[YRC] Bảo vệ quyền tác giả trong hoạt động NCKH của sinh viên ngành Kinh Tế-Xã hội

7/31/2019 [YRC] Bo v quyn tc gi trong hot ng NCKH ca sinh vin ngnh Kinh T-X hi

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LG FG

CH@M LG GG A@K Z M@M ZG WC@K SQI@K SEFE L^ .................................................................................................. 8GM@K E2 @M@K Z@ F F^@ Z AI Z XÛ@ SGKE SQI@K MIS @K @KME@ G OMIH MG GH WE@MZE@ @K@M OE@M S , ] ME ............................................................. ;

8.8. @m`k z` f f~` z ai z x~u` sg ke ..................................... ;8.8.8. Sg ke .............................................................................................. ;

8.8.1. X~u sg ke .................................................................................... 58.8.7. Ai z x~u sg ke ....................................................................... 88

8.1. Mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ]me ................................................................................................................ 85

8.1.8. Ome èl mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg è gm~`k ................... 858.1.1. g el gh `kme` g~ omih mg ................................................ 188.1.7. g el qe`k gh mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze``k`m Oe`m s, ] me .............................................................................. 17

8.7. Zhe sq gh ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omihmg gh we`m ze` ......................................................................................... 1=

8.7.8. Si e~ oe` gmi we`m ze` tms m~u g se ``k& sq s~ sqi`kzeg `kme` g~ omih mg .......................................................................... 1=8.7.1. Si e~ oe` gmi we`m ze` g smg& sqgm `mel sqi`k zeg w`ksi qh gg sg tml g gms f k ghi `ml ``k ghi gms f k keicg z tmg z gmi wtms sqe gh s `g sqi`k sme o e le ...... 158.7.7. Ket `m sq k z } me `m ke `k om``k z gms f k

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` .......................................... 748.7.3. Ai z x~u fe gm`m `k gmi gg sg ke z gm wm~ x~u sgke.............................................................................................................. 748.7.>. @`k ghi smg gh we`m ze` sqi`k zeg ai z x~u sg ke èqe`k z ai z x~u wm~ sq s~ è gm~`k........................................ 788.7.:. Fl s`k ke sqsm`k le gh gg os x~ `kme` g~ omih mggh we`m ze` sqi`k `m sq k ................................................................. 788.7.;. F e~ oe` g` Zes @hl smg me` ss f~s gme gm~`k sq` gi`

k me `mt Oe`m sX~g s............................................................... 71


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GM@K EE2 SMG SQ@K AI Z X^U@ SG KE SQI@KMIS @K @KME@ G OMIH MG GH WE@M ZE@ @K@MOE@M S , ] ME ...................................................................................... 73

1.8. S`k x~h` z mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` sqi`kgg sq`k e mg `k`m Oe`m s, ] me ............................................... 73

1.1. Mis `k gh `m sq`k sqi`k zeg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` .................................................. 38

1.1.8. @m k os x~ s g ............................................................. 311.1.1. @m k ls g` g` m` gm........................................................... 37

1.7. Gg m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~omih mg gh we`m ze` ............................................................................... 3=

1.7.8. We`m ze` wc`k kei sq`m& wgm smhl omi tmisigitu& wgm afl `me& wgm e` som`k g a` x~u .............................................. 3=1.7.1. We`m ze` whi gmt g`k sq`m `kme` g~ ls ggm ah ae& omoel wis ................................................................................................... >71.7.7. We`m ze` smhl omi se fe~ l om`k kme `k~` sqgm c q q`k................................................................................................................... >>

1.3. @k~u` `m` c` ` s`m sq`k }l tml x~u` sg ke gh we`mze` sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg ............................................... >:

1.3.8. @m` smg gh we`m ze` g` ol ................................................... >:1.3.1. Mis `k ai z x~u sg kegmh g `m sq k x~h` sl >=1.3.7. We`m ze` sme~ oe`m `kmel z ``k fg sqi`k `kme` g~ omih mgmig fe `kme` g~ ................................................................................ >51.3.3. e~ oe` oe`m sm` mt gh we`m ze` ......................................... :8

1.>. @m`k sm~` fe z om om` gh `m sq`k sqi`k zeg smg me`gg kee tmt `kmel `ks ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme`g~ omih mg ............................................................................................... :3

1.>.8. Sm~` fe ......................................................................................... :31.>.1. Om om` ......................................................................................... :>

GM@K EEE2 LS W KEE TMT @ML AI Z X^U@ SGKE SQI@K MIS @K @KME@ G OMIH MG GH WE@MZE@ ............................................................................................................... :=

7.8. Kee tmt z l .................................................................................... :=7.8.8. Set sg mi` sme` tmt f~s zai m x~u sg ke.................. :=7.8.1. Set sg u l`m g`k sg s~u` sq~u`& m k c & gmi& oel

sqh& ``k ghi smg g`k `k smg me` ai m x~u sg ke.............. :=


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7.8.7. @`k ghi wf k z gms f k gg g` a ai z x~u sg ke................................................................................................................... :5

7.8.3. Wi` smi z sm k `ms gg x~u `m zai z x~u sg ke sqi`k

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` sqi`k gg g w i sism`m ls m sm k sq` g`g .............................................................. ;47.8.>. @k` gm`& } f `kmel omg m` e ze gg sq k mt }l

tml x~u sg ke ................................................................................... ;47.8.:. Msqkel ke kei sq`m z wgm smhl omi gmi we`m ze` ........ ;8

7.1. Kee tmt g smsqi`k gg sq`k e mg Oe`m s] me ............. ;17.1.8. Sm`m ft gg ` z gm~u` sqgm kee x~us gg z` fe` x~h` ai z x~u sg ke -Wm~ sq s~%sqi`k `m sq k .................... ;1

7.1.1. Ah` m`m gg x~u `m ai z x~u sg kesqi`k `m sq k& keicg z ``k ghi smg gh we`m ze` zai z x~u sg ke sqi`k mis`k `kme` g~ omhi mg ........................................................................ ;77.1.7. S`k g k w f`k wgm sqi`k sm ze` `ml u l`m zhe sqgh sm ze` sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg ................................. ;37.1.3. Msqwe`m ze` l~h wgm sms ....................................................... ;>7.1.>. G~`k gt wgm g a` x~u gmi we`m ze` .................................... ;>7.1.:. `k o ai m x~u sg ke gh gg g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih

mg g gms f k gh we`m ze` z gg w` tml sq s~ omg gh `msq k ze Gg A` x~u ........................................................................ ;:7.1.;. Msqzeg e` se fe~ z gg ai gi `kme` g~ omih mg ghwe`m ze` .................................................................................................... ;;

7.1.=. Sqket z om~u omgm gg mis `k sqhi e wgm keh gg we`mze` sqi`k sq k ...................................................................................... ;=7.1.5. ~ s `kme` g~ gg g`k `km me` e `ml oel sqh z tmsme` m`m ze whi gmt g`k sq`m `kme` g~ ........................................... ;=

OS F^@ .................................................................................................... =4CH@M LG SE FE^ SMHL OMI ..................................................... =8TM FG 8 .................................................................................................... =3


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CH@M LG GG A@K Z M@M ZG WC@K

SQI@K SE

A`k 182 S`k os mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh sq`k e mg @kie

Sm`k g w8 z 1 `l mg s`l 1484 z `l 1488 75

M`m 88 W f k me ze` gh Sq~`k sl Ai z x~u` sg ke l `mg

Zes @hl -ZGTLG% s`l 1441 ` `l 1488 8:

M`m 81 Se` a` x~u` sm~ g gh Sq~`k sl Ai z x~u` sg ke l

`mg Zes @hl -ZGTLG% s`l 144> ` `l 1484 8;

M`m 18 S`m m`m w c`k kei sq`m& mg fe~ gh we`m ze` M @e >8


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8

FE L^

8. S`m gt smes gh seMis `k `kme` g~ omih mg g zhe sq z g`k si f sqi`k zeg ``k

ghi oe` smg z gms f k mg st gh we`m ze` sqi`k gg sq`k e mg

M`k `l g qs `me~ g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g

smg me` ahi kl2 se~ f~`& omh f~` ss `kmet& f~` `& z gg g`k sq`m

gh we`m ze` smhl keh g~g sme `kme` g~ omih mg

Sqi`k `kme` g~ omih mg& ai z x~u` sg ke f u~ s x~h` sq`ksqi`k zeg om`k `m gms f k gh g`k sq`m `kme` g~

S~u `me`& smg s gmi smu& tm` f we`m ze` gmh me~ q z x~u` sg

ke z sl x~h` sq`k gh zeg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg A` g`m & ls w we`m ze` aes zeg whi gmt f }l tml

x~u` sg ke`m`k z` fl ci sme~ ``k fg z oe`m `kmel sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg

Ls omg& we`m ze` sm k w c`k mg fe~ tmisigitu z wgm a whi

gmt& fl `me Om`k gm kei sq`m l `me~ se~ f~`& f~` z` tmisigitu

g`k g a` g`k omhe g aes& ze w a`k ` gh g`k `km sm`k se`&

we`m ze` g sm cc`k sl g ls se~ f~`& f~` z`& f~` ` sq` l`k

S`m sq`k }l tml x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze` sq `` qs tm ae`& e~ `u `m m k sqg set ` gms

f k `kme` g~& c` ` `m`k `m ke whe fgm A` g`m & ci x~u`

sg kegmh g ai z`k lg `m m`k ` x~u` fe& ku sl f gm`

``& ls `k fg gmi `ke `kme` g~& sml gm `ke `kme` g~ om`k

l~` tm ae` gg os x~ g`k sq`m `kme` g~ gh l`m ci x~u` fe

om`k g l ai e~ `u `m m k `kmel sq`k ` w tms sqe`

sq`m omih mg z oe`m s& } me gh x~g keh

Sqi`k ome & Zes @hl gm`m smg sqsm`m sm`m ze` sm 8>: gh


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1

g`k g Anq`n& g`k g x~h` sq`k `ms z ai z x~u` sg ke sq` sm

kee& s`ku 1: sm`k 84 `l 1443e me Zes @hl tme s~` sm `kmel

sg z `k ` gg x~u `m ai z x~u` sg ke S`m sq`k }l tmlx~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg `ku g`k tm ae` g sm

ome` Zes @hl tme e ls ze `m`k z oe` }l tml x~u` sg ke

`g `kie& ku smes me om`k `m z `m m`k ` ~u s`& z sm gh Zes

@hl sq` sq k x~g s

@m` `m` g z` smg s sq`& sg ke gm` se Ai z x~u`

sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` ome `k`m Oe`m

S , ] me ze li`k l~` sl me~& `kme` g~ ls ggm g m sm`k z

z` x~u` sg kee ze we`m ze` sqi`k gg sq`k e mg Zes @hl&

x~h fl q smg sq`k& `k~u` `m`& `k sme s`k g k w me~ aes&

`m` smg z `m`k x~u `m sml u z `k `& h qh kee tmt

g sm kt tm` kee x~us `m`k z` g` s` se

1. S`k x~h` s`m m`m `kme` g~

Me` `hu& ai z x~u` sg ke Zes @hl h`k f ls se g

`me~ `m `kme` g~ x~h` sl Gmi ` `hu& g qs `me~ g`k sq`m `kme`

g~ omih mg z ai z x~u` sg ke& e` m`m `m2

G~` wgm W`k si z` mg `km sm~s z x~u` sg keZes @hl

gh Se` w Z L`m Gm~ Gg sq k gg A` x~u` z` mg `km sm~s&

`m }~s a` gm`m sq x~g keh `l 144> Sg ke ome x~s z fgm w m`m

sm`m& smg sq`k s`m m`m z }~ sm tms sqe` gh x~u` sg keZes @hl

sq` gg fie m`m s ai gm& }~s a`& e` `m& `met `m& `km sm~s ae~

ce`& `km sm~s si m`m ` l `mg& ce w` z` mi& g`k `kmet kme l

X~h & sg ke h qh gg oe` `km& kee tmt smg u g`k sg ai m

x~u` sg ke se x~g keh& u `mh`m se` sq`m me `mt x~g s

Sg tml G`k g Anq`n 8==: g`k g m~ me~ ai m x~u` sg

ke gh Smg w f~s mg @k~u` A A`m& g` a ke`k cu se Omih f~s


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7

x~g s z oe`m cih`m x~g s sm~g e mg F~s M @e z Tml Smh`m

S`k& gm~u` ze` Gg a` x~u` sg kez` mg `km sm~s Zes @hl ci

`m }~s a` S tmt tms m`m `l 144: ome fg z x~u` sg ke zai m x~u` sg ke& w m`m sm`m z tms sqe` gh g`k g Anq`n z

`m`k `e c~`k g` me~ q z` c`k ss g`k g Anq`n sqi`k w wi w`m

ze tmt f~s z x~u` sg keZes @hl

A` g`m & g qs `me~ gg me smi z ai z x~u` sg ke g

s gmg `m2

Me smi Wm~ sq s~ om~ zg gm~ Sme A`m C`k z x~u`

sg ke sqi`k g`k `km sm`k se`sq~u` sm`k ci Gg A` x~u` sg ke

-AZ` mh& Sm smhi z C~ fgm% z S gmg Wm~ sq s~ sm kee -[ETI%

tme mt s gmg ze w m sqgh G x~h` x~u` sg ke @ms A` ce` qh s

15);)1445 ` 78);)1445 se M @e

Me smi Ai z x~u` sg kesqi`k sq`k e mg ci sq`k e mg

Oe`m s sm`m tm M Gm Le`m s gm `ku 17):)1484

Me smi !Wm~ sq s~ z x~u` sg ke!ci Sq~`k sl Z` mh Tmt

FNwthgn z @m Tmt f~s Zes Tmt s se me sq`k FNwthgn Sq~`k sl

Z` mh Tmt `ku 13)88)1488

S~u `me`& ` `hu& gmh g g`k sq`m omih mg `i `kme` g~ g sm

z ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

`k`m Oe`m s , ] me

7. Lg se~ `kme` g~

se `kme` g~ ze 7 lg gm& f2

,Fl q `m`k z` f f~` z ai z x~u` sg ke& g sm gh mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s] me se Zes @hl

