNC Bank Branch: Solar Panel DC => DC equipment in building
» Reduces conversion inefficiencies & need for equipment
» Near total elimination of grid-supplied AC during business hours
Case Study: Wayne Aspinall Courthouse, CO
(EnOcean Alliance)
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.15 Photo: GSA, © David Lester Photography
Wireless lighting control system deployed in historic building ZNE retrofit
» Integrated into building’s existing Building Automation System
» Relays, light switches, outdoor & indoor LUX sensors, power strips
» Sensors powered by small solar cells – not batteries
Case Study: DPR San Francisco Office, CA
(Honeywell)
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.16
Automated Integrated Building Controls
» Energy, Security, Comfort, Life Safety…
» Map-based visualizations & integrated workflows
» LEED Dynamic Plaque in lobby – tracks &
displays near-real-time performance data
» Feedback to Operator: continuous improvement
First year: Produced 115% of energy used
Images: DPR, Honeywell
Case Study: The Edge Building, Amsterdam, Neth.
(Schneider Electric)
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.17
Integrated Building Management, Electrical Distribution, IT Infrastructure
» Building Management System: continuous feedback onsite or remotely
» Integrated sensors throughout: 180+ meters installed & data captured
» Occupants can use smartphone app to control LED lights & climate at work
Photo: Schneider Electric
Research Review - Overview
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.18
Investigate Building Energy
Monitoring & Controls Systems
in Low-Energy and ZNE Buildings
Areas of inquiry and participants:1. The Selection and the System. What did they choose and why.
Design Firms
2. The Energy Impact. Savings assumptions in modeling and attribution in use.
Design Firms and Operators
3. The Use and User Experience. How is it being used and what is effective and
lacking.
Operators and Occupants
Research Review – Survey Instruments
» Design Team Survey » Operator Survey
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.19
» Occupant Survey
Surveys – Targets and Actuals
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.20
Buildings & People: List of Participant Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.21
Project Location Size Range Building Type Retrofit
Operator
Survey
Completed
435 Indio Way CA 25k - 50k sf Office X
Bullitt Foundation Cascadia Center for Sustainable
Design and ConstructionWA 50k - 100k sf Office X
Cornell NYC Tech First Academic Building NY over 100k sf Education
David and Lucile Packard Foundation CA 25k - 50k sf Office X
DPR Construction's San Francisco Office CA 10k - 25k sf Office X
Exploratorium CA over 100k sf Other X
Hanover Page Mill Building CA 50k - 100k sf Office
IDeAs Z2 Office Building CA 5k - 10k sf Office X
Lane Community College, Downtown Academic
CenterOR 50k - 100k sf Education
Leslie Shao-Ming
Field Station at Jasper RidgeCA 5k - 10k sf Education
Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Field
HeadquartersMA 25k - 50k sf Office
Morphosis Architecture Studio CA 10k - 25k sf Office
NREL Research Support Facility CO over 100k sf Office X
Rice Fergus Miller Office and Studio WA 25k - 50k sf Office X
Rocky Mountain Institute Innovation Center CO 10k - 25k sf Office
Sacred Heart Schools Stevens Family Library CA 5k - 10k sf Education X
San Luis National Wildlife Refuge HQ and Visitor
CenterCA 10k - 25k sf Office
UC San Diego J Craig Venter Institute CA 25k - 50k sf Other
UniverCity Childcare Centre BC 5k - 10k sf Education
VanDusen Botanical Garden Visitor Centre BC 10k - 25k sf Assembly X
Watsonville Water Resources Center CA 10k - 25k sf Office
Wayne Aspinall Courthouse and Federal Building CO 25k - 50k sf Courthouse X
West Berkeley Public Library CA 5k - 10k sf Library X
Buildings & People: Buildings
Buildings
» Zero Net Energy buildings from
NBI’s North America Getting to Zero
database
» Mainly 10,000 – 100,000+ sqft
› Some smaller buildings represented
» Mainly Offices & Higher Ed
› Also Courthouse, Lab, Library, Museum
» Climate: CA has most ZNE buildings
› Also: Canada, PNW, NE, CO
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.22
Buildings & People: People
People
» Design Firm Interviewees have
extensive experience
› In primary building types
› With ZNE buildings in general
‒ Average of four ZNE buildings each!
» Designers set energy targets and
keep tabs
› Maintain ongoing performance data
tracking and feedback post-occupancy
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.23
Types of Controls
» All participants ranked building
control strategies “very important”
or “critical” to ZNE success
» > 90% of buildings use control
systems integrated across some or
all end-uses
» Daylighting is critical to ZNE
› Get Glare Control & Shading right!
