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^DCĚ MĚ] YH]ĚG ^H\NENCH IBē]T 

 COD@ĚA@D LTIHĚ\E@D MHœ@H^H@NE1 LTIHĚA ĚCOD@DED@D]   MĚ\D YHEHEDC HMH]YN@H]  vd kn|`d}`d ib`t b`hc _bv~dy iöcdencidan mn`ne yh}ngncn ghyĸ}`hyĸ~b}# _ĸa`ĸa`hah}Œĸ`hŒĸ`hc vd b`itaëh mð~ða ah}h id`na`d} vd kö| ahehŒyĸ}hc ĸŒĸa`h} vh}# Mt ah}hid`na`d}id cd~nc kn|`n b`itĒtct ~h mn`en~b}t| ~h ih ëba h| mn`n~b}t|# Kö| ahehŒyĸ}hc

ĸŒĸa`h} nsd ĸŒĸa shëehsĸch }hĒedc gd} |hehc cdy kö}ed~n |b}`hŒyĸ}ĸ}#

Gde _bv~dy sbs~h` mn`ne`d}n gde id Ltihna mn`ne`d} ëba zb`nyna vd shvtcehoĸ mn} abcteihiĸ}# Mn} mhŒah id~nŒ`d nansn id snsydehyna mn} mnëneid öc~h}kĸ`ĸiĸ} vd mn`ne mn} in`b`itĒtct nënc fh}a`ĸ in``d}nc mn}mn}`d}ncn bateh`h}ĸ kd}dan}#

Mtkðcðc mhaĸŒ hëĸsĸch kö}d 8>64„yd mn} sn~hsn eton|d~`d ah}Œĸ ah}Œĸ~h ah`iĸa# _bs~h`nsy

gh}dady Yð}an~d„id gdz mhsaĸ h`yĸcih~iĸ vd 8>68„id at}t`hc Yð}an~d ĚŒën Zh}ynsn 64sdëne`d}ncid 84 shcih`~d ah|hceĸŒyĸ# Cd mtcihc öcod vh} b`etŒ`h}iĸ cd id ihgh sbc}h an1_bs~h`nsy fnan}`d}ncn hëĸaëh md`n}yd}da Yð}an~d„idan ið|dcn Œba dyyn`d}# Hsad}n ih}mdod ~ba din`in`d}1 mtkðcðc ið|dcn bc`h}ĸc }ð|kí}ĸcĸ incin}eda nënc mn} z}bk}heiĸ}# _bv~dy`d}d~haĸciĸ`h} vd Ebsabvh„cĸc hlhcĸ b`eha`h stë`hciĸ`h}# Mtctc`h mn}`nayd mt iöcdeid _bv~dy`nyd}hyð}ðcid nsne`d}n ~bayt# _bv~dy mhsaĸsĸ vd sbs~h` vd zb`nyna h`hcihan mn`nesd` yh}yĸŒeh`h} @dnz|nk„idan Yð}an~d Abeðcnsy Zh}ynsn„cn vd Hcah}h„ihan IbĒhc HvoĸbĒ`t„ctc mhŒĸcĸ ëdaynĒn^öc Gh}dadyn„cn md`n}`denŒ b`it# Yð}an~d ĚŒën Zh}ynsn„cn hceha |b}tcih ah`iĸa`h}ĸcihh}h`h}ĸcih aĸshoh Mt}ltvh Zh}ynsn in~b}`h}iĸ#

Ëö|edsn |b} vd |hehc h`eĸŒ b`hc sb}t Œtit}< Yð}an~d _bs~h`nsy Zh}ynsn _bs~h`nsy vd _bv~dy

ibsyt nadc Ebsabvh„ihc mhĒĸesĸ| b`eha nsydin vd ~hshiĸŒĸ Yð}an~d Abeðcnsy Zh}ynsn ~t}yyhgnëmn} Œtmdsn b`ehehsĸch }hĒedc _bv~dy Abeðcnsy Zh}ynsn„cnc mn} t|hcyĸsĸ~iĸ vd _bv~dy`d}ncYð}an~d„id at}eh h}|tst vh}iĸ# Fhahy hod`d`d}n ~bayt# Ëðcað HvoĸbĒ`t„ctc mhŒĸcĸ ëdaynĒndcyd`dayðd`%sn~hsn haĸe b}it~h cðft| dyenŒyn# HvoĸbĒ`t hcyn%Hed}nahc vd mhhsëĸ mn} hsad}n kðëh}h} kö|ðað~b}it# Eĸsĸ}„ihan Chsĸ} mn} ebid`in vd Yð}an~d„id mhhsëĸ mn} gðaðedyB}yhibĒt„ihan idckd`d}n mn} gh~`n idĒnŒyn}dmn`n}in# _bv~dy mn`nen mt ynz aĸsh vhid`n vd ih} sn~hsn inchena`d}d ytyshayĸ#

