ZENO EFFECT, RIDGED MIRRORS and ATOMIC NANOSCOPY Dmitrii Kouznetsov, Inst. for Laser Science, UEC Ridged atomic mirror is considered as focusing element

ZENO EFFECT, RIDGED MIRRORS and ATOMIC NANOSCOPY

Dmitrii Kouznetsov, Inst. for Laser Science, UEC

Ridged atomic mirror is considered as focusing element forthe sub-micron resolution atom optics (atomic nanoscope).The reflectivity is approximated with elementary functions.Such fit agrees with experimental data andallows optimization of ridged mirrors.

Ridged mirrors in the atomic imaging system: ~ 20 nm ?

Collaboration: Hilmar Oberst, Fujio Shimizu, Kazuko Shimizu, Makoto Morinaga, Junichi Fujita, J-F. Bisson, Kenichi Ueda (Japan);and Alexander Neumann, Yulya Kuznetsova, Steve Brueck (UNM, USA)

To

Quantum reflection is interpreted as Zeno Effect

pics

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J. Fujita藤田　淳一 A.

Neumann

Yu.KuznetsovaSteve Brueck

植田　憲一清水　富士夫清水　和子 ,

Fujio Shimizu

Hilmar Oberst

Center for High Technology Materials, UNM, USA

JF Bissoncollaboration with

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Collaboration: Hilmar Oberst, 　清水　和子 , 清水　富士夫 , 藤田　淳一 , J-F.Bisson, 植田　憲一（日本） ;

and A.Neumann, Yu.Kuznetsova, S.R.J.Brueck (UNM, USA)



K. UedaKazuko Shimizu

MakotoMorinaga







ATOMIC BOMB

原子スキー



ATOMICSTAFF

ATOMIC PLANTATOMIC CLOCK

ATOMIC FORCE

ATOMIC SKI

Bruce Doak et al. Towards realization of an atomic de Broglie microscope: helium atom focusing using Fresnel zone plates. PRL 83, p.4230-4232 (1999)

atomic Fresnel zone plate


are needed to see this picture.P.Bertram, H.Merimeche, M.M\"utzel, H.Metcalf, D.Haubrich, D.Meschede, P.Rosenbusch, E.A.Hinds. Magnetic whispering-gallery mirror for atoms. PRA 63, 053405 (2001)

atomic mirror



V. Balykin, V. Klimov, V. Letokhov. Atom nano-optics.Opt. and Phot. News 16, 44 (2005)

atomic lens

More atomic staff

Ashok Mohapatra. The same forthe normal incidence. (reported here yesterday, 2007)

What is QUANTUM REFLECTION?

Quantum reflection is a classically counterintuitive phenomenon whereby the motion of particles is reverted "against the force“ acting on them.

Wikipedia:

How about reflection of solitons?

Andy Martin.Quantum reflection of solitons and bright solitary waves.

Ilya Dodin (Classical analogies of atom manipulation Techniques using laser radiation)also doubts if that he does is Quantum reflection.

Perhaps, any counter-intuitive reflection should be called so.

Should we call “quantum reflection” any scattering of any wave at any structure? Reflection of oceanic waves from a periodic groin field, is it also quantum reflection?

ZThe Zeno effect isClass of phenomena when a transition is suppressed by interaction which allows the interpretation of the final state in terms transition has not yet occurredor transition already occurred.In quantum mechanics, such an interaction is called measurement; its result can be interpreted in terms of classical mechanics.Frequent measurement prohibits the transition.We apply the concept of the Zeno effectto the transition of the atom from thehalf-space y>0 to the half-space y<0 .Ridges appear as a device that measures, whether the atom already collided with the mirror or not yet. y - position is periodically measured.rate of measurement

frequent measurement prohibits the transition.

Most of our results are published. D.Kouznetsov, H.Oberst. Reflection of waves from a ridged surface and the Zeno effect. Opt.Rev. 12, p.363-366. (2005)http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/dima/PAPERS/optrevri.pdf

D.Kouznetsov, H.Oberst. Scattering of atomic matter waves from ridged surfaces. PRA 72, 013617 (2005)http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/PhysRevA_72_013617.pdf

H.Oberst, D.Kouznetsov, K.Shimizu, J.Fujita, F.Shimizu.Fresnel diffraction mirror for an atomic wave. PRL 94, 013203 (2005).http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/PhysRevLett_94_013203.pdf

D.Kouznetsov, H.Oberst, A.Neumann, Y.Kuznetsova, K.Shimizu, J.-F.Bisson, K.Ueda, S.R.J.Brueck. Ridged atomic mirrors and atomic nanoscope. J.of Physics B 39, p.1605-1623 (2006) http://stacks.iop.org/0953-4075/39/1605http://www.ils.uec.ac.jp/~dima/PAPERS/nanoscope.pdf

Di

quotes:

B.Holst, W.Allison. An atom-focusing mirror. Nature, v.390, p.244 (1997). (He atoms, wavelength 0.52 A, spot diameter 210 micron):

It follows that a helium microscope with nanometer resolution is possible. A helium atom microscope will be unique non-destructive tool for reflection of transmission microscopy.What is optimal design for the focusing element?

