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“Telecommunications Service and Policy” Term Project #11 YoungKi Kim YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim 1

YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

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Page 1: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

“Telecommunications Service and Policy” Term Project #11

YoungKi KimYoungKi KimUnSil Kim

1

Page 2: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

C t tContentsIntroductiont oduct oNumerical ExampleThe Second PeriodThe Second PeriodThe First PeriodC l iConclusionReferencesAppendix

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Page 3: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. IntroductionWhat is consumer switching costsat s co su e s tc g costs

The negative costs that a consumer incurs as a result of changing suppliers, brands or products.g g pp pSwitching costs act as apotential barrier

monetary psychological effort and time based

Artificial costs Uncertainty costs Learning costsTransaction costs Unfamiliarity costs Transaction costs

Searching costsTraining costs

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Page 4: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. Introduction3 types of switching costs3 types o s tc g costs

transaction costslearning costslearning costsartificial(contractual) costs

exogenous switching costs Endogenous switching costsTransaction costsLearning costs

Artificial(contractual ) costsg

Exogenous : 외생의Endogenous: 내생의

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Page 5: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. IntroductionTransaction costsa sact o costs

Reflect real social costs of switching between brandsCosts in switching between completely identical brandsCosts in switching between completely identical brandsExample

Changing checking accountsChanging checking accountsChanging rent company for some equipmentsChanging mobile supplier SKT <‐> KTF

5

Page 6: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. IntroductionLearning costsea g costs

Reflect real social costs of switching between brandsCosts in switching same product but other brands Costs in switching same product but other brands Example

Changing machine with compatible softwareChanging machine with compatible softwareChanging cake mix QUERTY keyboard VS Dvorak Keyboard

QUERTY keyboard Dvorak Keyboard

6

Page 7: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. IntroductionArtificial(contractual) costst c a (co t actua ) costs

Arises entirely at firm’s discretionCosts in switching same product but other brands Costs in switching same product but other brands Act like penalizing those who changing companiesExampleExample

Frequent‐flyer rewarding programsOffering trading stamps by some retailersg g p yDiscount coupons valid for the next purchase

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Page 8: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I IntroductionI. IntroductionTwo main pointsp

Switching Costs make firm's demand more inelastic Reduce rivalrySegment market into submarketseach submarket contains consumers  who have previous bough from a firm and under monopolized effect by that firmbough from a firm and under monopolized effect by that firmEquilibrium may be the same as collusive solution with no switching costsI d fi '   li ti   i l  t  i   iti t d b  Increased firm's monopolistic social costs is mitigated by increased consumer choiceDifferentiating identical product through switching cost yields no benefits

Costs in switching same product but other brands Costs in switching same product but other brands 

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Page 9: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

I I t d tiI. IntroductionTwo main pointso a po ts

Monopoly power leads to vigorous competitionSwitching costs do not make firms better offgFerocious competition to attract new customer may dissipate firms’ extra monopolistic returns and leave them worse off

9

Page 10: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

II Numerical ExampleII. Numerical Example

Demand: p = ‐q + 100MC = 10 (contant)

Monopoly(collusive  oligopoly) Cournot Competition1 (100 10) 45255

q

p

= − =

=

60 / 2 30

100 (30 30) 4030 (40 10) 900

each firmq

pfit

= =

= − + =×55

55 45 10 45 2025pprofit = × − × =

30 (40 10) 900

900 2 1800each firm

total firm

profit

profit

= × − =

= × =10

Page 11: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

II Numerical ExampleII. Numerical ExampleWhat if Frequent‐flyer  discount=10 is introduced?