› Light switches are still most common
» Most buildings use combination of
manual & automatic controls
» ¾ of buildings rely on occupant for
some part of controls success
» The highest-performing buildings
have engaged operators and
occupants standing on the
shoulders of intelligent and
integrated controls systems
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.24
One Primary Project Goal:
Characterize Controls Technology & Strategies in ZNE Buildings
Types of Controls: Controls Integration by End-Use
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.25
Types of Controls: Plug Loads
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.26
Plug Loads can be 50% or more of total electricity usage in ZNE Buildings!
» More devices and occupant-driven misc loads coming online
» Regulated loads (Lights, HVAC, Water Heat…) becoming more efficient
» Most (64%) buildings surveyed use plug load controls or monitoring
CONTROL DESIGN
SELECTION PROCESS
USER EXPERIENCE
ENERGY FINDINGS
Mark Lyles, NBI Project Manager
Controls Design Selection Process
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.28
» Rigid execution of design intent
» Thorough documentation & specs
» Detailed sequence of operations
» Flexibility in implementation
» Flexibility in operation
Designing a successful ZNE Building is a balancing act:
Controls Design Selection Process: Follow Up
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.29
Despite the focus on performance and the qualification of the design and
construction teams associated with these projects…
The #1 reason for excessive follow-up:
Incorrect installation of controls systems in the field
User Experience: Operations Survey Summary
» All agree: bring Operator into
design process early
› Operator involved in all sequence
development efforts
› Operator involved in commissioning
process
› Improved operator buy-in
› Smoother startup of building systems
› Better understanding of design intent
» Often, operators learn on the job
(without formal training)
› Heavy reliance on Operations and
Maintenance (O&M) Manual
› Heavy reliance on Commissioning
Process and Report
» Building Operator & Controls
Vendor – close relationship
› Frequent communication in Year 1
» Controls Integrator Role
» Maintaining Building Performance:
Operator should write & use a
System Support Manual or
Procedure Manual
» Most (5/6) say the value of
investing in controls is increasing
» Most (4/6) say passive features do
not reduce scope of controls
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.30
User Experience: Occupant Survey Summary
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.31
Occupants generally are satisfied with their ZNE building work spaces
» Design teams & operators must balance automation vs. occupant interaction
» 75% of occupants satisfied with daylighting – but often want more glare control
» Broad satisfaction with natural ventilation, DOAS
» Heating systems are well regarded; desire for more control for cooling
» Plug load controls are not problematic or obtrusive for most occupants
Occupant Interest in
Interaction with Lighting
and Shade Controls
Energy Findings: Participant Buildings
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.32
Energy Findings: Setting Energy Targets
» 100% of design teams set an
aggressive low-energy EUI target
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.33
» 100% of design teams considered
setting early energy targets as key
to the design process & outcomes
Energy Targets are Key
Energy Findings: Whole Building Energy Aspects
» Baseline: High-Performance/LEED
» Energy modeling: More than one
software package used
› eQuest remains #1, but this is shifting
› Radiant systems, natural ventilation
modeled with IES/TAS
» Keys to ZNE: Building Siting
» Keys to ZNE: Envelope Design
» Keys to ZNE: HVAC Systems
› Ground source heat pumps
› Advanced air source heat pumps
› Radiant heating & cooling distribution
› Variable refrigerant volume
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.34
Energy Findings: System Energy Aspects
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.35
» Lighting Controls: Daylighting first, then other electric lighting controls.
» HVAC Controls: Passive first: natural ventilation, night flush, thermal set point
controls. Then, optimize mechanical system control and monitoring.
» Glare Controls (Shading & Blinds): 33% got thermal savings => Reduced
thermal loads & thus HVAC system needs.
» Plug Load Controls: up to 50%
of usage in some ZNE
buildings. Designers are
still experimenting with
different control approaches.
10 KEY TAKE-AWAYS
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
Cathy Higgins, NBI Research Affiliate
» Are Controls Important
to get to ZNE?
– Yes: 100%
» Would you select the
same controls again?
– Yes: 77%
» Considering that passive design
strategies and improving technology
efficiencies are reducing building
energy use, is the value of
control systems increasing
or decreasing? – Increasing = 78%
1-3) The Value of Controls
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.37
4) Problems and Some Solutions
» 82% of the designers agreed or strongly
agreed that control communication
platforms and protocols between
systems need improvement’
» 87% of designers agreed that
“Controls always have some problems”
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.38
Problem:
“The principal issue with every
ZNE building that I have
studied carefully has been
control systems, measurement
and verification.”
Suggested Solution:
It’s a matter of writing a detailed
sequence of operations, having a
great relationship with your
vendor and requiring
accountability for integration.
5-8) Advice and Occupants
» What would you do again & What
advice would you offer to designers?
1. Integrate the controls contractor - not
just the controls
2. Meter and monitor then track and
share actual performance
3. Design the building right first
4. Design for “Off”
5. Select leading technologies and
incorporate system controls for high
performance
6. Simple is smart. Keep it simple
Alternate point – Make it work
7. Optimize settings and strategies
» What would you do differently?