,@kme` g~ smg sq`k z z` ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k

`kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s] me Zes @hl me`

`hu& gm qh `m`k `k~u` `m` }l tml x~u` sg keg` a`


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3

, }~s `m`k kee tmt `ml omg tmg z` }l tml x~u` sg

ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me

se Zes @hl me` `hu3. Tm`k tmt `kme` g~

Ze se `kme` g~ X~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih

mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m S] me& g`k sq`m w c`k gg tm`k

tmt `kme` g~ wh~2

Tm`k tmt sm~ smt sm`k se`2

Tm`k tmt x~h` ws `ml lg gm x~h` ws mis `k `kme` g~

omih mg z zeg w c`k mg fe~ gh we`m ze` sqi`k gg sq`k e mg

Tm`k tmt `kme` g~ se fe~ x~h sm ze` z e`snq`ns `ml sm~ smt se

fe~ zgg x~u `m z ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k f~s wm~ sq s~ Zes @hl

z gg x~u `m& ae` tmt gh m sq k z ai z x~u` sg ke me` `hu

Tm`k tmt tm`k z` `ml Tm`k z` fu oe` gh gg we`m ze` z

me~ aes gh m sqi`k z` ai z x~u` sg ke z m`m ze w c`k kei

sq`m& mg fe~ gh we`m ze` sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

Tm`k tmt } f sm`k se`2

Tm`k tmt sm`k o `ml fes o s` ls w g`k sq`m omih mg z

ai z x~u` sg ke sqg & gg w` tml sm k smu gh mis `k

`kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me? gg m`m ze }l

tml x~u` sg ke gh we`m ze` z gg ae` tmt ai z x~u` sg ke me`

h`k g smg me` se gg sq`k e mg Oe`m s] me

Tm`k tmt `m f k `ml lg gm `m f k . w we`m ze` me~

aes z x~u` sg ke& `k~` kg kei sq`m& mg fe~ g w c`k gh we`m

ze` M @e? w c`k a`k w fe~ s`k os mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k g w8 z g w1? w c`k gi` w qe qg ai

gi s`m m`m mis `k gh gg g x~h`& ah` `k`m fe` x~h` ` mis `k

ai z x~u` sg ke z smg sq`k s`m m`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m


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>

ze` Zes @hl me` `hu

Tm`k tmt sl ss `ml sl ss ls w g`k sq`m omih mg z x~u`

sg ke g`k a& s set sm~& mg me z qs oe`m `kmelTm`k tmt tm` sgm `ml tm` sgm `m`k g el qe`k gh gg

g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me? fl q

`k~u` `m` we`m ze` }l tml x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~&

gg m`m smg }l tml x~u` sg ke? gm qh `m`k os x~ s g z

`m`k ls g` m` gm sqi`k g`k sg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k

`kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me? tm` sgm `m`k

ls sm~` fe z om om` sqi`k zeg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k

`kme` g~ omih mg sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

`k`m Oe`m s , ] me

Tm`k tmt s`k mt `ml s`k mt se fe~& w fe~ g`k gg oe`

sm~ smt g& s h qh ls w kee tmt `ml omg tmg s`m sq`k }l

tml x~u` sg keh`k ce` qh se gg sq`k e mg

:. e s k z tml ze `kme` g~

e s k `kme` g~ gh se f x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me

Tml ze `kme` g~ gh se f mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh

we`m ze` se sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k z e mg Oe`m S X~g C` f

mhe g wi si e mg `k`m Oe`m s] me f sqi`k g`g

;. Os x~ `kme` g~ coe`

Wh~ ome g`k sq`m `kme` g~ g mi` sme`& g`k sq`m w f ls ai

gi ws sgm zAi z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s] me z g `k sq` st gm `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze`& kt tm` }u c`k le sq k `kme` g~ omih mg

gm~u` `kmet sqi`k gg sq`k e mg


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:

=. Os g~ gh se

@kie tm` l~& os f~`& ch`m lg se fe~ smhl omi `e c~`k gh

g`k sq`m kl g ah gm`k2Gm`k E2 @m`k z` f f~` z ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s] me

Gm`k EE2 Smg sq`k z ai x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s] me

Gm`k EEE2 Ls w kee tmt `ml ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`


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;

GM@K E2 @M@K Z@ F F^@ Z AI Z

XÛ@ SG KE SQI@K MIS @K @KME@ G

OMIH MG GH WE@M ZE@ @K@M OE@M S , ] ME

8.8. @m k z` f f~` z ai z x~u` sg ke

8.8.8. Sg ke

X~ sq`m si qh gg sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& gg g`k sq`m omih

mg f x~ sq`m mis `k w`k si gh g `m` Sg ke gh sg tml z`

mg& `km sm~s& gg g`k sq`m omih mg gm g sm f `m`k gi` `ke g smome m a`k fhi `k w`k si gh l`m sqg set si qh sg tml

A f~s c` w Zes @hl 144> x~u `m sg ke se omi` 8 z omi` 1&

e~ ;7:& smni 2@ke w`k si sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& omih mg f

sg ke gh sg tml Sqi`k sq k mt g mhe mig `me~ `ke g`k w`k

si qh sg tml sm `m`k `ke f gg `k sg ke @ke w`k si qh sg

tml tme we`m s sg tml gh `ke omg& ahi kl sg tml g cgm s

`k` `k ù wh`k `k` `k omg& sg tml tm`k sg& ge ae`& gm~u` sm&

ae` wi`& gm kee& s~u` gm` f sg ke gh sg tml tme we`m

Smni x~u `m se e~ = @km`m gh Gm`m tm w844)144:)@

GT `ku 18)5)144: x~u `m gme ses z m k c` sme m`m ls we~ gh

A F~s c` w& F~s Wm~ sq s~ z x~u` sg ke z x~u` fe` x~h` sm

tmt f~s Zes @hl ai m x~u` sg kee ze gg g `m` s gmg sqi`k

`g z `g `kie ze x~u` z `kmh z`m `mh~

@m` gm~`k& ls gm sm l~` g g`k `m` f sg ke g` tme t

`k g ah u~ g~ wh~ u2

Sm `ms& sg ke tme f `ke sqg set smg me` gg mis `k w`k si

si qh sg tml Mis `k w`k si gh sg ke f wfhi `k sq s~ si

qh gg sg tml ls ggm w`k si& mhu è ggm omg& gg sg tml tme f


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13/89

5

ze è c~`k& gm& s s k& ggm smg sm me` mi` si` le Sg ke gh

sg tml tme we`m f `m`k `ke si qh sg tml s `m`k sg tml gh

`ke omg g g`k a& ahi kl2 sg tml cgm& tm`k sg& ge ae`&gm~u` sm& ae` wi`& gm kee& s~u` gm`

G` gzi le x~h` mfhi `k sqi`k x~ sq`m si qh sg tml sm g

smgmeh sg ke sm`m 1 `ml2 Sg ke`k sme f gm wm~ x~u` sg ke

f `ke a`k sme keh` z gme tm zs gms gh l`m fhi `k w`k si z

sqg set si qh sg tml& g`k sq`m Sg keom`k `k sme f gm wm~

x~u` sg kef `ke a`k fhi `k w`k si gh l`m sqg set si qh sg

tml& g`k sq`m smni `mel zg kehi mig smni mt `k

Sqi`k smg s& sg tml g si qh s fhi `k w`k si gh ls gg

`m`& g`k g sm si qh sfhi `k w`k si gh ls `ml `ke Zu& g`

g smni wf k& g mhe fie sg ke2 Sg ke` `ms f g `m` si qh si`

a sg tml `k sg ke f `me~ g `m` g`k mt sg si qh sg tml

Sqi`k sq k mt ù& x~u` fe gh le `k sg kesm`k g }g `m

s`k `k ze tm` sg tml ci m w`k si qh

8.8.1. X~u` sg ke

Ome èl x~u` sg keg x~u `m se omi` 1& e~ 3 F~s Wm~

sq s~`l 144>& smni 2 X~u` sg ke f x~u` gh s gmg& g `m` e

ze sg tml ci l`m w`k si qh mig wm~

X~u` sg ke f tml ze `m`k x~u` l tmt f~s smh `m` z ai m

e ze sg ke g sg tml Z x~u` sg ke& e~ ;7= A f~s c` w z

e~ 85& e~ 14 F~s Wm~ sq s~x~u `m x~u` sg ke kl x~u` `m`

sm` z x~u` se w` e ze sg tml G` g zi `m`k x~u `m gh tmt

f~s sm x~u` sg keg me~ smni 1 tm`k ce`2

Ztm`k ce` omgm x~h`2 X~u` sg ke f s`k mt gg x~u tml

tmt f~s z x~u` sg ke `ml }g `m` z ai z x~u` gh sg kel gh

gm wm~ x~u` sg ke& }g `m gg `kmh z gh gm sm sqi`k zeg sqi`k


14/89

84

zeg w`k si z w c`k gg sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& omih mg X~u

`m sq`m s smg me` z ai z gg x~u` ome g m`m ze }l tml

Ztm`k ce` gm x~h`2 X~u` sg ke f x~u` c` w g sm -x~u``m` sm` z x~u` se w`% gh gm sm ze s ggm f sg ke mig gm wm~

x~u` sg kee ze sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& g`k sq`m omih mg z

x~u` ome oe` mhu om`k ome oe` ome x~u` gh l`m a }l tml

X~u` sg ke g` f x~h` m f~s tmt c` w f x~h` m } me keh

sg ke mig gm wm~ x~u` sg ke ze gg gm sm omg sqi`k } me sm`k

x~h sg tml& ce wsg `k gh x~u tml tmt f~s Sg tml z` mg&

`km sm~s& omih mg g w`k si qh z g sm me` ce m`m smg omgm

x~h` z g gg x~u tml tmt f~s e~ gm`m& smni x~h` m z x~u`

sg keg }g ft X~h` m tmt f~s z x~u` sg ke f x~h` m tmt f~s

c` w s~us e ze gg gm sm gh x~u` g }g `m z gg gm sm omg

g` fe sqi`k } me g `kmh z s` sq`k x~u` gh gg gm sm lh`k

x~u` z g }g `m ahi kl 7 u~ s wh~2

Gm sm gh x~u sg ke f sg ke z gm w m~ x~u` sg ke g

`m`k x~u` `ms `m e ze sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& omih mg ome

g sm me` ce m`m smg zs gms `ms `m

Omgm smgh x~u sg ke f gg sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& g`k

sq`m omih mg ci sg ke w`k si qh a`k fhi `k sq s~

@e c~`k x~u sg ke f s`k mt gg x~u` `m` sm` -kl gg

x~u`2 s s` gmi sg tml? `k s` sms mig as ch`m sq` sg tml? g

`~ s` sms mig as ch`m ome sg tml g g`k a& w c`k? g`k a sg

tml mig gmi tmt `ke omg g`k a sg tml? ai z w si` z` gh sg

tml& om`k gmi `ke omg wh gmh& gs }` mig }~u` sg sg tml ce

as o m`m smg `i ku tm`k me ` ch`m c z ~u s` gh sg ke% z

x~u` se w` -kl gg x~u` fl sg tml tme we`m? ae~ ce` sg tml

sqg g`k gm`k? whi gmt sg tml? tm` tme& `mt om~ a` kg mig a`


15/89

88

whi sg tml? sq~u` s sg tml ` g`k gm`k a`k tm`k se` m~

s~u`& z s~u`& l`k sm`k se` e` s mig as otm`k se` o sm~s ì

omg? gmi sm~ a` kg mig a` whi sg tml e` `m& gm`k sq`m lus`m% gh gm sm sqi`k x~h` m tmt f~s z x~u` sg ke Gg x~u` ù

tms we`m s sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s& omih mg o sm~s g tmt f~s

kme `m` z ai m

@e sl fe& x~u` sg kef g x~u` gh ls sg ke gmi sg tml gh

`ke X~u` sg keg c`k ai z gg w`k si se`m sm` g s`m

gms z` mh `k sme x~u` ù ai z gg x~u` fe g `m` z fe gm oe`m

s gh sg ke sqi`k le fe` x~h` ze sg tml X~u` sg ke f x~u` z fe

gm gh sg kee ze sg tml z` mg& `km sm~s z omih mg ci l`m

w`k si qh

8.8.7. Ai z x~u` sg ke

8.8.7.8. Ome èl ai z x~u sg ke

X~u` sg keg f ls è c~`k gh x~u` wm~ sq s~ Ai z

x~u` sg ke g x~u `m se gm`k ]ZE gh F~s w m~ sq s~ `l

144> Ai z x~u` sg ke f zeg `m `g z gm w m~ x~u` sg ke

sm`k x~h m sm`k tmt f~s h qh gg x~u `m smh `m` z ai z

x~u` z fe gm gh gm sm -g sm f s gmg mig g `m`% e ze e

s k gh x~u` sg ke s`k `k z ai z x~u` gm`k fe as o w

}l tml ì gh tmh sm ah Ai z x~u` sg ke g sm me~ smni 1 `kmh2

Smni `kmh q`k2 Ai z x~u` sg ke f gg ae` tmt sg `k a`k

tmt f~s f` m`m ze z } w gh gg gm sm& x~h l ai gmi gm sm

gh x~u` sg ke smg me` gg x~u` z `kmh ze ze gg e s k gh

x~u` sg ke

Smni `kmh mt2 Ai z x~u` sg ke f `m`k ae` tmt g smg t

c`k } f m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke su smni s`m gms& lg