Hc`heha vd ahv}heha ~hcn bateha |hehc h`iĸ#

_ĸaëh at``hcĸ`hc ‐n`d}`dedon― sö|ðcð ëö|ed~n kðë`ða`d mhŒh}iĸa# Abeðcn|enc ~hsha`hciĸĒĸ

~d}`d}id Abeðcnsy ~d}ncd ‐n`d}`dedon― sö|ð at``hcĸ`eĸŒyĸ}#

Ðc`ð Œhn} Cí|ĸe Gnaedy ö`ðeðcd ahih} n`d}`dedon~in, ö`ðeðcidc sbc}h Abeðcnsy~hzĸ`eĸŒyĸ}#

Mt kn}nŒydc sbc}h Ltihna ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ih n`d}`d~dmn`n} vd ehsheihan Œt anyhmh mhahmn`n}n|<Henahe Chogehcn„cnc yhehedc Ěs}hn`„nc h}Œnv`d}ncd ih~h`ĸ b`hc ‐Ěs}hn`, Yð}an~d vd^tchcnsyhc― anyhmĸ# 8>48„id Yð}a IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahc`ĸĒĸ Ěs}hn` Hcah}h Mð~ðad`ën`nĒn„cidc Cd{^b}a„yhan ^hgtin @bmnsn„cidc ‟ an mtch ^hgtin Zh}ynsn id in~dmn`n}n| ‟ Yð}an~d„cnc CHYBð~d`nĒncn idsyda`ded`d}n abctstcih mn} }nohih mt`tcit# Ëðcað Yð}an~d„~n h`eh abctstcihnsydasn|in`d}, yĸzaĸ mtkðc HM„id b`itĒt knmn# Anyhzyhc hc`ĸ~b}t| an Ěs}hn` Mð~ðad`ënsn n`d Yð}a IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ b |hehc`h} mn}mn}`d}ncd ëba ~haĸciĸ`h}, h}ahihŒyhc ih öyd ah}idŒ knmn~in`d}#Mtctc cdidcn Mð~ðad`ëncnc Bsehc`ĸ sĸcĸ}`h}ĸ nëncid mt`tchc œhe„ih ibĒetŒ b`ehsĸ vd

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IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸcĸc nsd Ih}ð`fðctc„ih ibëdcy b`ehsĸ~iĸ# Mt it}teih n~n h}ahihŒ b`eh`h}ĸhcb}eh` idĒn`in}#

Mt h}hih mt mdcne fb}eð`d dyynĒne mn} ~hsh~h mhŒvt}eha ~h}iĸeoĸ b`hohayĸ}< Yð}an~d„idIĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahc`h}ĸ Ěm}hcn ĸ}aĸcihc b`hc`h} h}hsĸcihc sdën`n}# Mn`n~b}t| an mt ~hsh fb}eð`d

din`inĒncidc md}n gnëmn} nsynsch n`d ah}Œĸ`hŒhc b`ehiĸ#

œnein anyhzyh ^hgtin `bmnsn vh}iĸ}, h}Œnv`d}n vh}iĸ}, edaytz`h}ĸ vh}iĸ}, fhahy mt hch`n|nc gnëmn} cbayhsĸcih Yð}an~d„cnc ^hgtin vd Ěm}hcn sb~tcihc ncshc`h}ĸ~`h gnëmn} n`nŒan ~bayt}# B~shan mt

  mn`nesd` b`heh|# Mtctc mn} mdc|d}n cdb%a`hsna naynshiĸc mn`nesd` b`ehehsĸiĸ}1 cdb%a`hsna naynshyyh ydacb`bln, sĸcĸf`h} vd sn~hsdy ~bayt}#