Noncooperative quantity‐setting equilibrium22 5q =

q y

cos

22.5,

55 10 65

22.5 (65 10 10 ) 1012.5

each firm

each firm demand curve discount

each firm t discount

q

p

profit

=

= + =

= × − − =cos( )each firm t discountp f

Consumers do not benefit becauseConsumers do not benefit becausethe price simply end up  with (collusive price + discounts)

11

Page 12: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

III. The Second PeriodNoncooperative Behavior looks collusive

( )

:r

A

P f q

fraction of market by firm Aσ

1

(1 ) :( ) ( )

( ) ( )

B A

A A

fraction of market by firm Bf p h p q

f f h

σ σ−

= −

= ≥( ) : ' ( cos )

( )( ) , ( ) 0

propotionof a firm s consumers switching tω ωωγ ω γ ωω

Γ ≥∂Γ

= ≥∂

Second period : mature market after consumers’ switching costs have been built up

12

Page 13: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

III. The Second PeriodNon‐cooperative Behavior looks collusive

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]Bp

A A A B B A B B Aq h p p p h p p dh rσ σ σ γ= + Γ + Γ∫( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]Ap

q h p p p h p p dh rγ

σ σ σ γ=

= + Γ − + Γ − −∫A  ll  it it       ith  ti   i      AA sells it its own consumers with reservation prices  >=  AP

A sells B’s consumers with reservation prices  >=      and switching costs <=    BP ( )B Ap p−

A sells B’s consumers with reservation prices in the range (PA ,PB) andreservation price less switching cost greater than or equal to PA

(1 ( )) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )B B B A B B B B B A Bq p p h p h p p p h pσ σ σ= −Γ − = − Γ −

B  ll  it it       ith  ti   i      BB sells it its own consumers with reservation prices  >=  BP

B will sell consumers whose switching costs is greater than  ( )B Ap p−13

Page 14: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

III. The Second PeriodNon‐cooperative Behavior looks collusive

Firm A’s first order conditions st o de co d t o

A A A⎡ ⎤∂ ∂ ∂

' , 'A AA s profit c A s total costπ = =

0A A A

A AA A A

c qq pp q pπ ⎡ ⎤∂ ∂ ∂

= + − =⎢ ⎥∂ ∂ ∂⎣ ⎦

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]B

A

pA A A B B A B B A

p

q h p p p h p p dh rγ

σ σ σ γ=

= + Γ − + Γ − −∫

0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]B

A

pA A B B A B B A

p

h p p p h p p dh rγ

σ σ σ γ=

= + Γ − + Γ − − +∫

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]B

A

pAA A A B B A B B A

Ap

cp h p p p h p p dh rq γ

σ σ γ σ γ γ=

⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤∂ ′− − Γ − + − Γ − −⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥∂ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦∫

14

Page 15: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

III. The Second PeriodNon‐cooperative Behavior looks collusive

At a symmetric equilibriumt a sy et c equ b u

A⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞

12,A B A Bp p p σ σ= = = =

1 ( ) ( ( ) (0) ( )) 02

A

A

ch p p h p h pq

γ⎡ ⎤⎛ ⎞∂ ′+ − − =⎢ ⎥⎜ ⎟∂⎝ ⎠⎣ ⎦

(0) 0 ,

1

If then wecan rewrite

q q

γ

′ ′

− >

⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ Monopoly price 1( ) ( ) 02 2 2

A Bq qh p p c c h p′ ′⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ′+ − ∂ + ∂ =⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠

p y pwithout switching costs

, (0)A

ontheother hand imlies that

c

γ →∞

⎛ ⎞∂Competitive price without switching costs

( 0 ' 'A

cp p unit cost of Aq

⎛ ⎞∂− = → =⎜ ⎟∂⎝ ⎠

g

15

Page 16: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

IV. The first periodpCompetition for market share

Firms will compete more aggressively in the first s co pete o e agg ess ve y t e stperiod with switching costs in the second period

First First Secondperiod

Increased l

period

Increased k    h

period

Increased fisales market  share profits

16

Page 17: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

IV. The first periodpCompetition for market share

1 1 1 1 1( , ) ( ( , ))A A A B A A Bv v v vπ π λ σ≡ +First period strategic variable of firm A

First period strategic variable of firm B, which is given

Fi   i d  fi   f fi  A

1Av

1BvA First period profits of firm A

Second period profits of firm B

First period market share of firm A

1Aπ

2AπAδ First period market share of firm A

Discount factor in first period

δ

λ

:Aq I n q u a n t i t y c o m p e t i t i o n⎧⎪ 11

1

1

:

1 / :A

A

A

q I n q u a n t i t y c o m p e t i t i o nv

p In p r i c e c o m p e t i t i o n

T h e m o r e v m e a n s th e f i r m w i l l p la y m o r e a g g r e s s i v e l y