}l tml Tml ze ome èl ù gm kee m` gg ae` tmt t c`k ome


16/89

81

g m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke g smg me` sq` smg s

@e gm~`k m~ ms gg `g& tmt f~s x~u` sg ke~ s~u` a sg

ke gh sg tml kg g x~u` gl `ke omg whi gmt sg tml gh l`mome om`k g tmt Zeg ai z x~u` sg ke kt tm` smg u w w`k

si gh gi` `ke

G`k `m se tm` f` gg `g h`k tms sqe`& Zes @hl& zeg smg

sme x~u` sg ke kt qs `me~ gg om om` ci g w mi`m m`m gh `` whi

gmt sqe tmt S~u `me`& sqi`k ze `l k` u& ze ` fg me `mt x~g

s& Zes @hl g ls wag se` `ms `m sqi`k f`m zg ù& g aes f

zeg keh `mt g`k g Anq`n z ai m gg sg tml z` mg `km sm~s `l

1443 z g`k g Kn`nzh z ai m gg `m w` }~s a` kme l gm`k whi

gmt `l 144> Ai z x~u` sg ke ahi kl gg è c~`k wh~2

Zgg sg tml g ai z x~u sg ke

X~u` sg keg ai z le ome ls sg tml le qh e l om`k

g` tme `k o S~u `me` zeg `k o ai z x~u` sg ke `ml lg gm

ket gmi gm wm~ sg tml om`k tme gm`k l`m x~u` sg ke ome g

}u qh sqh`m gmt G mhe e~ oe` gm u~ m` gm sg tml ai m a`k

x~u` sg ke

Sm `ms& g ai z& sqg se` sg tml tme f ls w`k si g

sm mh gm om`k tme f ls s`k ` ke` e~ ù g `kmh f tmt

f~s om`k ai z s k& `khu g ome sg ke se` m`m smg me` g sm mh

s k gh l`m sm g`k om`k tme f s k wg ai z& l gm`m f

ai z w w`k si g sm mh sm`m m`m smg

Sm mhe& sg tml tme g s`m g i u s`m g i om`k tme

f w w`k si& g`k om`k tme f ge le Ls sg tml g sm f g i

l om`k tme f le& g ome ` fu fe ls se g omhe smg `m`k

fl smni ggm qe`k gh ` @khu s ome sg tml lh`k c~ ` g `m` gh

sg ke& ` tm` `m `m`k fh gm` g `m` sm x~u` sg keg ai z


17/89

87

A` g`m & tmt f~s fie a a` u~ s om`k ahi keg s`m `

}g `m sg tml g g mhu om`k g ai z& f2 sm fie& w sm

me`& ke sq z lg gm gh sg tmlZgg x~u sg keg ai z

X~u` sg ke f x~u` gh g `m`& s gmg e ze sg tml ci l`m

w`k si qh mig wm~ X~u` sg keg gmeh sm`m x~u` `m` sm` z

x~u` se w` Su zi zeg sg ke `k sme f gm w mh sg tml mhu

om`k l tmt f~s x~u `m gmi sg keg m k gg x~u` `m` sm`&

x~u` se w` z gm wm~ g `m`k x~u` se w` `ms `m

8.8.7.1. M sm k tmt f~s Zes @hl z gg e~ g x~g se~ gm m z

ai z x~u sg ke

M sm`k tmt f~s Zes @hl me` `hu ahi kl2

A f~s c` w`l 144> sqi`k c`m gm`k ]]]EZ Tm` :& s

e~ ;7: ` e~ ;35 x~u `m z x~u` sg ke& }~s tms sx~h` el gie

x~u` sg ke f ls sqi`k gg x~u` c` w x~h` sq`k g fe` x~h` ` fe

gm zs gms z se`m sm` gh sg ke

F~s Wm~ sq s~ Zes @hl 144> kl : tm`& sqi`k Tm` 1& s

e~ 87 ` e~ >; e~ gm`m z x~u` sg ke

M sm`k gg z` a` ce f~s

F~s gm~`k os mt ze F~s qe`k si `` ls m`m fh`k tmt f gmi

g`k sg ai z x~u` sg ke se Zes @hl G`k ze we le gh `k z

@m `g& gm tmt f z x~u` sg ke fe` set g g`k g z mi`

sme` Wi w`m ze `m`k x~u `m gh gg `g sqi`k om~ zg sm gm tmt

f z x~u` sg ke gh Zes @hl g`k s g `m`k sq`m `ms `m

Me` `hu& Zes @hl smhl keh o os > e~ g x~g sh tm`k z

x~u` sg ke ahi kl2 G`k g Anq`n 8==: z ai m gg sg tml z`

mg `km sm~s z gm`m smg sqsm`m sm`m ze` g`k g Anq`n zi `ku

1:)84)1443? G`k g Kn`nzh 85>1 f G`k g si` g~ z x~u` sg ke?


18/89

83

G`k g Qiln 85:8 z ai m gg `m ae~ ce`& gg `m w` }~s a`k h

l smh`m z gg s gmg tms smh`m& sq~u` m`m zi `ku 8)7)144;? G`k g

Aq~wwnf fe` x~h` ` zeg tm` tme s` me~ lh`k gm`k sq`m sq~u` x~hz se`m `ku 81)8)144: Ze zeg sqsm`m sm`m ze` gh G`k g Anq`n z

G`k g Qiln& Zes @hl t `k u gg se~ gm~` l Met `m

SQETW h qh O os met `m SQETW f ls u~ g~ as a~g ome Zes

@hl `t ` keh `mt S gmg sm`k le sm kee [SI

@kie qh Zes @hl g 1 e~ g wi`k tm`k kl Met `m keh Zes

@hl z Mih O z smes ft x~h` m x~u` sg ke z Met `m mt sg z w

m~ sq s~ keh Gm`m tm Zes @hl z Gm`m tm Fe` ah`k Sm~ W Gg met

`m e sg oe`m s& ~ s& sm`k le wi`k tm`k z h tm`k ze Mih O&

@ms A`& M` X~g& Sq~`k X~g& }squfeh& @n{ Rnhfh`c g o os&

sqi`k g gg ghl os z wm~ sq s~ è gm~`k& x~u` sg ke è qe`k

Zeg o os z f sm`m ze` gh `me~ e~ g X~g s si `` ls

m`m fh`k tmt f h` si` z z`k gmg om`k gme ze gg gm w m~

sqi`k `g l g` e ze gg gm wm~ `g `kie sq` gi` `k ` ze

Zes @hl

8.8.7.7. M sm`k gg g x~h` smg sme tmt f~s zx~u sg ke

G x~h` gh gm`m tm f Gg a` x~u` z Smh`m sqh Z` mh Sm`k

se`& g mhe g x~h` ù ~ sqg sm~g A Z` mh& Sm smhi z C~ fgm

Sqi`k & Gg A` x~u` g `mel z wi` smi c ` F~s& @km`m& z`

a` tmt x~u omg z x~u` sg ke& gt z sm~ me keu gm`k `m` x~u`

sg ke gmi gg s gmg& g `m` sqi`k z `kie `g& m k c` gg Wz`

mh sm`k se` smg me` x~` f@m `g z x~u` sg ke& x~u` fe` x~h`

se h tm`k? smg me` mt sg ze `g `kie& gg s gmg x~g s z

x~u` sg ke? s gmg s~u` sq~u`& tm ae` tmt f~s z x~u` sg ke& ae

c k gm~u` l`& `kmet z z x~u` sg ke gmi gg e s`k g

g m sm`k tmt f~s me` m`m z x~u` sg ke z x~u` fe` x~h`& Gg


19/89

8>

A` x~u` f g x~h` gm sq sqi`k zeg `kme` g~& wi` smi sq` 8> z` a`

x~u tml tmt f~s sq`m gg gt ah` m`m Zg a`& m sm`k tmt f~s

me` se g e~ oe` gmi zeg ai m z smg sme se x~g keh z me `mtx~g ssqi`k f`m zg `u Smh`m sqh z` mh sm`k se` smg me` gmg ``k

smh`m sqh m`m gm`m z smh`m sqh gm~u` `k`m gmi s`k tml ze x~` f gh

@m `g zz` mh sm`k se` smni x~u `m gh tmt f~s& sqi`k g

`mel z x~h` sq`k `ms f smg sme ai m x~u` sg ke z x~u` fe` x~h`

Smh`m sqh z` mh sm`k se` gm~ w gmi sqg set gh Asq k az`

mh sm`k se` `k sme gm~ w gmi m k c` zg`k sg& m k c`

`kmet z gh smh`m sqh Gm`m tm @kie qh g` g gg g x~h` omg m sq

gmi Gg a` x~u` z Smh`m sqh a sqi`k zeg tms me` gg m`m ze }l

tml `m2 Me x~h` g gmg ``k t c`k ae` tmt m`m gm`m } f gg

m`m ze }l tml ae` kee? X~` f sm sq k ze gmg ``k oel sqh&

oel wis smsq k? G`m ws e~ sqh se tml z oe`m s `mel z se` m`m

gg ae` tmt e~ sqh& tm`k `kh z `k` gm` se tml }l tml Wm~

sq s~? e ae` tm`k z g`m ws ae`

G x~h` kee x~us sqh`m gmt f Sh ` `m` c` gg gt g gmg ``k

kee x~us gg z oe` c` w z x~u` sg ke& x~u` fe` x~h`& smni sq`m s

s s`k c` w

Sqi`k 84 `l& Zes @hl m`m sm`m g m sm`k x~` f x~u` sg

ke z x~u` fe` x~h` st sm ze l m`m s gmg gmh g se` f se Zes

@hl& kl 3 s gmg2 Sq~`k sl Ai z x~u` sg ke l `mg Zes @hl

-ZGTLG%? Met me G`k `kmet kme l Zes @hl -QEHZ%? Sq~`k sl

X~u` sg ke z` mg Zes @hl -ZFGG%? Met me X~u` whi gmt Zes

@hl -ZENSQQI% Gg s gmg x~` f st sm smg me` gg mis `k s

zeg o mt `k ~ smg x~u`& gt tmt w c`k& sm~ z tm` tme se` gmi

me ze` M sm`k `u h`k sqi`k x~ sq`m tm` ~ mis `k `ku g`k

gm~u` sqgm z se` se gm~u` `kmet ZGTLG o mt `k ze gg s


20/89

8:

gmg s`k `k se 17 x~g keh& z`k f`m sm ai z x~u` gh me ze` g

sg tml g w c`k `g `kie z smg me` `kmh z gh Zes @hl ze

gg `g W me ze` `k o ai z x~u` sg ke z w se` sm~ g s zeggt tmt w c`k s`k f` m`k `l @l 1484& ZGTGL sm~ sq` 71 s`k

-s`k 34. wi ze `l 1445& s`k kt e ze `l 144=%& QEZH sm~ sq` 88 s

`k @me~ z` `km w& sq smg o mt `k u smg x~u` gmi gg s

gmg x~` f st sm S~u `me`& zeg gmi qh e ls w s gmg x~` f st sm

sme~ w tme mt keh gg g x~h` c` ` s`m sq`k gm`k gmi `mel z1

Ce u f ls w sm`k o z os x~ mis `k gh Sq~`k sl Ai z

x~u` sg ke l `mg Zes @hl -ZGTLG%

M`m 8.8. Wf`k me ze` gh Sq~`k sl Ai z x~u` sg ke l `mg

Zes @hl -ZGTLG% s`l 1441 ` `l 1488

1@k~` w fe~2 Gg A` x~u` sg ke& S`k os g`k sg ai m x~u` sg ke& x~u`fe` x~h` `l 1484 z kehe i` 14481484& sm`k 8 `l 1488

6msst2)){{{gizkizz`)gax)e`cn}tmt9itsei`


21/89

8;

M`m 8.1. Se` a` x~u` sm~ g gh Sq~`k sl Ai z x~u` sg ke l

`mg Zes @hl -ZGTLG% s`l 144> ` `l 1484

@k~`2 Oel Ih`m& Gg a` x~u sg ke& Mis `k gh Sq~`k sl ai zx~u sg ke l `mg Zes @hlWtms sqe ` s`k& sm`k 8 `l 1484

6msst2))se`.f~hsmih`kle`m.gil)se`,tmht,f~hs)75,x~u,ce`m,tmht,f~hs)1>;,

mihs,ci`k,g~h,sq~`k,shl,ahi,zn,x~un`,shg,keh,hl,`mhg,zens,`hl,,w~,tmhs,

sqen`,h`,s~i`k.mslf0

8.8.7.3. Mis `k sai z gh gm wm~ x~u sg ke

X~u` s ai z`u g x~u `m sqi`k e~ 85= F~s Wm~ sq s~

144>& smni 2 Gm wm~ x~u` sg ke g sm t c`k g`k `km se` se`

ai z x~u` wm~ sq s~ gh l`m S gmg g `m` a smes me ci m`m

ze }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ mig tms me` m`m ze }l tml x~u` w

m~ sq s~ ku smes me gmi `ke se~ c`k z } me g x~u` u~ g~ g

x~h` `m `g g sml x~u` } f m`m ze }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~

smni x~u `m gh F~s `u z gg x~u `m omg gh tmt f~s g fe` x~h`

Ome tms me` qh se w` sq s~ a }l tml& gm wm~ g x~u` u~

g~ a` }l tml gml cs m`m ze }l tml& u~ g~ g x~h` g sml

x~u` gh` smet& oe` qh sh ` c` w& e ae sm`k ome m`m ze ku smes

me z zs gms z se`m sm` gmi l`m Gm wm~ g` g sm u~ g~ t c`k

S`k

@l
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22/89

8=

ae` tmt om` gt sl sme& sml gm tme mt ze Me x~h` e~ sqh `k`

gm` zeg ce gm~u` m`k mh }l tml x~u` sg ke qh zi f`m sm Zes

@hl se` m`m gg ae` tmt sq` ls ggm sm~` fe& gm wm~ `` gm`k `k o ai me ze sg tml gh l`m

gm`k zeg }l tml x~u` sg ke sq` x~u l q`k f & gg gm w

m~& g aes f gg cih`m `kmet g` ``k ghi `m` smg z Wm~ sq s~

sqi`k gm`m cih`m `kmet gh l`m z h qh gg kee tmt m` gm w }l

tml x~u` sg ke `ku g`k se`m ze sq` smsq k

8.8.7.>. M sm k gmse

Tmt f~s x~u `m gg ae` tmt } f m`m ze }l tml x~u` wm~

sq s~ se e~ 855& F~s Wm~ sq s~144>& smni 2 S gmg& g `m` g

m`m ze }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ gh g `m`& s gmg omg sm su smni

s`m gms& lg }l tml g sm a } f a`k ae` tmt c` w& m`m

gm`m mig m`m w

] f }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ a`k gg ae` tmt c` wg

x~u `m se gm`k ]ZEE F~s wm~ sq s~ 144>& smni e~ 1412 Sh ` t

c`k gg ae` tmt wh~ u } f s gmg& g `m` g m`m ze }l tml

x~u` w m~ sq s~2 A~g gml cs m`m ze }l tml? A~g }e` fe& ge

gm`m g`k omhe? A~g smg me` `kmh z c` w? A~g ae sm k smes me?