Mtctc`h mn}`nayd ‐A}nzyb%^hgtin― in~d mn} b`h~ vh} vd Yð}an~d„id idĒn`sd cd}did vh} b`etŒ`h}iĸ}2 Ihgh öcde`nsn _hmdyh~„ĸc hch~t}it Yð}an~d„in}# Mtch da b`h}ha, Bsehc`ĸid`dkdsn Ebn| Obgdc 'Ydanch`z. Ghemt}k„ihan _n~bcn|e Abck}dsn„cid Yð}an~d„~n vhhydin`enŒ ybz}ha`h} n`hc dyenŒyn}# _bc Bsehc`ĸ MhŒghgheĸ Ghne Chte nsd hchvhyhc b`h}ha 

 mhgsdyenŒyn}#

Mt h}hih mn|ne ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸ| vd ^ĸ`eh| % Dodvny Gðaðedyncnc IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ b`hc Ěsehn`Ode„nc _hmdyh~nsy b`itĒtct nfhid didc Ěckn`n|od ~h~ĸc`h} 8 ~h}iĸeoĸ b`hmn`n}# Mtch md`an8>=4„yd Etst` a}n|ncnc mhŒĸcih IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ b`hc vd mt ehaheih bc mdŒ ~ĸ` ah`hc Ydvfna ]ðŒyð H}hs vd 8>4:`d}id IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ b`hc Fhync ]ðŒyð \b}`t„~t da`d~dmn`n}n|# Ěm}hcnaöadc`n b`ita`h}ĸcihc anesdcnc mn} Œðzgdsn ~bayt}#

Mtct ö|d``na`d mdcne ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeihc sbc}h mn`n~b}t|# H~}ĸoh anyhmĸc ~h|h}ĸcĸc vdd`dŒyn}edc`d}nc mt kd}ëdĒn mn`ededsn eðeaðc eð2 Gd}gh`id idĒn`#

Ah}h id`na`d} vd ëba zh}`ha b`hc ĸŒĸa`h} vh}# Mt}hih Ltihna ~h~ĸc`h}ĸc yded` ën|kn`d}ncnkö}dmn`n~b}t|#

Anyhz`h}ĸeih @bci}h„cĸc IbĒt Gncinsyhc œn}adyn„cd vd Hesyd}ihe„ĸc Gb``hcih IbĒtGncinsyhc œn}adyn„cd ‐kövid sn~hsdyn― knmn, idv`dysn at}t`tŒ`h} b`h}ha ih~hcehsĸcĸ hch`n|dyyne# Ě|en}`n _hmdyh~ _dvn„cnc ibĒte yh}ngn n`d IbĒt Gncinsyhc œn}adyn„cnc at}t`tŒtctc ëba ~haĸc b`itĒtct kösyd}enŒ mt`tct~b}te# Ě`hvdydc mt nan idv`dysn at}t`tŒyh an`ny ëh`ĸŒhc`h} vdabez}hib} idcdc ~d}d` hlhc`h}ĸc ^hgtin aöadc`n vd Eh}}hcb b`eh`h}ĸ sbc}hihc adŒfdin`in#Hesyd}ihe„ihan ~h ih @bci}h„ihan vd Gncinsyhc„ihan kö}dv`n`d} h~cĸ in`n abctŒt~b}`h}iĸ,~hcn Ěszhc~b`oh vd Zb}ydan|od vd ëbĒt |hehc ha}hmh~iĸ`h}# Mh|ĸ ha}hmh`h}ĸ Ě|en}„id~in#

œnein Ed}ahcyn`n|eidan mt ihekh`h}ĸ kösyd}dc ëh`ĸŒeh`h} 

=

vh}# Mt ~ð|idc _hmdyh~ _dvn„~nĚ|en} % Hesyd}ihe ëdanŒedsncn kö| öcðcd h`eh|sha hch`n| dided~n|# Mtc`h} Ltihna yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸcihan ah}h id`na`d}in}1 ah}h mbŒ`ta`h} hc`heĸcih at``hcĸ~b}te#

Mt}hih ðsyð ahzh`ĸ mn} hc`hyĸeh mhŒvt}eh`ĸ~ĸ|# Zda ëba ah~cha ebid}c otegt}n~dy`d}ncat}t`tŒtcih ^hgtin`d}nc ~bĒtc ahyaĸ`h}ĸcĸ neh din~b}# Ö~`d an _ogb`de„nc gh|ĸ}`hiĸĒĸhcsna`bzdinid ‐iöced― kn}insncid Etsyhfh Adeh` neh`ĸ mnëneid Ěm}hcn aöadc`n~enŒ knmnkösyd}n`n~b}# Heh ihgh sbc}h mt kd}n ëdan`in# Mt kösyd}n~b} an niinh dyeda vd kd}n ëdaeda Ltihn|enc ihv}hcĸŒ mnënenin}# Mn`nesd``naydc t|ha shvtceh sn~hsdyn ~h|ĸ`h}ĸ b`h}ha hcĸ`eh`h}ĸ