⎧⎪= ⎨⎪⎩

10A

Avs o th a t σ∂

∂>

17

Page 18: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

IV. The first periodpCompetition for market share

In non‐cooperative equilibrium

1 1 1 2 1 1( , ) ( ( , ))A A A B A A A Bv v v vπ π λπ σ≡ +A A AA ∂ ∂ ∂∂

In non cooperative equilibrium

1 1

1 1 1

0A A AA

A A A A

A A

v v vπ π σπ λ

σ∂ ∂ ∂∂

= + =∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

2 1

1

, 0A A

A AIfv

π πσ

∂ ∂<

∂ ∂Higher market share in the first period makes the firm better off in second periodFirm A and B choose                      to gain more market share and this lead to ( )*

1 1A Av v>

more aggressive competition in first period.Example: Bank gives money, book‐tickets, free banking services

to college students  to make them open accounts in first period

( )

18

Page 19: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

IV. The first periodpCompetition for market shareSwitching costs reduce social welfareS tc g costs educe soc a e a e

Switching cost =0 : industry output will be socially optimalSwitching cost >0 : industry produce excessive output (1st)  Switching cost >0 : industry produce excessive output (1 )  

industry produce too little output (2nd)

1noSCw 1

with SCwFirst Period

1 2 1 2noSC noSC with SC with SCw w w w+ > +

2noSCw 2

with SCwSecondPeriod

19

Page 20: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

V C l iV. ConclusionSwitching costs can lead to monopoly profitsS tc g costs ca ead to o opo y p o tsThese profits induce greater competition in the first periodperiodSwitching costs generally reduce social welfareSo  regulatory policies that lower switching costs are So, regulatory policies that lower switching costs are needed

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Page 21: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

VI R fVI. References[1] George J. Stigler, ”A Theory of Oligopoly”,1964[2] Mike Hess, “MANAGING CUSTOMER SWITCHING COSTS”, 2002[3] Tracy R. Lewis,Managing “Switching Costs in MultiperiodProcurements with Strategic Buyers”  2003Procurements with Strategic Buyers , 2003[4] Edward J. Green, ”Noncooperative Collusion under Imperfect Price Information”,1984[5] Ciara McSorley, ”Switching Costs”, 2003[6] Jean‐Pierre Dube, “Do switching costs make markets less competitive?”  2006competitive? , 2006[7] 이영환, ”미시경제학”, 1997[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot_competition[ ] p p g _ p[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switching_barriers

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Page 22: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

A di IAppendix ICournot competitionCournot competitionCournot competition is an economic model used to describe industry structure. It so called after Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801‐1877) after he observed competition in a spring water duopoly. It has the following features:

There is more than one firm and all firms produce a homogeneous product; Firms do not cooperate; Firms have market power; The number of firms is fixed; Firms compete in quantities, and choose quantities simultaneously; There is strategic behaviour by the firms. 

An essential assumption of this model is that each firm aims to maximize profits, based on the expectation that its own output decision will not have an effect on the decisions of its rivals. Price is a commonly known decreasing function of total output. All firms know N, the total number of firms in the market, and take the output of the oth h f h f ( ) ll h f d k l dhers as given. Each firm has a cost function ci(qi). Normally the cost functions are treated as common knowledge. The cost functions may be the same or different among firms. The market price is set at a level such that demand equals the total quantity produced by both firms. Each firm takes the quantity set by its competitors as a given, evaluates its residual demand, and then behaves as a monopoly.

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Page 23: YoungKi Kim UnSil Kim - KAISTheuristic.kaist.ac.kr/cylee/xpolicy/TermProject/07/[11]Markets with... · I. Introduction yWhat is coco su ensumer swstc gitching costs yThe negative

Appendix IIAppendix II

Best Cournot response derivation

( )100 ( ) 10AA B A Aq q q qπ = − + −( )100 ( ) 10A B A Aq q q qπ +

Aπ∂ ( )100 ( ) 10A A BA

q q qqπ∂

=− + − + −∂

( )100 ( ) 10 0A

A A BA

q q qqπ∂

=− + − + − =∂

90 90,2 2

A

B AA B

qq qq q− −

= =

30, 30A Bq q= =23