A~g se~ mu mig a~g tm` tme mig h zi w c`k om`k `ml lg

gm sm`k le e ze m`k mh& `k~u` fe~& zs fe~ z tm`k se` g

w c`k gm u~ w` }~s& oe`m cih`m m`k mh }l tml x~u` wm~

sq s~ ze e~ oe` om`k fl `m m`k ` om``k omhe smg x~u` gh

gm sm x~u` wm~ sq s~

] f }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ a`k ae` tmt m`m gm`m z m`m

wg x~u `m se Lg 8& gm`k ]ZEEE F~s wm~ sq s~ 144>

M`m ze }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ a } f m`m wg x~u `m

se e~ 181 F~s wm~ sq s~ 144>& smni 2G `m` smg me` m`m ze


23/89

85

}l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ g u~ s g~ sm`m se tml sm a sq~u g~

sqgm `mel m`m wsmni x~u `m gh tmt f~s m`m w

e~ 188 x~u `m m`m ze }l tml x~u` wm~ sq s~ a } tmsm`m gm`m Smni omi` 8& e~ 1832 Gg s gmg& g `m` g m`m ze }l

tml x~u` wm~ sq s~x~u `m se omi` 8 e~ 188 gh f~s ù a~g

tme gml cs m`m ze }l tml z a~g tms t c`k ls sqi`k gg m`m

smg } tms gm`m wh~ u2 G`m gi? tms se`

8.1. Mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me

8.1.8. Ome èl mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg è gm~`k

8.1.8.8. Omih mg

Ome èl Omih mg g `m `kmh se omi` 8& e~ 1& F~s Omih

mg z G`k @kmg X~g me sm`k x~h `ku 5):)1444 `m wh~2Omih

mg f m sm`k sqe smg z gg me` s k& w zs& x~u f~s gh s `me`& }

me z s c~u Smni & ` kee smgm ls ggm `k ` `k~` kg gh

`m`k w oe` u& tms me` qh `m`k le fe` m gh gg me` s k& sqh`k a

gmi gi` `ke `m`k sqe smg z x~u f~s omgm x~h` gh sm kee me` smg

gi` `ke t c`k zi smg se` z e w`k

Omih mg g` g me~ f mis `k gh } me& tms me` x~u f~s& me`

s k z z` c`k ggm x~u f~s u w`k si qh gg `k~u` f& gg kee

tmt sg `k zi w zs& me` s k& `ml ae` e sq`k sme gh gm`k

Omih mg g zhe sq x~h` sq`k sqi`k e w`k } me& f `k fg smg

u w tms sqe` } me& fl gmi gi` `ke g`k `ku g`k z` l`m m`&

`m` e m`& w`k ss m`& z`k se` m` zi gm`m a` sm` l`m sqi`k g~g

w`k G sm f2 Gi` `ke me~ g s `me`& `l g gg x~u f~s ae`

e& gm~u` mh g zs gms& gme`m tmg s `me` smni x~u f~s gh `? gi`

`ke `l g gg x~u f~s z` `k gh gm`m } me l`m h`k w`k z

z` c`k gm`k smg u } me u tms sqe` `mh`m gm`k m`? gi` `ke

`ku g`k g smg& g`k sm` sq`k m` sqi`k zeg `m` smg omih mg2


24/89

14

om`k ze z& om`k `k `m`& om`k gm x~h`& se` z`k gmg ` gm` f

gh s `me`? omih mg gm` gm`m gm`k fe w whe sqe -l s` cih`& tm`

aes gm`k sg%& fl kel `mfhi `k gh gi` `ke ``k ghi gms f kg~g w`k

8.1.8.1. @kme` g~ omih mg

Ome `el `kme` g~ omih mg `m `kmh se omi` 3& e~ 1 F~s

Omih mg z G`k @km Zes @hl& smni & @kme` g~ omih mg f mis

`k tms me`& sl me~ gg me` s k& w zs& x~u f~s gh s `me`& } me

z s c~u? w`k si gg kee tmt `ml `k c`k zi smg se` @kme` g~

omih mg ahi kl `kme` g~ g a`& `kme` g~ `k c`k

@kie qh& `kme` g~ omih mg f ls mis `k } me& ze gmg ``k

sl oel `m`k e~ l omih mg gmh aes& mig f tms me` a` gms w

zs& tms sqe` `m` smg omih mg z sm kee& mig f w`k si tm`k tmt

le z tm`k se` o sm~s le ge si sm kee

@kme` g~ g mhe c~ me~2

Sm ms& gi` `ke fl zeg& sl oel s fg -Smni g `m` mig smni ml%

Smmhe& mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg sl qh ge le gmi gm sm mig

gmi le `ke @~ e s k gh g`k zeg f ls z` omih mg sm g`k

zeg u ke f `kme` g~ omih mg

Smni Kei w Se` w C`k Sme~ S`k& `kme` g~ omih mg f ls

mis `k sl me~ g s`m gms m sm`k s ` w me~ aes g oel

gm`k @ f mis `k ` fg g gmgm& g s gmg `ml sm~ smt `m`k

sm`k se`& }nl }s o& tm` sgm }t s gg c fe~ fe ze `mh~ qe `m ke

gg sm`k se` sm~ `t u a`k gi` k x~u `t z ce` cgm

G`k smni `m`k x~h` el sq`& Kei w Se` w Z Ghi l& sq k

e mg Omih mg ] me z @m` z` M @e& gmi q`k `kme` g~ omih mg

`e gm~`k f `ml smh l` `m~ g~ z `m` smg z ge si sm kee f2

Oml tm `m`k sm~g s`m z a` gms gh w zs z me` s k? tms me`


25/89

18

x~u f~s z` `k gh w zs z me` s k? z` c`k x~u f~s w`k si

kee tmt sg `k f` w zs z me` s k7

@kme` g~ omih mg g`k f x~ sq`m w c`k `m`k tm`k tmtomih mg& tm`k tmt s c~u& oml tm gg me` s k& tms me` x~u

f~s ``k ghi sq`m me~ aes& kee x~us `m`k `mel z f f~` mhu

smg se`& gg }~s sq` g wf f~`& `kme` g~

8.1.1.g el gh `kme` g~ omih mg

g el gh `kme` g~ omih mg g fe` x~h` ` `m`k z` } f

g sm ztm`k tmt f~` `kme` g~ z ggm s gmg `kme` g~ omih mg

@kme` g~ omih mg g ; g el2

S`m le f sm~g s`m w ls gh `kme` g~ omih mg z `kme` g~

omih mg f sl se w`k si& oml tm sg f om`k ft fe `m`k ge g

Ae~ me` gh sm~g s`m ù f `m`k os x~ gh `kme` g~ omih mg f

`m`k e~ gmh s`k g

S`m se` gu f s`m ss u~ gh `kme` g~ omih mg z os x~ gh

`kme` g~ omih mg f sl qh a` gms gh w zs z gg kee tmt kee

x~us z` omih mg tme f `m`k a` gms z kee tmt `k z ge

`k f ge `k se` gu Ae~ me` gh sm~g s`m ù f ls os x~ `kme`

g~ s g `mls tm`k tmt ì tme gmi os x~s`k s `~ t

c`k tm`k tmt u z ft e ft fe `me~ f` Ls os x~sm~ g `k~

`me` tm mt ze ke sm~us s qh sqg gmh sm}nl }s f se` gu

e ze ke sm~us

S`m sm`k se` f s`m x~u `m gh `kme` g~ omih mg Os x~ `kme`

g~ omih mg g `me~ w` tml `me~ c`k omg `mh~ -ae ai& sg tml&

w` tml le% @m`k c f c`k w` tml ì ` g`k tme tm` `m

a` gms w zs& kee tmt `k z `m`k tm` `m ù tme g sm me`

7TKW SWOM Mi`k Oel& Tm`k tmt f~` `kme` g~ omih mg

6msst2))s~c~gilz`)hsshgmln`shwt}9ec


26/89

11

a`k `m`k m`m smg ì gm`m f gg sm`k se` gh `kme` g~ omih

mg Ae~ me` gh sm~g s`m ù f gg `m f~s& x~u f~s& `k~u` f&

`k~u` sg& x~u sg& g`k smg& `m f& gg w` tml leS`m omgm x~h` f a` gms gh `kme` g~ omih mg z `kme` g~

omih mg f e sl a` gms w zs mig gg kee tmt `k l gg a` gms z

kee tmt ù f~` f~` s` se `kie l~` gh gi` `ke z om`k s~`

smni l~` gh gi` `ke Ae~ me` gh sm~g s`m ù f gg os x~ gh

`kme` g~ omih mg f~` f~` gmi g~ sq fe `k wh~ `m`k f` oel

gm`k sg f sm~g s`m ù om`k gmt `m` ls fe `m` `m ze z smni

gl s`m& ls os f~` sme~ gg }g `m` a`k oel gm`k S`m omgm x~h`

g` f ls se~ gm~` z tml gms i g -s`m sq~`k smg% gh `ke

`kme` g~ omih mg z `kme` g~ omih mg f ls g`k zeg ms wg om

om`& f~` f~` kt qe qi z qs `me~ sq k mt se~ s` qs `me~ wg fg&

sme keh`& oe`m tm l om`k e ` os x~ Sqi`k mi` g`m `~ `ke

`kme` g~ om`k sq~`k smg& sm qs c c` ` w fh at sqi`k `kme` g~

omih mg

S`m osmh f s`m as a~g gh `kme` g~ omih mg z `ku `hu m~

`m om`k g ls g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg ì fe as ~ s gi` w 4

z oe` smg Ae~ me` gh sm~g s`m ù f ome `kme` g~ omih mg tme o

smh gg os x~ `kme` g~ omih mg gh fie `ke c f`m zg omih mg

qs }h ze ze f`m zg omih mg h`k `kme` g~ S`m o smh g `kmh

x~h` sq`k sqi`k `kme` g~ omih mg z ` ket gmi `ke `kme` g~ ses

oel g sme keh`& g`k wg z oe`m tm ome `kme` g~

S`m qe qi f s`m `k `me` gh `kme` g~ omih mg z ome e sl&

oml tm ge le f~` f~` kt `m`k om om` c` ` sms ae W sms ae

ù g gg `k~u` `m` gm`m f2 Sme~ sm`k se` g` smes z se` gu& g w

}u c`k f~` gom`k u z gm~` }g? sq`m & smes a x~h` ws mig

smg `kmel smt c` ` `m`k sm`k se` om`k u z sme~ se` gu?


27/89

17

``k fg } f sm`k se` gh `ke `kme` g~ a m` gm fl gmi gg sm`k

se` c g u z `k se` gu om`k g w c`k ss gm`k le`m h

` f~` `k? ke sm~us omih mg s qh whe fl gmi os x~ `kme` g~omih mg whe? e~ oe` om sme omg `m le sq`k& se gm`m& c

f~`om`k gmi tmt

S`m g `m` f s`m tm ae` gh `kme` g~ omih mg z sqi`k `kme`

g~ omih mg& s c~u g `m`& gm oe` g `m` f~` f~` g sm me`

@khu sqi`k ls g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg ci ls st sm smg me` sm

zhe sq g `m` sqi`k `kme` g~ z` g s`m x~us `m z le g `m` ~ g

`mel zqe`k sqi`k g`k sq`m 3

8.1.7. g el qe`k gh mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

`k`m Oe`m s, ] me

Sqi`k x~ sq`m mg st sq`k e mg& zeg smg me` gg se omih

mg f ls sqi`k `m`k ggm we`m ze` mi` sme` z oe` smg mg& sl

me~ z oml tm sml `m`k oe` smg le z set g` ze smg se`

W` tml gh mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m

s , ] me ahi kl2

Se~ f~`2 Se~ f~` f ls ae zes `k` sq`m au x~h` el& `kme`

g~ tms me` z ls gm`i Se~ f~` sm k ce s> ` 8> sqh`k

C zes z z` k sm `mel z gh ls se~ f~` tme `~ f` g z` &

tm` sgm z` z sq`m au `m`k os x~ le l `ke zes tms me`

g mhu oe`& x~h` el& os f~` z z` We`m ze` tme mi` sm`m

se~ f~` wh~ ome os smg mg tm` gh ls w l` mg Se~ f~` g smg

me` g `m` mig smni `ml su sm~g zi s`k l` mg z x~u l gh

se u g gie `m ls ag gm~` a we`m ze` smg me` omh f~` ss

`kmet

3C `m Tmg z F Mie H`& Tm`k tmt mg st z `kme` g~ omih mg gmi we`m

ze`& e mg @kie Sm`k M @e `l 144=& sqh`k 814 , 817


28/89

13

se smhl keh gg g~g sme2 Gg tmi`k sqi `kme` g~ omih mg sqi`k

we`m ze` g sqe` omhe l`m l& se~ ae~ f g~g sme We`m ze` `kme`

g~ omih mg u f ls g~g sm k è` `ml tms me` z ae c k`m`k se ``k `kme` g~ omih mg sqi`k we`m ze` `k sme si g me gmi

we`m ze` sm me` f`k whu l omih mg& oms z`k gme`m tmg `m`k `m

ghi sqe smg `m` fie& s`k g k le fe` m keh we`m ze` z ke`k ze`&

``k ghi om``k m k c` we`m ze` mg st z `kme` g~ omih mg gmi

ke`k ze` Sm`k x~h g~g sme& we`m ze` g sml qs `me~ oe`m `kmel& a`

g`m oe`m `kmel `kme` g~ omih mg Smni w fe~ s`k mt gh g~ fg a

We`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k g w8 z g w

1& `l 1484& sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k g 147 se `k o z ` `l