8 L# F}dd`~, Ygd @bsy Edssnhg, Zdcktnc, =::8#

F}dd`~, h~}ĸoh Iðc~h mhcahsĸcihc Dabcbenidc _b}te`t Idv`dy Mhahcĸ b`h}ha nygh` din`dc Adeh` Id}vnŒ„nc idĚm}hcn aöadc`n b`itĒt nfhid dyyn#= L# N# Ns}hd`, Dt}bzdhc Ld{}~ nc ygd Hkd bf Ed}ohcyn`nse 844:%8;4:, Bwfb}i, 8>>7

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kd}dan}# Mtc`h} Eh}w„ĸc ~h|ĸ`h}ĸ~`h mn`ncdc shvtceh ~h|ĸeĸcihc fh}a`ĸiĸ}#

InĒd} mn} cbayh ih Ltihna ncod`ded`d}nc ebcbk}hfn hŒhehsĸcĸ gdcð| yhehe`h~heheĸŒb`eh`h}ĸiĸ}# Mt mð~ða ngyneh``d ^tchcoh ihĒĸ`eh hc`heĸch kd`dc ‐inhszb}h― ahv}heĸ~`h

  mhĒ`hcyĸ`ĸiĸ}# Ltihna ncod`ded`d} ~h}iĸe dided| heh zh}ëh`hchmn`n} vd ihĒĸyĸ`hmn`n}# H`hc

ëh`ĸŒehsĸ ~h ih ðcnvd}snyd sdvn~dsn mn} it}te ëh`ĸŒehsĸ n`d ah}Œĸ`hŒeĸŒ knmn~n|#

œnein Ltihna ncod`ded`d}id mn} ohc`ĸ`ĸa kö}ð~b}t|# Mt etgyded`dc Yð}a yh}ngncd ~dcnidc~ha`hŒeheĸ|ihc ah~cha`hcĸ~b}# Mtctc, Ltihna ncod`ded`d}id in~h`dayna mðyðc`dŒed~d}dgmd}`na dyed ngyneh`n vh}# Mn}nconsn mt}hih gdz mn`ncn~b}`h}# _hncy Zht`„tc kð|d}kígĸ mn} }dgmd}in}, ëðcað Zht`„h ahih} ~h`cĸ| ^hgtin`d} Etsdvn b`hmn`n~b}it# Mn`n~b}t| an mtc`h}ĸc

 z}bzhkhcihsĸ shidod ^hgtin`d}nc ~bĒtc b`h}ha ~d}`dŒyna`d}n ~d}`d}id vd öcde`n snchkbk`h}ih~hzĸ`iĸ# Mtc`h} Yð}an~d sĸcĸ}`h}ĸ nëncid gde |hehcĸc mhŒ`hckĸoĸcih gde id t|tc |hehc

 mb~tcoh Yð}a gíanen~dyn sĸ}hsĸcih kd}ëda`dŒyn# Mt ~ð|idc mtc`h}ĸc d}adc yh}ngn Yð}an~d„~`d mhĒ`hcyĸ`ĸiĸ}# Ěanconsn Dcið`ðs Yð}a`d}d hs`h ëba t|ha b`ehiĸ# Ðëðcoðsð nan mð~ða edsng b`h~ĸ% Ihvni ]b~ vd _hmdyh~ % Yð}a gíanen~dyn sĸ}hsĸcih b}yh~h ëĸayĸ< Ihvni iöcdencid Yð}a 