› Increase control contractor role and
commissioning
› Ensure sufficient metering
› Consider system changes
» Occupants – how do you ensure they
contribute to low-energy goals?
› Education and training
› Early involvement
› Feedback
› Engagement
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.39
“The Toughest Thing to Control is
Occupants – They Make (or Break) Energy
Performance”
Controls are a sub-trade of a sub-trade - they
should be a first-tier (separate) contractor.
9) Surprises
» Collecting energy data is rare!
» Systems were not interoperable
» Contractor resistance and skills are an issue
» ZNE goes well beyond the traditional
commissioning (Cx) process
» Occupants waste energy
» Conflicts with complex sequences and system
architecture and controls
» Lack of accuracy in electrical sub-meters and difficulty in setting them up
» Lack of correlation between actual and predicted performance
» Staging of various outcomes, including the solar, is hard
» Lack of granularity
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.40
10) Emerging Trends
» Integrated and lower cost
control systems› Integration capabilities and networks
with automated control system
management are improving
› Cost of interconnectivity is decreasing
› Adaptive controls: occupant-based and
weather responsive
» Monitoring and feedback› Building dashboards and simple
monitoring systems
› Fault detection with early warning for
energy use or equipment failures
» Energy Model-based Control
» Utility Demand Response
» Other:› Robotics
› DC building systems
› Energy storage
› Protocol standardization
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.41
October 2015 cover of Building Operating
Management Magazine
Conclusions
» Controls are at the Nexus of
Energy Performance
› Merge of market, policy and
technology factors are driving zero net
energy buildings
› Controls are “critical/very important” to
ZNE outcomes – yet “controls always
have problems”
› Solutions lay in a) getting the process
right early, b) maintaining ongoing Cx
and c) stewardship of the control
performance
› Controls / sensors are in the spotlight
» New Roles and Old Relationships
› Controls contractor is a major player and
should be involved early and after
occupancy
› 86% of design teams chose their vendor
based on prior experience – existing
relationships are gateways to resolve /
improve issues
› New “ZNE Cx Agents” will have skills
that cross cut efficiency, renewables and
controls
› Increased
importance and
skills needed
in building operators
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.42
Conclusions
» ZNE is driven by good design,
High Performance Systems and
Shading
› Passive and integrated approaches first
› Existing, but leading edge, systems
and technologies
› Exterior and interior shading to reduce
initial loads
› Interior shading is a growing area of
technology evolution and automation
with over 50% of the buildings including
interior shading
» Occupants
are a new
Operator
› 74% of these buildings rely on the
occupant for part of controls success
› Occupants desire some degree of
thermal and lighting control
› Occupant control can enhance or
disable design intent of controls
› Occupants are the best ‘sensors’ so
feedback from and to them is key
› Addressing
plug load
use is critical
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.43
Conclusions: Game Changers
Game Changers:
1. Integration and low cost
sensors – I o T
2. Feedback / dashboard systems
to occupants and operators –
energy is gaining transparency
3. Utility programs and pricing – a
new model of two-way
transactions and load shifts
driven by renewables and ZNE
Industry Implications:
1. Large new market for new
products
2. Complexity and communications
issues hinder adoption and
outcomes
3. ZNE buildings will remain grid
connected and districts and
aggregation of bldgs. will increase
4. Getting to zero is both a market
and a policy trend
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.44
Five Recommendations
1. Prioritize Passive Strategies – then layer in controls to optimize the whole building
outcomes
2. Integrate the Controls Contractor – controls contractor needs to be a primary team
member from design through occupancy
3. Increase Operator Training and Support – bring controls training and improved
hand-off documentation to operators and ongoing access to the design team and controls contractor
4. Provide Occupants Control but Backup with Defaults Settings –occupants want some engagement and control access but a ‘hybrid’ system that returns controls to
default settings and “Off” is necessary
5. Build Industry Awareness and Knowledge of Emerging Trends –of a) integrated, wireless and adaptive controls, b) feedback and dashboards, c) DC systems and
renewable integration, d) utility load management, price and program issues, and e) ZNE policy drivers
ZNE©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.45
Discussion
1. Embargo Period Motion
2. Final Report Changes today
3. Individual Organization Follow-up Calls by November 20
ZNE©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.46
Questions and Answers
Rice Fergus Miller ZNE Retrofit
Continental Automated Buildings Association (CABA)
1173 Cyrville Road, Suite 210
Ottawa, ON K1J 7S6
Toll free: 888.798.CABA (2222)
www.caba.org
New Buildings Institute (NBI)
503-761-7339
www.newbuildings.org
Contact Us
©2015 Continental Automated Buildings Association. All rights reserved.48