1488& sq k g 11; se `k o > @kie qh& m`k `l we`m ze` `k`m

Oe`m s g qs `me~ gg ` oe`m cih`m smhl c gg g~g sme Ome `kmet&

oe`m cih`m gh x~g keh z x~g s

Gg ae ai `k sq` st gm omih mg z gg ai gi omih mg2 Ae

ai omih mg f ls ae ai g è c~`k omih mg g g`k a sq` ls st

wh` omih mg x~h m sm`k a`m c~us gh st wh` Gg c`k ae ai omih

mg sm k g2 @m`k ae ai lh`k s`m g`k me` `k~u` smu `ml ai

gi os x~ ls g`k sq`m `kme` g~ mhu qh ls tm k tmt le& ls

s k le& mhu ls ggm ce` cgm le? `m`k ae ai `kme` g~ `k` f

`m`k ae ai qs `k` -gm omi`k :44 ` 8444 gm& su smni x~u `m gh

st wh`% l è c~`k gm u~ st sq~`k kee x~us ls z` qs mt mhu ai

gi ls tms me` `m `m`k x~h` sq`k? `m`k ae el ai sm k st

sq~`k zi ls gm mt ì l sg ke tme g ss g `m`k ae ai fe`

x~h`& sl fg fe& z a` x~h z `m`k el gm`m g`k `m qh ls w

tm`km k `kme` g~ gmi gm~u` `k`m? `m`k ae } f~` f ls ae

a`m f~` gh gm~u` keh z gg ae ai& ai gi omih mg omg sq` st

> @k~` w fe~2 Tm`k X~` f omih mg Sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k M @e


29/89

1>

wh` G` ls a` ai gi omih mg f ls ae sm~us sq`m s74 ` :4

tms sqg me `k omih mg z ls z` g `kme` g~

Ai gi smg st2 sm~ mt omi`k ggm keh gm`k sq`m i si zsmg se` fl zeg& `k sme ket we`m ze` z` c`k gg oe` smg mg

zi s`m m`m smg s& ls wsq`k e mg u~ g~ we`m ze` `l 7 tme

e oe` st smg s se cih`m `kmet z zes ai gi smg st keh omh& gie

cu f e~ oe` as a~g sqi`k zeg mi` sm`m gm`k sq`m i si @kie

qh& e ze gg we`m ze` `l g~e om`k e~ oe` zes omh f~` ss

`kmet& sm smg st ss `kmet se ls cih`m `kmet g sm z zes sm~ migm

smg st ss `kmet f g w we`m ze` ss `kmet

Omh f~` ss `kmet2 Omh f~` ss `kmet f g`k sq`m omih mg gh

we`m ze`& sg tml `m ke 3 `l mg e mg Omh f~` ss `kmet gm

c`m gmi gg we`m ze` g os x~ mg st s u~ g~ sqi`k k` w~s 3 `l

gh gm`k sq`m i si ag g `m` Lg se~ gh omh f~` ss `kmet f

si e~ oe` gmi we`m ze` g e~ oe` z g me ``k ghi gg ome oe` smg

z o``k g sqh`k a se sq`k e mg z tms m~u wsq k gh l`m

sqi`k g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg& q` f~u`& ``k ghi om``k s c~u&

s z` z kee x~us z` ls ggm g ft z w`k si G sm è zeg

fl omh f~` ss `kmet f gs lg x~h` sq`k gh we`m ze` sq` gi` k

`kme` g~ omih mg

Gg w` tml sq` lh`k `m`k g sq`k wh~2

Sm`ms& s`m f f~`f g sq`k g a` `ms gh mis `k `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me Omg ze gg `k`m `m o

sm~s& u cg& w` tml omih mg gh gg `k`m ù si qh sm k f gg w`k

gm W` tml gh mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` sm~g `k`m

Oe`m s , ] me sm k s` se ce c`k z` a` -Se~ f~`& ai gi& omh

f~`% Gg g`k sq`m omih mg sm~g `k`m ù ~ `~ f` z` g

g`k sq`m gt ` z wh~ kee x~us z` a`k gg f~` el& f~` g


30/89

1:

z f~` gm`k& ae zu l gg w` tml omih mg sm~g `k`m ù lh`k s`m

f sm~us ghi m` s`m `k c`k M` `h& `kme` g~ omih mg sm~g `k`m

Oe`m s , ] me gm u~ a`k s c~u& tm` sgm se fe~& s fe~ smg s& wiw`m gg x~h` el e me we`m ze` tme g om``k f f~` ghi Gm`m ae

s`m f f~` ghi fl gmi mis `k ai m x~u` sg ke& tms me` gg m`m ze

}l tml x~u` sg ke sqi`k gg sg tml ù smg wom om` ome sme~

gg g`k g z gg ae` tmt m~ me~

Smmhe& s`m gt `msf g el x~h` sq`k gh gg w` tml `kme`

g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me S`m m`m oe`m s& gm`m

sq& } me f~` smhu e s`k `ku& s`k ke Gt `ms `m`k sm`k se` oe`m

s& z` mh& gm`m sq m`k `ku gh s `g z sq` sm kee g`k ze zeg

h qh gg `m` }s& `m ke qs qh gg oe`m `kmel& ae mg s `m`k s`m

m`m sq` z g ge `m` omgm x~h` z gm`k f mis `k om`k sm sme~ e

ze we`m ze` `k`m Oe`m s , ] me ome smhl keh `kme` g~ omih mg Ae

z& `~ `m gg sm`k se` sm~ smt g om`k tme f gg sm`k se` le z

gm`m }g& ls g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg z Oe`m s , ] me w om`k

g ke sq& sq`` fe sme& fg m~& sml gm ome g t c`k zi smg se` w

kt tme `m`k whe fl `k seg ku `` `m`k `m m k `kmel sq`k se

e w`k Gg se omih mg sm~g `k`m Oe`m s , ] me tm` f` ~ f

gg z` gt smes h`k g } me x~h` sl z kee x~us `m`k l~

sm~` h`k ku `me~ sqh`m ge sqi`k g~g w`k& g sqe` omhe h gme~ ce

`me~ kg S~u `me`& ls w g`k sq`m gm g ke sq sqi`k ls kehe i`

`ms `m ci s`m m`m oe`m s& } me f~` ae` e z tms sqe` om`k `k`k

Gm`m e~ ù e me `ke `kme` g~ tme om`k `k`k mg me w`k si&

sm~ smt `m`k sm`k se` le `ms sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg g

`m`k g`k sq`m omih mg g ke sq a` z`k

Sm ah& s`m smg se f g el è gh gg g`k sq`m `kme` g~

omih mg @k`m Oe`m s , ] me @` oe`m s gh sm kee `ku `hu tms sqe`


31/89

1;

smni 7 }~ m k2 si` g~ mh& le sq k mh -ai zle sq k z tms

sqe` a` z`k sq sm`m se sq`k sl gh sm o 18% z me~ aes mh

Sqi`k `` oe`m s ù& zhe sq gh sqe smg z omih mg g`k `km `ku g`kx~h` sq`k Ae zu& sm`m x~ `kme` g~ omih mg gh `k`m Oe`m s , }

me g `m m k om`k `m se w`k `m` c` z w tms sqe` gh le

x~g keh @m`k `g g wg g`m sqh`m f `ms g`k gm`m f `m`k `g

l`m `ms z omih mg z g`k `km Gg se `kme` g~ omih mg sm~g

`k`m ù f~` f `m`k me` s k& w oe` ce` qh sqi`k e w`k oe`m s&

} me g `me~ `ke x~h` sl smni ce g g ls g`k sq`m omih

mg g s`m se` gu ghi& e~ x~h` sq`k f we`m ze` tme g sm~ smt g gg

w fe~ sqi`k smg s z `me~ oe`m `kmel smg se` Smg s gmi smu& we`m

ze` ome le fl x~n` ze mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg sm k om`k g

`me~ oe`m `kmel smg s z z` w`k @me~ g`k sq`m kee x~us g

gg z` h`k ku sqh`m ge sqi`k } me mhu g `k c`k sqi`k smg s

z lh`k fe `k~` fe f` `m gg ` ome `kmet oe`m cih`m S~u `me`&

a` g`m &g`k g `me~ g`k sq`m lh`k s`m gm~u` l` ghi& om`k tme

`ke ì g`k g smg si` a g`k sq`m z me~ g g`k sq`m

e~ ù g`k ku `me~ om om` sqi`k zeg tms me` `m`k m`m ze }l

tml x~u` sg ke

Sms& s`m sq`k ft f ls g el sm k kt& gg g`k sq`m `kme`

g~ omih mg sm~g `k`m Oe`m s , ] me sm`k f gg se lh`k s`m

sme wz g `me~ `ke x~h` sl& ae zu l zeg sq`k ft s k mhu

zeg `me~ `ke g`k omhe smg ls s k f zeg c c`k }u qh S~u

`me`& g`k ls z` & `ke `kme` g~ omhe smg smni `me~ omh g`m

omg `mh~ fl gmi z` g tm` sgm ls ggm w~ wg z sqes `ms

g el ù g smku om om` sqi`k zeg tm` aes fe~ sg tml f

whi gmt mhu sq`k ft s k


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8.7. Zhe sq gh ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih

mg gh we`m ze`

Ze ggm ke f x~u` sg ke& `ke sh c` sq`k sl ai z zi x~u`gh `ke w`k si sg tml ze zeg om`k `m `ke g gg x~u` e ze

sg tml& g aes f x~u` se`m sm` g gm sq`k z ai msqg ms f

x~u` sg ke X~u` sg kenl fe ke sq oe`m s f gmi sg ke& l sqi`k

`me~ sq k mt& ` g smnl fe ke sq oe`m s f gmi `m`k he g g

` Gm`m z zu& zeg ` gt sqe smg le ` gmh sqi`k gg sg tml& gg f

sm~us omih mg sq`` tm ae` @` }l tml x~u` sg ke `ku g`k

tm ae` z tmg st e me tme g w ai z stmh @m `g z tmt f~s

Zeg ai z x~u` sg ke f qs g` smes z ag }g& g aes g` x~h`

sl ` zhe sq gh ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze`

8.7.8. Si e~ oe` gmi we`m ze` tms m~u g se ``k& sq s~ sqi`k zeg

`kme` g~ omih mg

We`m ze` g smtms m~u g ms se ``k z sq s~ gh l`m sqi`k

g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh l`m si qh ome x~u` fe gh mg

l ai z os x~ gh mg kme `m` ls ggm }`k `k Sqi`k x~

sq`m smg me` se `kme` g~& x~ sq`m s sl se z w`k si gh we`m ze`

f~` g `m ke ghi S~u `me`& a` g`m & ze w a`k ` gh omih mg

o sm~s z sq~u` sm`k sm `` whi gmt g`k sq`` tm ae`& we`m ze` g

sm cc`k sl g ls omh f~` ss `kmet sq` l`k @~ `m ls sg

tml ci we`m ze` s w`k si qh z ls sg tml whi gmt sq` l`k ~

g g`k `m` sm w si `` sl f fi `ke gmi gg we`m ze` smg me`

`kme` g~ ae z zeg sl se& w`k si f~` f g`k zeg e me `me~ sme

keh` z g`k wg Ls omg& wh~ ome sg tml mi` sm`m& gg g`k sq`m gh

we`m ze`& sml gm gmh g `k c`k sqi`k smg s& om`k g ai z l

g sm a whi gmt ls ggm sci u f ls smes sme f gmi we`m ze` ome


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se w` sq s~ gh l`m z x~u` fe g z se`m sm` f` oe`m som`k g

ai z ls ggm `k lg e~ `u w ome` `me~ we`m ze` om`k g `k

fg w`k si z w si le sq k `kme` g~ om`k g`k a`k& sme~ f`ml`m sqi`k gg sq`k e mg& `k sme fl w~u u~ `` s`k i g }

me& ku qh g` a`m keh` ce& fe ae`k

8.7.1. Si e~ oe` gmi we`m ze` g smg& sqgm `mel sqi`k zeg w`k

si qh gg sg tml g gms f`k ghi `ml ``k ghi gms f`k kei cg

z tmg z gmi wtms sqe` gh s `g sqi`k sme o e le

@kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` f mis `k sq s~ ket we`m ze`

z` c`k tm`k tmt f~` z tm`k tmt `kme` g~ omih mg sqi`k mg

st z sqi`k smg se`& sqi`k we`m ze` ag ~ z` c`k ls ggm s`k

mt `m`k sqe smg mg se` m`m mis `k `m` smg g s`m gms

`kme` g~& ag ~ kt tm` kee x~us `m`k z` omih mg ci smg

se` g~g w`k z `km `kmet s qh s g smi w~& lq`k z mi`

sme` z` me~ aes gh l`m Mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg lh`k fe `m`k

`kmh smes smg e ze we`m ze` A`k `me~ m`m smg omg `mh~ `m zes

se~ f~`& ai gi smg st& fl omh f~`& `kme` g~ omih mg w q` f~u`

gmi we`m ze` om``k s c~u w`k si& om``k tm tm`& ag a mhu gm`k

le`m ls ggm omih mg `m`k x~h` el& q` f~u` o``k tm` sgm& s`k

mt oe` smg& s c~u fkeg& }u c`k se`m sm` mt sg& ket `mh~ sqi`k

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg Sq` g w& `kme` g~ omih mg w si qh