sh`iĸ}ĸ`h}ĸ vh}iĸ#

Mt}hih md`n}`dcedsn kd}dadc öcde`n mn} cbayh vh}< Yð}an~d„cnc ahzĸ`h}ĸcĸc 89>= abvt`ehsĸh}iĸcihc hëĸ`iĸĒĸ niinhsĸ mðyðcð~`d ~hc`ĸŒyĸ}, heh inaahy ëdanon mn} mnëneid hmh}yĸ`eĸŒyĸ}#Ěsyhcmt`„ih at}t`hc MdŒ ^ð|ðcoð ^ĸ` Vhafĸ mt hmh}yĸcĸc mn} hmnidsnin} vd hehë`h}ĸcih ŒneinYð}a%Ěs}hn` mn}`nĒn at}eha ~hyehayhiĸ}# Yð}a%Ěs}hn` ~haĸc`hŒehsĸcĸc Ltihna ncod`ded`d}n~h`hc`h~hc mt hmh}yĸ~h ngyn~hoĸ vh} kö|ðaedaydin}# Mn}nconsn hch köë 8?>8„id mhŒ`heĸŒyĸ}#Ěanconsn shidod Yð}an~d„~d knyedin`d}, At|d~ Hf}nah„~h, Ěyh`~h„~h, Gb``hcih„~h ih knyyn`d}#Ðëðcoðsð ^hgtin b`h}ha idĒn` Eh}}hcb b`h}ha kd`in`d}# Dv`d}ncid ^hgtin, sbahayhGĸ}nsyn~hciĸ`h}, vd mt kd`dcda _hmdyh~n|en ab`h~`hŒyĸ}eĸŒyĸ}# _hmdyh~n|en nancon iöced haĸeĸb`h}ha kö}ð~b}t|#

Bc ~dincon vd bc ibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ``h} n`kncëyn}# _hmdyh~n|eidan hcn ~ðasd`nŒ`d Mð~ða Ěckn`n|Idv}nencidan haĸe`h} h}hsĸch mhĒ`hcyĸ`h} kö}dmn`n~b}t|# _hmdyh~ _dvn yhg}na`d}ncd

  mhŒ`hiĸĒĸcih œhc`ĸ ]dsyb}hs~bc ihgh ëba ~dcn~in# H~}ĸoh Löc%Yð}a Idv}nencidan hëĸa ~h ihkn|`n ^hgtin`nĒnc vd _hmdyh~nsy`d}nc dyansncnc mt |hehch ahih} ~h|ĸ`hc`h}ihc ihgh fh|`hb`itĒt hëĸayĸ}# Enayh}ĸcĸ mn`en~b}t| vd öĒ}dceda nënc ncod`ded`d}d ngyn~hoĸeĸ| vh}# Mtctc`h

 mn}`nayd Yð}an~d ð|d}ncidan Ltihna n`kncnc mtctc yhgenc`d}nc ðsyðcid b`itĒtct kösyd}n~b}#

Ěyynghy vd Yd}}han„cnc cd Otegt}n~dy„nc sn~hsn ydb}ns~dcn b`h}ha ahmt` din`dc \n~h Köah`z„ncdc öcde`n ëh`ĸŒehsĸ Yð}a`dŒeda, Ěs`he`hŒeha, Ethsĸ}`hŒeha nin# Ebid}c`dŒeda H``nhcod

Ěs}hd`nyd Bat``h}ĸcĸc hëĸ`ehsĸcĸc sdmdmnin}# Löc%Yð}a Idv}nencnc y}b~ahsĸcihc mn}n b`hc vdMhŒch|ĸ}ĸ Yh`hy„ĸc H``nhcod Ěs}hd`nyd Bat``h}ĸ„cih öĒ}dcon vd sbc}h ih öĒ}dyedc b`itĒtct  mn`n~b}t|# 8>4:„id Otegt}mhŒahcĸ b`hc Ěyynghy vd Yd}}han„cnc Od`h` Mh~h}„ĸ ih H``nhcod„yhöĒ}dcon~in vd ebid}c`dŒed~n idsyda`din# _bc}h Yð}a vd Eðs`ðehc mn} ð`adid Yð}a`dŒeda,Ěs`he`hŒeha cd idedayn}, mt sb}t~t sb}hmn`n~b}t|# œdmdad„cnc nancon on`incid h~cĸ iöcdesĸ}hsĸcih b}yh~h ëĸahc ]ts~h„ihan Mtcinsy haĸe`h mn} zh}h`d``na h}h~hohĒĸe# Cd ~h|ĸa an Yð}a dcyd`dayðd`n Mtcin|en shidod @dcnc„nc zb`dena`d}ncidc mn`n~b}# Mtctc iĸŒĸcihan hch`n|`d} Ltihna Ebcbk}hfn`d}id mt`tct~b}, iðc~h dcyd`dayðd`n mt h`hcih ih} hc`heih @dcncnsyyn}#