F.Shimizu, J.Fujita. Giant Quantum Reflection of Neon Atoms from a Ridged Silicon Surface. J.Phys.Soc. of Japan 71, p.5-8 (2002):The specular reflectivity of slow, metastable neon atoms from a silicon surface was found to increase markedly when the surface was replaced by a grating structure withparallel narrow ridges. The reflectivity was found to increase more than two orders of magnitude at the incident (grazing) angle 10 mrad.Further improvement of the reflectivity at a larger angle will be possible if the width of the ridge and the periodicity are reduced.What is optimal periodicity at given width?How far can be extended the working range of the grazing angle?What resolution of the atom optics imaging system does it correspond?

R.Poelsema. G. Comsa. Scattering of thermal energy atoms from disordered surfaces. (Springer-Verlag, 1989)

The method based on the thermal energy atom scattering (TEAS), that we are reviewing here, appears to complement in an ideal way scanning tunnel microscopy in the investigation of disordered surfaces.

flat mirror U( y ) = C / y 4potential

Depth:

From the dimensional reasons, the reflectivity of a flat atomic mirror should be determined by

Fit:

4

F.Shimizu. Specular reflection of very slow metastable neon atoms from a solid surface, PRL 86, 987-990 (2001).

H.Oberst, Y.Tashiro, K.Shimizu, F.Shimizu. Quantum reflection of He* on silicon.PRA, 71, 052901 (2005)

k = K s

Interaction is described with Hermitian potential

RH

H.Oberst, D.Kouznetsov, K.Shimizu, J.Fujita, F.Shimizu. Fresnel diffraction mirror for an atomic wave. PRL 94, 013203 (2005)

F.Shimizu, J.Fujita. Giant quantum reflection of Ne atoms from a ridged silicon surface J.Phys.Soc. of Japan, 71, p.5-8 (2002)

estimate the reflectivity

of a ridged mirror?

F.Shimizu, J.Fujita. Giant Quantum Reflection of Neon Atoms from a Ridged Silicon Surface J.Phys.Soc.of Japan 71, p.5-8 (2002):

Estimate of reflectivity of ridged mirrors with scaling of the van der Waals constant:



lg(R)

Ne* atoms, V=3m/s

frequency of measurement

normal component of velocity

detectors

ridged mirror

normal component of wavevector

SP

B. Mielnik. The screen problem. Foundatons of Phys., 24, p.1113-1129 (1994):“…interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave packet contains a gap.”

Can we reflect an object by the intensive observation in a half-space?

k = K

CContinuous absorption with rate f = V／ L also causes reflection

P

photons

R

0.1

0.01

Reflectivity can be estimated as

This estimate ignores width of the ridges and the van der Waals interaction, butagrees with experimental data.

AGREEM

Hilmar: Incredible coincidence!

II

Some colleagues were not satisfied with the deduction.

The numerical analysis for the idealized ridges can be summarized with fit

Such fit overestimates the reflectivity. (PRA,2005)

perturbative correctionsuggests to reduce Lto improve the reflection…

UNM sample

R(,,,,)

at large L , small s ,

properties of

Fits

holds in wide range of parameters

optical fit (large L )

Perturbative

Scaling of VWI:

Zeno

Combined

a=1/4 , b=3 , c=4

-

1

2

3

1 2

pqA 4

0 0 < ー Ln R < 11 1 < ー Ln R < 22 2 < ー Ln R < 33 3 < ー Ln R < 44 4 < ー Ln R < 55 5 < ー Ln R < 66 6 < ー Ln R < 77 7 < ー Ln R < 8

Projection of reflectivity

to the p, q plane

all experimental data collected

1

2

3

1 2 1 2

q

p

q

p

pq ー

Ln R

ー Ln R , experiment

ー Ln R , fit

contour

Contour of in the L , planeK = 6.3/nm , s = 0.005 , w = 317 nm

0.1

0.2

0.30.4

dashed:

(He atoms at V=100m/s

Rin vicinity of optimal L ,0.01

Hefit

There is optimal period at given width of ridges

R5

L, micron

w = 317 nm , 　 V = 100 m/s , s = 0.005 , K=6.3/nm (He, T=1K)