`m`k ag e ah` ~ we`m ze` set g` ze `m`k z` l omih mg

z g~g w`k h`k s qh& k` f f~` ze smg se`

Le `m sq k g` g gg ae` tmt ai z x~u` sg ke ls ggm gms

gm& `kmel gl `` whi gmt ls ggm ah ae& s we`m ze` le g

smg ss c~u& w`k si z mg st si qh g`k sq`m omih mg g ke sq gh

gm`m l`m& kt tm` ``k ghi gms f`k i si


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8.7.7. Ket `m sq`k z } me `m ke `k om``k z gms f`k

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

Ci s`m gms gh `k`m Oe`m s , ] me& gg g`k sq`m omih mg sm~g`k`m `u sm k lh`k s`m f f~` ghi& ci zu zeg tms me` whi gmt f z

g`k om om` Ls omg& `m sq`k om`k g u gg g`k g m~ me~

oel wis se `k~u` sm`k se` z `k` gm` we`m ze` whi gmt se fe~

Ae zu& e~ `u ku qh `me~ om om` gmi kei ze` z `m sq k sqi`k

zeg `m ke om ``k gh we`m ze` z gms f k `kme` g~ omih mg

Zeg sl se z `kme` g~ omih mg f~` ku `me~ sq`ke gmi we`m ze`&

g aes ome we`m ze` gmh g `me~ oe`m `kmel sqi`k `kme` g~ W` tml

si qh s zeg whi gmt& as gmg sg tml ci `ke omg w`k si qh gh

`m`k we`m ze` om`k s` sme keh`& g`k wg `kme` g~ w`k si fe g

smg `m ke ghi m` w` tml ci we`m ze` s w`k si& `kme` g~ sl

se Zeg whi gmt& l~h a` se~ f~` z omh f~` gh we`m ze` `ku g`k

sq`` tm ae` c` ` `m`k `m ke whe fgm z gms f k mg st gh

we`m ze`& fl kel gms f`k i si gh gg sq`k e mg `m m k sqg

set ` ~u s` gh `m sq k z x~u` fe gh we`m ze`

8.7.3. Ai z x~u` fe gm`m `k gmi gg sg ke z gm wm~ x~u` sg ke

S ggm ke x~u` sg ke h~smiqw qekms& `ke sh fe c` sq`k sl

ai z x~u` gh `ke w`k sg sg tml ze zeg om`k `m `ke g

gg x~u` e ze sg tml ci l`m w`k si qh& g aes f x~u` se`m sm`&

g gm sq`k z ai z sqg ms f sg ke Le g`k c` tme g sqgm

`mel s` sq`k se w` sq s~ gh `ke omg

Sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg& g`k sq`m omih mg f~` g s`m

o smh& mg me& z sm& we`m ze` g x~u` g smhl omi z mg st oe`m

`kmel s gg sg tml sqg S~u `me`& `ke smhl omi om`k g g

gg m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke Ai z x~u` sg keg`k f ai z

x~u` fe gh we`m ze` wh~ ome g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`


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78

g m`m sm`m Zeg ù g zhe sq ms wg si f sqi`k zeg smg u mis

`k `kme` g~ z tm ae` os x~ `kme` g~ omih mg @~ `m x~u` fe

gm`m `k gh sg ke om`k g l ai sm w ku sl f fi `ke gmi`ke `kme` g~ om`k g `k fg w`k si& mig om`k l~` g`k a

sm`m x~ `kme` g~ gh l`m ci wa` gt w` tml sq s~ e~ ù

`m m k sqg set ` w tms sqe` gh s `g

8.7.>. @`k ghi smg gh we`m ze` sqi`k zeg ai z x~u` sg ke è

qe`k z ai z x~u` wm~ sq s~ è gm~`k

Sl x~h` sq`k gh zeg ai m wm~ sq s~g g`k `m` f` ~

se` sqi`k G`k g Thqew z ai m x~u` wm~ g`k `kmet `l 8==7 z

G`k g Anq`n z ai m gg sg tml z` mg z `km sm~s `l 8==: G

mhe G`k g ù me` `hu ~ ci S gmg Wm~ sq s~ sm kee -[ETI%

smg sme

Smg sme tmt f~s Wm~ sq s~sqi`k gg sq`k e mg f ls sqi`k

`m`k z` x~h` sq`k m`k ~ ``k ghi gms f`k i si z se` `

`m ke lg me `mt gh ls sq`k e mg sqi`k zeg s gmg cgm z

kei cg We`m ze` f `m`k `ke w sqg set smhl keh zi g`k g~g }u

c`k z tms sqe` s `g sqi`k sme keh` wt se Ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` f ag ome ~ we`m ze`

me~& s` sq`k z ai z x~u` sg ke ` qe`k z wm~ sq s~ è gm~`k

`khu ome g` `ke sq` km `m sq k Me~ z `l q gg x~u `m z w

m~ sq s~& gg we`m ze` g sm gmt m`m ss gg x~u `m z wm~ sq s~

gh `m `g z z` c`k ls ggm mt f kee x~us `me~ z` g` s`

`k sqi`k g~g w`k& `k sme ai z x~u` fe gm`m `k gh a` sm`

sqi`k zeg `kme` g~ omih mg z w `kmet wh~ ù

8.7.:. Fl s`k ke sq sm`k le gh gg os x~ `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze` sqi`k `m sq`k

Me` `hu& `me~ g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g gms


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f k ss z g `k c`k w~ q`k zi sqi`k smg s mig g gg cih`m

`kmet s m`k lh`k fe `m`k me~ x~ oe`m s f Gm`m ae e~ ù& sq

s~ è gm~`k z gg os x~ `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` è qe`k fls c`k se w` g aes x~h` sq`k g` g ai z Zeg ai z x~u` sg

kee ze gg g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` gm`m f g`k g

`k` gm` z sq`k tms gg m`m ze g`m sqh`m om`k f`m l`m& g`k

`m gg m`m ze keh` ce omg fe` x~h` ` x~u` sg ke Ome gg g`k sq`m

a whi gmt fe& sm os x~ `kme` g~ sm~ g w ls e s`m g x~u` z

om`k g `k c`k me~ x~& g`k `m om`k g gg cih`m `kmet c`m

`me~ wx~h` sl e~ ù om`k `m`k fl kel s`m g`m sqh`m sqi`k

gms f k kei cg gh le `m sq k l g` fl ls x~u` fe gh we`m

ze` ome a `me~ g`k wg `kme` g~ `m`k os x~ `kme` g~ om`k

g g`k `m` smni `k ke sq smg w gh `

8.7.;.F e~ oe` g` Zes @hl smg me` ss f~s gme gm~`k sq` gi`

`k me `mt Oe`m sX~g s

Me` `hu& Zes @hl smhl keh o os > e~ g x~g sh tm`k z

x~u` sg ke ahi kl2 G`k g Anq`n 8==: z ai m gg sg tml z`

mg `km sm~s? G`k g Kn`nzh 85>1 f G`k g si` g~ z x~u` sg

ke? G`k g Qiln 85:8 z ai m gg `m ae~ ce`& gg `m w` }~s a`k

h l smh`m z gg s gmg tms smh`m& sq~u` m`m? G`k g Aq~wwnf fe`

x~h` ` zeg tm` tme s` me~ lh`k gm`k sq`m sq~u` x~h z se`m z

gm`m smg sq sm`m sm`m ze` gh [SI zi `ku 4;)88)144: Zeg keh

`mt zi gg g`k g x~g s z ai z x~u` sg ke g `me~ `kmh si

f` e ze Zes @hl sqi`k x~ sq`m me `mt Sqg se` f si le sq k

f`m l`m gmi w`k si Sm mhe f `m`k sg tml ci `ke Zes @hl w`k

si g`k g ai z se `g `kie el fe sm ah f gg `m }~s a` w

tme `kme` g~ om`& g` `mg gme tm z me~ x~ x~us `m zeg l~h

x~u` }~s a` gh sg tml `g `kie z l~` cgm wh`k se`k Zes gg sg


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77

tml `u }~s a` Zes @hl sm tme me oe` z sq tm w c`k gmi

`ke ke a` x~u` sg tml& ket g ke g sm k smg `m`k sg

tml g gms f`k ghi m` S~u zu& z tmh Zes @hl& zeg o os gg e~g x~g s z ai z x~u` sg keg`k lh`k fe `me~ smes me z g oe`m

s f` z` mh ci `` whi gmt f~ g` ce` qh sq` fh`& m sm`k tmt f~s g`

`me~ sme~ }s z wm~ sq s~ se Zes @hl z` g` f z` s`k e

le l

Wf k g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `ku g`k s`k

f`& `me~ g`k sq`m g s`m smg se` ghi z g g`k `m` sq` tml ze

x~g s Z` ai z x~u` sg ke `ku g`k sq`` g` smes om`k gm

sqi`k tml ze gh le sq`k e mg l f tml ze x~g keh @~ `m mis

`k ai z x~u` sg ke a a `k `khu ssqi`k le sq`k e mg sm g

smh Zes @hl ` gg z oe` s`k& sqh`m gmt omih mg sq` tml ze

x~g s& ku s` me ` z sm z ~u s` gh s `g


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73

GM@K EE2 SMG SQ@K AI Z X^U@ SG KE

SQI@K MIS @K @KME@ G OMIH MG GH

WE@M ZE@ @K@M OE@M S , ] ME

1.8. S`k x~h` z mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` sqi`k gg

sq`k e mg `k`m Oe`m s , ] me

e ze le we`m ze`& zeg mg st& q` f~u` z `kme` g~ omih mg f

`m`k `mel zm`k ~ sqi`k x~`k e e mg gh l`m e ze ls

g wi si& ke`k cu z `kme` g~ omih mg g`k f `m`k `mel zsq`k sl& sm me` q `s `ms gms f k mis `k gh ` z

M`k `l& g qs `me~ se gh we`m ze` g mi` sme`& sgg se

`m`m se~ f~`& ai gi smg st keh omh& ` `m`k se f` m` `m

omh f~` ss `kmet& ai gi smg st ss `kmet& gg se smhl keh g~g sme

we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg gt sq k z gt a @m` gm~`k& gg se

`kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `ku g`k al ws sme w g~g w`k m

`m gg z` zle sq k& h` si` z we`m smg tml& kee tmt gmi z`

` sg kehi sm`k& mis `k }~s `mt om~ gh Zes @hl& gg z` z

f~s tmtZ g `me~ se `k c`k me~ x~ zi smg s g~g w`k

Sqi`k `m`k `l k` u& mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

se gg sq`k e mg `ku g`k `m` g `me~ wx~h` sl& `k sme g

`m`k smhu e sgm gg z g gms z f k G sm `m` smu q`k2 gms

f k omh f~` ss `kmet z sm~ migm smg st ss `kmet gh we`m ze`

`ku g`k g ``k ghi& wf`k se we`m ze` `k o smhl keh g~g sme

we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg gg gt `ku g`k `me~ G `me~ se s

gms f`k ghi g gg cih`m `kmet s m`k `khu ome g` h`k sqi`k sme

keh` mi` sme` z `me~ se s kee sm k sqi`k g~g sme we`m ze` `kme`

g~ omih mg gt a


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7>

S~u `me` a` g`m `m`k c~ me~ sgm gg sq`& mis `k `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` sqi`k gg sq`k e mg z` g` s` se `m`k ls

g` m` gm`m2Sm `ms& z` z se~ f~` gh we`m ze`2 Se~ f~` g gie f ag

gm~` a gmi omh f~` ss `kmet wh~ ù We`m ze` smg me` se~ f~` `khu

s`l sm `ms e ze gg ls g sm `m gg l` sm~g omih F f~`

gm`m sq Smg se` gmi smu& we`m ze` `l `ms om`k g `me~ oe`m `kmel

sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg z kt `me~ a `k sqi`k zeg smg

me` se~ f~` s è m`m smg sq`m au ` è c~`k Ze `m`k a`kah`

~& g`k ze zeg om`k m`k sm ze gg l` mg e g`k z lh`k s`m

sq~ s k c` ` zeg we`m ze` smg me` se ls ggm gm`k e& sl

se~ f~` sq` l`k& l~h se~ f~` s gg x~` tmisigitu& mhu se~ f~` `

ke` gm f zeg gmt fe è c~`k s kei sq`m f zeg fl qs tm

ae`@me~ ft sq` 8>4 mg we`m sm kei ze` kt `me~ om om` sqi`k

x~ sq`m m k c` z `m ke gms f k se~ f~`

Smni w fe~ sm`k o s gg we`m ze` `l `ms sq k e mg @kie

Sm`k M @e& mg o ls zh x~h& g sq` >4. we`m ze` `l sm `ms tme

zes fe se~ f~` l` @m`k `k~u` f g a` gm`kmh Lg Fè` ze gg

f ci se~ f~` w we& whe è c~`k& `me~ se~ f~` ke`k `mh~: Sml gm g

ft 844. we`m ze` tme zes fe se~ f~` Se~ f~` g zes fe sqi`k sme

keh` o g` o sme g~e o& gmi `` gms f k gh se~ f~` fl fe g`k

om`k g ge sme` f ahi e~ ù zh ku ls sme keh`& g`k wg gmi g

kei ze` z we`m ze`& `k sme& kei ze` om`k s g lg gm we`m

ze` smg me` ls `kme` g~ omih mg `m sqi`k le se

Smmhe& e ze omh f~` ss `kmet gh we`m ze` `l g~e& m`k `l&

gg sq`k e mg g m`k `k` omh f~` ss `kmet g mi` sme`& s~u

`me`& gms f k gh gg se om`k ghi& w f`k se g `k c`k

:@k~` w fe~2 Sg ke smg me` omi ws


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sqi`k smg s g` qs smt& sml gm z g`k mel mie @me~ we`m ze` gm gie

omh f~` ss `kmet f e~ oe` qh sq k z om`k g sqgm `mel smg

me` `kmel sg& g`k ze zeg sme~ o``k sqi`k `kme` g~ omih mg zo``k zes c` ` gms f k gh g`k sq`m om`k ghi G` g ls smg

