YOUNG IMMIGRANTS IN THE SPANISH LABOUR MARKET (1999-2005) ELENA VIDAL I COSO (PhD in Demography Student) Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (Universitat Autonoma

YOUNG IMMIGRANTS IN THE SPANISH LABOUR MARKET (1999-2005)

ELENA VIDAL I COSO (PhD in Demography Student)

Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics

(Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona)

Pop-Fest 2006

Liverpool, 19-21 June

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

1. Theoretical framework: the dual labour market theory

2. Research questions

3. Data source: The Spanish Labour Force Survey

4. Methodological aspects

5. Results:

5.1. Probability of permanent labour contract

5.2. Probability of unskilled work

6. Conclusions

7. Final considerations

1. THE DUAL LABOUR MARKET THEORY(Piore, M., 1975, 1979)

• Labour market is divided into two essentially distinct segments:

• Primary segment: - high wages

- good workings conditions - chances of advancement

- employment stability

- skills required

- connote superior social status

• Secondary segment: - low-paying jobs

- poorer workings conditions - no-chances of advancement

- precarious and unstable employment

- unskilled work

- connote inferior social status

1. THE DUAL LABOUR MARKET THEORY(Piore, M., 1975, 1979)

• Three major groups of workers typically situated in secondary positions: • Youth

• Women

• Immigrants (quite recent source of labour force in Spain):

- response to general labour shortages

- satisfies the need to fill the bottom positions of social hierarchy

- meets the requirements of the secondary sector of a dual labour market

- work they do is finally identified as “immigrant work”

• COMPETITION vs. SUBSTITUTION/COMPLEMENTARITY between national and foreign labour force.

2. RESEARCH HYPOTESIS

• With the same socio-demographic characteristics young immigrant have more chance to be situated in the secondary labour market than young nationals.

• Labour instability and Unskilled work are indicators of secondary labour market:

• Despite of young population is in general very affected by temporality in Spain, probability of working with a permanent labour contract for young nationals is higher than for young immigrants.

• The improvement in educational levels in Spain during last decades increases labour aspirations of young workers. They won’t fill those occupations with poor skills required. Young immigrants in the Spanish labour market hold these positions nationals turn down: Substitution and Complementarity.

3. Data source: 1999-2005 Spanish Labour Force Survey

• Quarterly panel survey: 200,000 people in 65,000 households.

• Topics covered: socio-demographic and labour characteristics of Spanish population.

• It is carried out by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE).

• It is the source of the European LFS.

• Good representative sample survey with high response rate for general population.

• However, some sub-populations still underrepresented (foreign population).

• Small sample of foreign population (about 4%). Difficulty in desegregation.

4. METHODOLOGIAL ASPECTS

• Two explanatory models through logistic regression analysis in order to calculate the:

1. Probability of working with a permanent labour contract.

2. Probability of working in an unskilled job.

• Population of study: national and foreign young population from 16 to 29 years old.

• 8 Explanatory variables:

– Nationality

– Sex

– Age

– Region of residence within Spain

– Type of cohabitation

– Educational level

– Activity sector

– Quarter of interview (temporal evolution)

4. METHODOLOGIAL ASPECTS

• From logistic models we can obtain the probabilities:

• Probability=exp(ßi + ß0)*100/(1+exp(ßi + ß0))

5. RESULTS OF LOGISTIC MODELS

5.1. PROBABILITY OF PERMANENT LABOUR CONTRACT


Permanent job by age

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

16-1

9

20-2

4

25-2

9


Permanent job by region

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Com

unid

ad d

e M

adrid

Cat

alun

ya

La R

ioja

Arag

ón

Nav

arra

Cas

tilla

la M

anch

a

Illes

Bale

ars

Cas

tilla

y Le

ón

Can

tabr

ia

Astu

rias

País

Val

enci

à

Extre

mad

ura

Can

aria

s

Eusk

adi

Gal

icia

Mur

cia

Ceu

ta y

Mel

illa

Anda

lucí

a


Permanent job by activity sector

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

Trade and hotelsand restaurants

Industry andtransport

Financialintermediation, realstate, renting andrenting activities

Other services(domestic

service,…)