=

nanoscope4.8 Kelvin

V=100 m/s

Pinhole a=100nm, b=1000nmflux

concentration

gives

small portion reached the focusing element:

geom.optics, spotsize:wave optics:

resulting spotsize:

atoms/second

Focusingelement

COMPETITORS

optical microscopy (also scanning confocal, and near-field )

electron microscopy (including SEM)

probe microscopy:atomic force microscopyelectrostatic force microscopemagnetic force microscopyscanning capacitance microscopy (Kelvin probe)scanning gate microscopy (also tunneling microscopy)scanning thermal microscopyscanning voltage microscopy (maping of the electric potential)

of Atomic Nanoscope

also provide the submicron resolution

END

CONCLUSIUONS

optimal L at given :

Rz

For He at V=100m/s (T = 1 K), s = 0.005, = 10 nm, R 0.1limit of resolution of the atom optical imaging system at 20 nm

.1

.01

pR

けつろん

R ~ exp( - 2 w K )3/4 1/41/2

q

p




are needed to see this picture.1

00 1

-ln R

L

1nm R=0.1

0.3

1nm

Nanoscope:

Estimate for reflectivity:

1

Atom optics. B. Poelsema, G. Comsa. Scattering of thermal energy atoms from disordered surfaces. (Springer-Verlag, 1989)J. J. Berkhout et al. Quantum reflection: Focusing of hydrogen atoms with a concave mirror. PRL 63, 1689-1692 (1989)M. Kasevich, D. Weiss, S. Chu. Normal-incidence reflection of slow atoms from an optical evanescent wave. Opt.Lett. 15, 607-9 (1990)E. Hulpke. Helium atom scattering from surfaces. (Springer-Verlag, 1992)D. C. Lau et al. Magnetic mirrors with micron-scale periodicities for slowly moving neutral atoms. J. of Optics B, 371-377 (1999)R. B. Doak et al. Towards Realization of an Atomic deBroglie Microscope: Helium Atom Focusing using Fresnel Zone Plates. PRL 83 , 4229-4232 (1999)D.A.MacLaren, W.Allison. Single crystal optic elements for helium atom microscopy. Rev. of Sci. Instr. 71, p.2625-2634 (2000)M. Drndic et al. Properties of microelectromagnet mirrors as reflectors of cold Rb atoms. PRA 60, 4012 (1999)C. Eltschka, M. J. Moritz, H. Friedrich, Near-threshold quantization and scattering for deep potentials with attractive wells, J. of Physics B 33, 4033-4051 (2000)R. P. Bertram et al.. Magnetic whispering-gallery mirror for atoms. PRA 63, 053405 (2001)A. Pasquini, Y. Shin, C. Sanner, M. Saba, A. Schirotzek, D. E. Pritchard, W. Ketterle. Quantum Reflection from a Solid Surface at Normal Incidence. PRL 93, 223201 (2004)V, Balykin, V. Klimov,V. Letokhov. Atom nano-optics. Opt. and Phot. News 16, 44 (2005)N.P.Robins, A.K.Morrison, J.J.Hope, J.D.Close. Limits to the flux of a continuous atom laser. PRA 72 031606 (2005)

po

Hi

several papers are written by my co-authors:

F.Shimizu. Specular reflection of very slow metastable neon atoms from a solid surface, PRL 86, 987-990 (2001).

F.Shimizu, J.Fujita. Reflection-type hologram for atoms. PRL 88, 123201 (2002)

F. Shimizu, J.Fujita Giant quantum reflection of neon atoms from a ridged silicon surface. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 5-8 (2003)

H.Oberst, S.Kasashima, V.I.Balykin, F.Shimizu. Atomic-matter-wave scanner.PRA 68, 013606 (2003)

H.Oberst, Y.Tashiro, K.Shimizu, F.Shimizu. Quantum reflection of He* on silicon. PRA, 71, 052901 (2005)S.C.Lee, S.R.J.Brueck. Nanoscale two-positional patterning on Si(001) by large-areainterferometric lithography and anisotropic wet etching. J.Vac.Technol.B 22, 1949-52 (2004)H.Oberst, M.Moringa, F.Shimizu, K.Shimizu. One-dimansional focusing of an atomic beam by a flat reflector. Applied Physic B, 86, 801-803 (2003)

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ZENO EFFECT, RIDGED MIRRORS and ATOMIC NANOSCOPY Dmitrii Kouznetsov, Inst. for Laser Science, UEC Ridged atomic mirror is considered as focusing element