sq`k& we`m ze` fl omh f~` ss `kmet gm a`k zeg whi gmt l z` g

gmi x~h Smg s omg gmi smu& `me~ we`m ze` om`k l~` fl omh f~`

ss `kmet z gmi q`k fl omh f~` ss `kmet tme a qh `me~ sme keh`&

g`k wg& se` gh l `m`k k sm~ fe om`k g `m li`k l~`& mhu c

g 84 el omh f~` ss `kmet g`k om`k sme s a`k om f` kee& zu

`` sme ss `kmet w ss m`

Sm ah& x~ sq`m smg st z oe` st keh omh w ket we`m ze` qs

`k` omi`k ggm keh gm`k sq`m i si z smg se` fl zeg S~u `me`&

keh ai gi smg st keh omh z sm~ migm smg st ss `kmet gmh g w

sm`k `ms z m`m smg sq`m au Gm`k m`& me` `hu& ai gi smg st keh

omh sm m`m smg sq`m au f tm` smni gg lg f EEEEEE qe ` gg

lg `m 8& 1& 7? g` ze sm~ migm smg st ss `kmet sm fe gmeh smni gm`k

817 qe ` gg lg f EEEEEE& lg `m8& 1& 7 Sqi`k ome & we`m

ze` gm g sm smhl omi g omh f~` ss `kmet x~h sm ze` tm`k g

`e we`m& g` gg ai gi smg st z sm~ migm smg st ss `kmet sm om`k

smhl omi g ci `me~ f ci gm x~h` -we`m ze` g` sm`k sqi`k zeg

fe` m ze A l` `kmet z mig om`k aes `e l % f` omgm x~h`

-A l` `kmet z gmh g g gm q q`k sqi`k zeg gmi we`m ze` smhl

omi gg ai gi sqg u% Z zu g we`m ze` kt `me~ om om` ome smg

me` z kei ze` m k c` ls `me~ sme keh` kee smgm sq`m w

`ml f` Ls omg& `me~ cih`m `kmet om`k l` l ze we`m ze` smg

st& we`m ze` ` smg st om`k g fl `k zeg mhu gm~u` `k`m gh

l`m g i si Mhu z` f gm`m gg we`m ze` om`k gml gm z

om`k gm`k sl oel g`k zeg g`k su tm mt ze l`m& sme sme~


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7;

x~us sl e ze g`k zeg& m` `h sme keh` smg st g`k f sme keh`

cih`m `kmet i si gg `m` ze` st w`m`k om`k k l ai f gg

we`m ze` w x~hu sqfe fl zeg wh~ ome ms omh smg st ome` `me~ cih`m`kmet n `ke kehi zeg gmi we`m ze` Z zu& s`m sq`k we`m ze` sqe x~h

sme keh` smg st l om`k sm~ fe os x~ k z ai gi smg st w we mhu

a whi gmt f zeg c me~ M` `h& g `me~ smes sme ze `m`k we`m ze`

smg st ls ggm `kmel sg& ome mi` sm`m ai gi smg st `m`k om`k

g cih`m `kmet `k c~ ci ai gi lh`k `me~ w fe~ è a l cih`m

`kmet om`k l~` f qh `kie& mig ai gi om`k g el ghi ci fe

ce` s& mhu z` x~ le l kei ze` s kt x~h;

Sms& smhl keh gg g~g sme we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg m`k `l

gm`m f g me ss we`m ze` g sqh`k a sml gg o``k g` smes gmi

zeg mg st se sq`k e mg& `m o ``k wt }t& tm` fie& gm` fg

sm`k se`& o``k g se fe~& o``k sm`k o& tm` sgm&@kie qh we`m

ze` g sm s q` f~u` ggm smg set g` z sq`m au ls z` omih mg?

e~ ù ket gmi we`m ze` g om``k sq`m au gg ae se~ f~`& ai gi

smg st keh omh& sm~ migm smg st ss `kmet z omh f~` ss `kmet ze

gms f k z me~ x~ ghi Ket gmi we`m ze` sm`m g`k sqi`k zeg sq`m

au z sm me` s k gh l`m sqi`k g`k zeg wh~ ù g`k `m smhl keh

zi `m`k omh mg ghi m` S~u `me`& smg s gmi smu& g~g sme we`m ze`

`kme` g~ omih mg gmh sm~ ms g `me~ we`m ze` smhl keh We`m ze`

z` g` sm mig gmh smg w c`m `me~ sl m~us gmi mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg }~s tms s zeg gmh `m` smg g mig `m` smg gmh u

z sl x~h` sq`k z fe gm gh mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

;@k~u` Smu Tm`k& 1488&}~s ls wae` tmt omg tmg om om` sqi`k m k

c we`m ze` smhl keh oe` st z smg st ss `kmet& O u~ me `km Omih mg we`m we`mze` `l 1488& sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k& M @e& sqh`k 188


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Smni w fe~ s`k mt gh g~g sme we`m ze``kme` g~ omih mg gt a

gh A Kei cg z i si Zes @hl& `l 1484& A Kei cg z i si

`m` g 7=5 g`k sq`m s m`k gmg `km` g`k sq`m @kme` g~ omih mggh we`m ze` 57 sq`k e mg& mg ze` sqi`k g `g ke smhl c Me`

g m` 1&1 sqe~ we`m ze`h`k smni mg se gg sq`k e mg& ghi `k&

`m`k w f`k we`m ze` smhl keh `kme` g~ omih mg g` x~ s& gms

f`k `me~ g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mgg` m` gm Sqi`k `l zh x~h&

A Kei cg z i si}s gm` z omn`sm`k 74> g`k sq`m `kme` g~

omih mg ci ;8: we`m ze`smg me`& sqi`k g 8> kee `ms& 1; kee `m& 874

kee ah z 877 kee om~u` omgm @m zu w f`k we`m ze` smhl keh `kme`

g~ omih mg z s os x~ gmel gmh u 4&43. w f`k we`m ze` h`k

g i si Gi` w ù x~ `k ai `k zg`k sg cu mg z m`k

c` we`m ze`smhl keh `kme` g~ omih mg sq`k e mg sqi`k ome gg

sq`k e mg h`k se` se l m`m sq`k e mg `kme` g~& i si k`

os ze gg cih`m `kmet& s gmg } me=

Smni w fe~ ssq k G~ fg a We`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg sq k

e mg @kie sm`k M è& wf`k g`k g c~us smhl keh g~g

sme We`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg 1481 f :4 se5& ghi m` wi ze gg `l

omg Wf k we`m ze` smhl keh f 8=> we`m ze`& gmel omi`k 1 . s`k

wwe`m ze` e mg& ghi `k h`k smni mg se sq k

W fe~ s ai gi mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh sq`k e mg

Sm`k le gmi aes s f we`m ze` smhl keh `kme` g~ omih mg m`k `l

gh sq k }t } 8&1.84

@m`k gi` w ù gmi smu& s f we`m ze` smhl keh mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg g` smt z gmh }`k sl ze x~u l i si gh `m sq k

= @k~` w fe~2 A Kei cg z si5 @k~` w fe~2 G~ fg a we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg e mg @kie sm`k M @e84@k~` w fe~2 S`k os mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg sq`k e mg Sm`k le


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G~g e~ sqh ci G~ fg a we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg e mg

@kie sm`k M @e se` m`m e~ sqh ze gg we`m ze` sqi`k sq k zh

x~h gmi smu& g 7>&;>. we`m ze` `l sm7 g me om`k smhl keh g~gsme we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg ci om`k smu g m`k sm ze mis `k

ù Sqi`k s`k w we`m ze` s`l sm `ms ` `l g~e g me& g k`

74. om`k smhl keh z om`k g sme keh` z 1>& 5>. om`k g m`k sm ze

mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg? g 5&;3. om`k smhl keh z smu mis `k

ù om`k lh`k fe fe gm gmi a` sm` z g k` 7>. we`m ze` l~` smhl

keh `m`k kt `me~ sq`ke sqi`k x~ sq`m `kme` g~ `` om`k mi` sme`

se g Sml gm& g 8;&>. we`m ze` g me gmg gm` om`k smg

me` se `kme` g~ omih mg sqi`k sme keh` se88

A`k 1.82 S`k os mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh sq`k e mg

@kie Sm`k g w8 z 1 `l mg s`l 1484 z `l 1488

@l 1484 1488

W se `k o 147 11;

W g`k `t 147 144

W se smg `t =3 >3

S f w se smg `t) `k o 38&7;. 17&;=.

W se s kee gt sq`k 85 1:

W se s kee gtsq`k) w se smg `t 11&:1. 3=&8>.

@k~`2 G~ fg a We`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg sq`k e mg@kie Sm`k M @e

@m` }s2 X~h a`k 8 gm`k sh `m` smu q`k& wf`k se `k o

smhl keh& wf`k g`k `t c~us z wf`k se smg `t g w

gm`m fgm `k o @l 1484& wf`k se smg `t gm gmel 38&7; .

wf`k se `k o& ` `l 1488 s f ù f 17&;= . kel wi ze `l

88 @k~` w fe~2 G~ fg a We`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg& sq`k e mg @kieSm`k M @e


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sqg f 8;&>5.W fe~ ù gmi smu& we`m ze` kt `me~ om om` sqi`k

x~ sq`m smg me` se Smni oe` gh Tm kei w Se` w @k~u` Mi`k

`m z mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` e mg @kie Sm`ksm we`m ze` e mg @kie Sm`k om sse`& g s k& `me~ we`m ze` g

om``k `kie `k ss `m`k m~ ms ~ sme~ s c~u fikeg z om``k zes

@kie qh& we`m ze` g` kt `me~ sq `ke omg `m om`k g se fe~&

sm`k se` zes& sme keh` mi` sme` se s`k e `k`& sl f gm` ``

ome se x~ f ome` we`m ze` om`k g `k fg zes set81 Wf k

se smg `t `l 1488 kel wi ze `l 1484 f 74 se S~u `me` w

f`k s kee gt sq`k `l 1488 ghi m` wi ze `l 1484& e~ ù gmi

smu gms f k gg g`k sq`m smhl keh we`m ze` `kme` g~ omih mg g

gms f k `ku g`k ghi m`

A` g`m mg st z q` f~u`& `kme` g~ omih mg g`k f ls `mel

z x~h` sq`k e ze le we`m ze` z gms f k `kme` g~ omih mg gh

we`m ze` g`k tm` `m tm` ì gms f`k i si gh ls g wkei cg

W` tml `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` sm me` a ls sqe smg gh `m

sq`k& `k sme om`k `m sm`k me~ gh `m sq`k& `m sq k g`m

sqh`m a`m `k z tms sqe` G f sqe smg we`m ze` sm~ `m` g `m

sq k sqi`k `m`k `l les le mg st sm `m ghi gh os x~ om`k

tme `l `m`k el w l gm`m f `m`k se `kme` g~& `m`k z`

omih mg g lh`m `mh& tms oe` G sm os x~ `kme` g~ gh we`m

ze` g` c`k sm& gmh u & `m`k tm` `m g wg l`m gh

sel fg omih mg& s c~u m k z ge le& ge w`k si We`m ze` g` sme~

`me~ oe`m `kmel sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg z oe`m `kmel smg

s& s~u `me`& `m`k os x~ sm~ g& z se`m sm` whu l `kme` g~ gh

81 TKW SW @k~u` Mi`k `m& 1488& Ze oe ztm`k tmt mg st z `kme` g~omih mg ag e mg& O u~ me `kme omih mg we`m ze` sq`k e mg @kie sm`k`l 1488& M @e& sqh`k 8:


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ls w a tm` we`m ze` f qs `k omgm f

smg& ggm `m` gh we`m ze` z w g` smes gh mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg g`k ze zeg we`m ze` g` sme~ tm`k tmt z oe`m `kmelsqi`k `kme` g~ omih mg f `k~u` `m` gm`m c` ` gms f k gh mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g` gmh ghi Mis `k `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` g` lh`k s`m stms M`k `l& mis `k `kme`

g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` f~` `m` g w x~h` sl gh `m sq k S~u

`me`& ``k ghi gms f k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

sqi`k sme keh` se gg `m sq k g` tme c`m w x~h` sl ls ggm g sm

m` `h g aes sqi`k zeg ``k ghi smg gh we`m ze`& si gmi we`m ze`

`k fg z f`k hl l e ze `kme` g~ omih mg& m sqz `k ze`

ot sme sqi`k x~ sq`m smg me` se gh we`m ze`& m` gm se h zeg we`m

ze` g s`k `m`k om`k sm mi` sme` se z `me~ `k~u` `m`

1.1. Mis `k gh `m sq k sqi`k zeg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze`

Sq`k e mg f ls sqi`k `m`k sq~`k sl sqe smg& `e sm k }~u`

ce` qh gg mis `k sqe smg lh`k s`m w`k si @me~ os x~& w` tml

w`k si sqi`k x~ sq`m i si z `kme` g~ z h`k g `k c`k

sm`m g`k sqi`k w` }~s z e w`k @~ g x~h` sl ~ s ai m z

omhe smg ss& sm gm`k w sqsm`m ls fie se w` g aesse w` sq s~&

g ke sq omih mg z sm`k le ghi& fl `k fg gmi gg mis `k w`k

si gh gg g `m`& s gmg sqi`k sq k& kt tm` ``k ghi m`m `m z ~u

s` gh `m sq k e ze } me Mis `k ai z x~u` sg ke`k ls

zhe sq ms wg x~h` sq`k sqi`k zeg smg me` `mel z @kme` g~ omih mg

z gm~u` kehi g`k `km S`m sq`k }l tml x~u` sg ke ku qh sl f

gm` ``& ls `k fg gmi `ke `kme` g~ z fl `m m`k ` zeg tms

sqe` oe`m s& } me gh s `g

Ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k gg sq`k e mg& ghi `k Zes @hl


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me` `hu f ls z` s`k e le z `ku g`k `m` g `me~ w x~h`

sl gh gg g wkei cg z si` } me

1.1.8. @m`k os x~ s g@m sq`k g `m`k x~u `m gl i z` z gg ae` tmt `ml

tms me` z } f m`m ze whi gmt sqi`k gg g`k sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze`