Publicadministration,education and

health

Construction Agriculture, forestryand f ishing


Permanent job by nationality

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Spanish EU15 Non EU15


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Living alone Living as a couple:w ith or w ithout

parents

Living w ith parents

Spanish EU15

Non-EU15 Main effects


Permanent job by sex

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

Male Female


Permanent job by quarter

0%3%5%8%

10%13%15%18%20%23%25%28%30%33%35%38%40%43%45%48%50%53%55%58%

1º 1

999

2º 1

999

3º 1

999

4º 1

999

1º 2

000

2º 2

000

3º 2

000

4º 2

000

1º 2

001

2º 2

001

3º 2

001

4º 2

001

1º 2

002

2º 2

002

3º 2

002

4º 2

002

1º 2

003

2º 2

003

3º 2

003

4º 2

003

1º 2

004

2º 2

004

3º 2

004

4º 2

004

1º 2

005

2º 2

005

3º 2

005

Spanish EU15 Non EU15 Main effects


Permanent job by educational level

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

Low Medium or high

5. RESULTS OF LOGISTIC MODELS

5.1. PROBABILITY OF UNSKILLED WORK


Unskilled work by activity sector

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Agriculture,forestry and

fishing

Other services(domestic

service,…)

Construction Financialintermediation,

real state,renting and

renting activities

Industry andtransport

Trade andhotels andrestaurants

Publicadministration,education and

health


Unskilled work by educational level

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

Low Medium or high


Unskilled work by nationality

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Spanish EU15 Non EU15


Unskilled work by region

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Ext

rem

ad

ura

An

da

lusi

a

Ca

nà

rie

s

Re

gió

de

Mú

rcia

Ast

úri

es

Ca

ntà

bri

a

Ca

still

a i

Lle

ó

Pa

ís V

ale

nci

à

Ca

ste

lla L

a M

an

xa

Ara

gó

Co

mu

nita

t de

Ma

dri

d

Ce

uta

i M

elil

la

Ga

lícia

Eu

ska

di

Ca

talu

nya

Ille

s B

ale

ars

La

Rio

ja

Na

varr

a


Unskilled work by age

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

16-19 20-24 25-29


Uneskilled work by quarter

30%

31%

32%

33%

34%

35%

36%

37%

38%

39%

40%

41%

42%

43%

44%

45%

1º 1

999

2º 1

999

3º 1

999

4º 1

999

1º 2

000

2º 2

000

3º 2

000

4º 2

000

1º 2

001

2º 2

001

3º 2

001

4º 2

001

1º 2

002

2º 2

002

3º 2

002

4º 2

002

1º 2

003

2º 2

003

3º 2

003

4º 2

003

1º 2

004

2º 2

004

3º 2

004

4º 2

004

1º 2

005

2º 2

005

3º 2

005


Permanent job by cohabitation pattern and nationality

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

Living alone: withoutcouple or parents

Living as a couple,with or without

parents

Living with parents

Spanish EU15

Non EU15 Main effects


Unskilled work by sex

32%

32%

33%

33%

34%

34%

35%

35%

36%

36%

37%

Male Female

6. CONCLUSIONS

• Probability of working with a permanent labour contract:

• Increases in parallel with age.

• Different depending on the area: maximum in Madrid and minimum in Andalucía. Asturias

and Ceuta i Melilla higher percentages for non nationals.

• Activity sector: maximum in Trade and Hotels and Restaurants (despite of high seasonal

nature).

• Higher for Non-nationals and the lowest is for EU15.

• Higher stability if living as a couple. However, this is the least stable situation for Non-EU15.

• Men are more stable than women.

• More stability with medium or high educational level.

• Increasing in more recent quarter (decreasing in Non-EU15).

6. CONCLUSIONS

• Probability of holding an unskilled work:

• Decreases in parallel with age.

• Different depending on the area: in general terms is higher in rural regions.

• Activity sector: higher probabilities in agriculture, domestic service and construction

(high % of non-nationals) .

• Non-EU15, followed by Nationals and the least EU15.

• Higher probability if living as a couple. However, for Non-EU15 is higher if living alone.

• Men are much more unskilled than women.

• Less unskilled with medium or high educational level.

• Not clear temporal evolution.

6. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Young immigrant (non EU-15) are worse situated in the Spanish labour market : their

chance to work with a temporary contract or to hold a unskilled job are higher than those

for national or EU-15 migrants, other socio-demographic characteristics being equal

(education, etc.)

• Are these differences between national and non-national labour force even more

accentuated in adult workers?

• Is this situation the first step in the settlement process or a permanent indicator of a

discriminatory labour market?

Documents

YOUNG IMMIGRANTS IN THE SPANISH LABOUR MARKET (1999-2005) ELENA VIDAL I COSO (PhD in Demography Student) Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (Universitat Autonoma