@ml m` gm s`m sq`k whi gmt& Sq`k e mgOe`m s X~g c` M

@e qh ae` tmt e tm a`k ggm om`k g`k `m` ss `kmet e ze

`m`k we`m ze` g }g `m whi gmt ` ;4. f~` z` gh `ke omg

Sq`k mt ù ome a tms me` w a a~g smg st fe z tme sme ss `kmet

omh wh~ u f ggm } f `kmel omg `m`k smg s om`k tme sq`k mt

ì g`k a tms me` `` om g sm è f lg m` gm g ` ~

Ls w x~u `m omg gh gg sq`k e mg `m sq`k e mg @kie

sm`k M @e& sm ze` `m sq`k om`k gmitmt we`m ze` l` gg omh

f~` ss `kmet& f~` z` smg w& f~` ` se` w z `m smhl omi sq`m whi

gmt Gg we`m ze` ome l~` smhl omi se tm`k g è we`m gh `m

sq`k tme ` `k ose tm`k z s~` sm `kmel `ks gg x~u `m gh

sm ze`

Gg ke`k ze` sqg set ke`k cu z `m ke gms f`k gh gg w`

tml `kme` g~ omih mg g`k g sqgm `mel sqi`k zeg tms me` m`m ze

whi gmt gh we`m ze` @me~ ke`k ze` g oe`m `kmel& gm g` g x~h

g`k g sm tms me` g gg w` tml gh we`m ze` g tme f whi gmt

mhu om`k z g `m`k ae` tmt } f e ze gg m`m ze }ltml sq`

A` g`m & `m`k `l k` u `me~ sq`k e mg smg me` ae`

tmt gm`k whi gmt f~` z`& ` ss `kmet& se `kme` g~ omih mg

a`k tm` ll Smni & sq`k h zi tm` ll qs `me~ g wc fe~

zgg se le f`m zg ssq k z `me~ sq k omg Ome we`m ze`

fl ls se le& tm` ll ù w s`k gmqh se le g ahi `me~


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s& g~ ke`k ze ls se g sqg sqi`k tm` g wc fe~ S& w

c c`k tms me` qh se we`m ze` fl g whi gmt s `k~` ì mhu om`k

G`k ze & x~u `m gl w c`k kei sq`m tmisigitu g`k gsmg me` se ls w sq`k e mg `m sq`k e mg @kie Sm`k M

@e S~u `me`& gm`m wgm ù g` `me~ m` gm z le gmg smg me`

sqi`k tml ze `me ze ls w l` mg `m Tmt f~s e g`k

1.1.1. @m`k ls g` g` m` gm

Mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` `ku g`k f l`m ze w

f`k se `kme` g~ `ku g`k f & s~u `me`& a` g`m `m`k zeg s

g& mis `k ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg

gh we`m ze` gmh g `me~ sq`k e mg x~h` sl `k lg z g` s`

se `me~ m` gm& as gt G sm`m wh~2

1.1.1.8. Gg sq`k e mg& ghi `k gmh gm sq`k kei cg `ml ``k

ghi `m` smg gh we`m ze` zzhe sq gh ai z x~u sg ke sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg

M`k `l& mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g ce` qh

~ ` z `m` g `me~ w x~h` sl gh gg gt @khu sqi`k x~ sq`m

mg st& we`m ze` sm k }~u` tme zes gg se~ f~`& ai gi& ae s`k

os @ku g`k `me~ we`m ze` smhl keh `kme` g~ omih mg z `me~ g`k

sq`m `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g mi` sme` g ke sq smg se`

ghi& tmg z gmi w tms sqe` oe`m s } me gh s `g S~u `me`& s` se

wi`k wi`k ze `kme` g~ omih mg f z` ai z x~u` sg ke z` a `m

sq k a `k mig smg me` ls ggm w we& om`k me~ x~

Me` `hu& se gg sq`k e mg& ghi `k gmh g gg mis `k g sm

`ml kei cg z s~u` sq~u` z zhe sq gh ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis

`k `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` è qe`k z wm~ sq s~ è gm~`k

-@kie sqwe`m ze` sq k F~s g mg z wm~ sq s~ ls ggm u

z ae a`% Wm~ sq s~gmh g sqi`k gm`k sq`m ke`k cu gm`m smg


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gh gg sq k ome Oe`m s mig gmg kee sme~ x~h sqi`k l` Tmt f

e g`k ze w ses qs `mgmh we`m ze` smg wx~h` sl se

Ae zu& `m`k me~ aes z x~u` z `kmh z gh we`m ze` sqi`k zeg aiz x~u` sg ke sqi`k we`m ze` g` m` gm& smg gmt m`m f~s g` gmh

`kmel sg c` ` gg m`m ze }l tml gh we`m ze` ce` qh ls ggm

sm k }~u` z tm ae`

Smni g~g omi ws g sg ke smg me` sqi`k sm`k 1 `l 1481 ze

gg we`m ze` h`k smni mg `k`m Oe`m s , ] me se M @e z Me Tm`k

sm os x~ gmi smu& k` =4. wwe`m ze` g me z x~u` sg ke sq fe

q`k& m g `kmn x~h z me~ w fg z x~u` sg ke Sml gm& g k`

87. wwe`m ze` g me sq fe q`k mgmh `kmn `mg ` x~u` sg ke

ahi ke87 Ls wf k s e we`m ze` g me sq fe q`k m aes q z

x~u` sg ke-m` :.% `m`k x~h ls w g~ me gmi smu w me~ aes gh

mg` l m z c`m ls w we`m ze` gmi q`k whi gmt si` a sg tml

l om`k kme q s` sg ke gh sg tml a whi gmt f }l tml tml

x~u` sg ke? `m`k whi gmt ls tm` sg tml gh `ke omg& wh~ a

w~`k sml tm` w`k si gh l`m sm g gie f sg tml le ci gm`m

l`m si qh `` om`k tme kme s` sg keg gh ls tm` sg tml a whi

gmt

G ` k` >4. w we`m ze` sq fe q`k m g aes z x~u` sg ke& aes

`me~ m`m ze f }l tml x~u` sg ke`m`k z` g s`m }l tml ae z

f gm~u` h`k ce` qh m`k `ku gh g~g w`k tmg z gmi zeg mg st

z gg `m~ g~ omg gh m& om`k smfl omg g g aes& ome g aes

q`k& ai z x~u` sg ke f ls zeg fl z g`k x~h` sq`k& we`m ze` g

me g l~` sl me~ z g ke`k cu z z` `u sqi`k gm`k sq`m

mg se sq`k e mg mhu om`k& sm `me~ we`m ze` sq fe f Om`k ae z

we`m ze` gmi q`k ome `i & `~ smu g` smes m g sm sl oel as o

87 @k~` w fe~2 Sg ke mg me` omi ws se M @e z Me Tm`k


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sm`k se` ì sq` l`k

S gi` w sm`k o sq` gmi smu& mis `k kei cg smg gh we`m

ze` e ze zeg ai z x~u` sg kesqi`k gg sq`k e mg g` gmh gsmg me` `k ggm& wf`k we`m ze` g` l mz gmh g smg ai z

x~u` sg ke sqi`k mis `k `kme` g~ omih mg h`k lg `k ai

`k& we`m ze` z` gmh smg w gm`k sqi`k `kme` g~ omih mg

1.1.1.1. Se le sq`k e mg g` sme~ ls ` z gm~u` sqgm kee

x~us gg z` zai m x~u sg ke tms we`m `khu se sq k? z gg

sqh`k smes a me` e `ml oel wis z om k gmm`m ze }l tml x~u

sg ke g` m` gm

S`m ` sme el me` `hu& m~ ms gg sq`k gmh gm`k z sgm

gg }u c`k o migm tms sqe` mis `k ù g`k `m gmh g g x~h`

gm~u` sqgm smni ce& s z` z m k c` ai l x~u` fe gmi `m`k

`ke `kme` g~ z gm~ sqgm `mel sme m`m gg x~us `m gh `m `g

z z` ù M~ ms& zeg `kme` g~ z x~u` sg ke z wi` smi gg

` `ml ai z x~u` sg kesqi`k sq k e mg ~ g kehi gmi Omih

F~s se gg sq`k e mg gm~ sqgm `mel

Wi`k wi`k ze s` se sq` f gg sqh`k smes a& tm` ll t c`k g`k

`km sm`k se` `ml oel wis z om`k gm m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke

sqi`k gg w` tml `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` g` `me~ m` gm

Gmh g `me~ sq`k e mg w c`k gg g`k gù mhu w c`k `m`k

om`k g me~ x~ghi Ci gg g w c fe~ g f~ sq gh `m sq k

om`k f & ze gg g`k g sl oel sq` l`k me` `hu& g`k ze zeg

se~ f~`& omh f~` g a` g`k omhe& ah ae se gg x~` tmisigitu&

sm`k se` g `k se sq` l`k le `ku ls s`k f` sm gg tm` ll

g w c`k om`k sm oel wis g ms

Zu ``& gg ke`k ze` z` f `m`k `ke g zhe sq x~us `m sqi`k

zeg tms me` m`m ze }l tml x~u` sg ke gh we`m ze`


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3:

A` g`m smg sq`k fgg g wkei cg g` sme~ ls o`m sm`k

se` gm`m smg z g x~` f g`k a gg g`k sq`m omih mg gh `m

sq`k g smg me` sqg sq`m zeg sq`k ft s k X~u` sgke tms we`m o s `ku sg tml g w`k si z g sm me` ce m`m

smg zs gms `ms `m smni omi` 8& e~ 875& A F~s c` w 144> S~u

zu& ome sg tml gmh g `me~ `ke aes ` sm gm`k sh qs om tm`

aes ~ f whi gmt& ~ f w sq`k mt `k~ `me`

1.1.1.7. Sme~ gg x~u `m gme ses zx~u wm~ gh `m sq`k e ze

gg se w` sq s~ tms we`m sqi`k x~ sq`m `kme` g~& mg st gh we`m ze`

se gg sq`k e mg& m`m smg } tms e ze gg sq k mt ze tml

gmh smg wme~ x~

X~u` sg keg x~u `m sqi`k A F~s c` w`l 144> -se~

;7: ` e~ ;37% z F~s wm~ sq s~`l 144> -F~s wm~ sq s~ gh

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Zes @hl `l 8551 g wh e a w~`k smni x~us `m w

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e~ >; e~ gm`m z x~u` sg ke z x~u` fe` x~h`%& F~s wh e& a

w~`k ls we~ gh F~s wm~ sq s~-`l 1445% z gg z` a` m k

c` sme m`m @kie 1 a f~s gm`m& g` g m`k fis gg @km`m z Sm`k

s& F~s ai gm& F~s }~s a` g`k g e~ gm`m z x~u `m z z`

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sg ke fe` set g g`k g z mi` sme` @m` gm~`k& me` `hu Zes @hl

g `m`k x~u `m z gm tmt f s`k e mi` gm`m z ai z

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ai m x~u` w m~ sq s~ se Zes @hl z me `mt x~g s

A Kei cg z i si ah` m`m X~u `m z x~` f mis `k w


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si S~u `me`& ci g` sme~ ls ` zgm~u` sqgm kee x~us gg z` z ai m x~u` sg ke tms we`m `khu se sq k `` se gg sq`k e mg&

ghi `k me` `hu gmh g gg x~u `m g sm gme ses z x~u` w m~ gh

`m sq`k e ze gg se w` sq s~ tms we`m sqi`k x~ sq`m `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` Gg ae` tmt ai z x~u` sg ke `me~ sq`k

e mg me` `hu g` lh`k s`m s tms& gmh g m sm`k& g` sme~ gg z`

a` x~u `m ls ggm g sm z m`m ze }ltml x~u` sg ke z gg m`m

smg } tms ls ggm q q`k su smni lg }ltml @ku g`k `me~

gg x~` tmisigitu kei sq`m& mg fe~& gm f~` z` z` s` se `kh`k `me`

`khu g`m g`k sq`k l om`k g ae` tmt `i `ml m` gm

Gg sq`k e mg gmh x~h` sl se zeg ai z x~u` sg ke sqi`k

`kme` g~ omih mg ae zu gmh g `me~ sq`k e mg `k o ai m

x~u` sg ke e ze gg sg tml `kme` g~ omih mg gh we`m ze` ze gg

W m~ sq s~Sqi`k ome & m`k `l g qs `me~ g`k sq`m `kme` g~

omih mg gh we`m ze` g mi` sme` z e zi smg s A` g`m & gg

sq`k e mg gmh g g gm x~` f gg w` tml `kme` g~ omih mg gh

gg we`m ze` wh~ ome qh sq`k g f~ fe sq`k tmg z gmi x~ sq`m

ke`k cu z `kme` g~ gh `m sq`k sqi`k sme keh` set smni l ai

x~u` fe gmi we`m ze` e ze w` tml omih mg gh l`m si qh G `me~

sq`k mt& omh f~` ss `kmet gh we`m ze` f~ fe sqi`k sm ze` `m

sq`k a we`m ze` gg omh wh~ whi gmt ah ae

@me~ we`m ze` whi gmt se~ f~`& g aes f omh f~` ss `kmet a

tms me` z g gg m`m smg } tms `m tme fl fe g`k sq`m S~u `me`&

m`m smg } tms `u c`k `m gmh smg w me~ x~ sqi`k zeg `mg `m

gg we`m ze` g smg s` sq`k x~u` sg ke Ls omg& we`m ze` z` g

`me~ ggm omg `mh~ sq`m a tms me`


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Me` `hu se ls w sq`k e mg& ` Ai z W m~ sq s~ sqi`k

sq`k e mg z` h`k sqi`k x~ sq`m wi` smi

Sl fe& smg sq`k ai m x~u` w m~ sq s~ se gg sq`k e mgme` kt tme qs `me~ om om` Ai z x~u` sg ke se gg sq`k e mg

`g sh me` `hu gmh g gmh g gg sq`k x~h` sl smg

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[YRC] Bảo vệ quyền tác giả trong hoạt động NCKH của sinh viên ngành Kinh Tế-Xã hội