Mö~`dod Yð}an~d„idan Ltihna ncod`ded`d} Yð}a ncod`ded`d}ncd nësd``dŒyn}n`dmn`n}# Mt}hihc mðyðc`dŒyn}non ahyaĸ`h} ibĒhmn`n}#

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Bc ~dincon vd bc ibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ``h} ~dcn mn`nesd` mt`tŒ`h}ĸ mda`n~b}it# 8>=6„~h ahih} Yð}an~d„~n bc ibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ`ih ahmt` dyeda it}tetcih~ĸ|# Hs`ĸcih bc ibat|tcot~ð|~ĸ`ĸc t|tc sð}iðĒðcð sö~`deda, ~n}encon ~ð|~ĸ`ĸc aĸsh sð}iðĒðcð ahmt` dyedayn}#]ts~h„ih 8>8;„id, Yð}an~d„id nsd 8>=6„ih mnyenŒyn}#

Otegt}n~dync kd}ëda vd mn`nesd` at}t`tŒtctc gdz 8>=4%8>=6„ih kd}ëda`dŒynĒncn ahmt`dyenŒnein}# Mt kdcd` mn} dv}ne vd aĸsen hc`heih sn|nc ëh`ĸŒehcĸ|`h mhĒ`hcyĸ`ĸiĸ}# 8>=6„ihHcah}h„ih nihe din`dc iö}y zb`nynahoĸ< %Ohvny , I}# Ch|ĸe vd inĒd}`d}n% Ěm}hcn aöadc`n~in`d}#_hmdyh~nsy ~h ih A}nzyb b`eh`h}ĸ b ahih} öcde`n idĒn`in}#

Mt ~ð|idc idv}ne yh}ng`d}ncn yhcĸyehihc Ltihna ncod`ded`d}id mn} sdcyd| zda eðeaðckö|ðaededaydin}# Ěsyd} id}nc nsyd} ~ð|d~sd`, bc`h} mt}hih dcyd`dayðd` b`tŒte nëncid vh} b`it`h}#

œnein sb}t |hehcĸ#

_ogb`de anyhmĸcih _hmdyh~ _dvn edsng b`itĒtct hëĸa`hiĸayhc sbc}h Ěsyhcmt`sbaha`h}ĸcih ‐Yð}a gíanen~dyn sbch d}in― in~d mhĒĸ}hc mn} id}vnŒydc sö| din~b}#_hmdyh~„ĸc Bsehc`ĸ Idv`dyn„cd ~h ih ~ðasda að`yð}d dyansn cd |hehc vd chsĸ` mhŒ`hiĸ2

Mt sb}tctc mhsny vd sĸ}hihc odvhz`h}ĸ vh}iĸ}< gd} Edsng ybyh`nyd} vd byb}nyd}in}# Mn} edsnggd}adsn ab}teha |b}tcih vd cn~dyncidin}# Yð}a`d}n id ab}t~hohayĸ} an mt st`yhcĸcgíanen~dyncidc ab}teha idedayn}# _dvn„cnc mö~`d niinh`h}ĸ b`itĒtct mn`n~b}t|#Edsng ynzb`blnsn gd} |hehc id}vnŒ`d}`d ah}ĸŒyĸ}ĸ`ĸ}#

H~cĸ iöcdeid @bci}h„ih Edsng mda`dcynsn b`itĒtct mn`n~b}t|# Mtch ah}Œĸ`ĸa mda`d~dc`d} Gĸ}nsyn~hciĸ vd ^hgtin`d}n ab}teh~h cn~dy`n~in`d}# Ab}t~hmn`doda`d}ncd nchcĸ~b}`h}iĸ vd

 mtkðcðc Dvhcld`nsy`d}n mtc`h}ĸc idvheĸiĸ}#

Mt mhsny odvhzyhc sbc}h ihgh t|hĒh knidmn`n}n|< _hmdyh~ _dvn„~n ab}t~tot ahmt` didc`d}nch}hsĸcih Eðs`ðehc`h} ih vh}iĸ# _h~ĸ`h}ĸcĸ mn`den~b}t|# Mn`inĒnen| nsd inĒd} inc`d}idc ididsyda mt`hmn`ina`d}nin}#

Yð}a`d} ghaaĸcihan mn} iðŒðcoden hëĸa`h}adc ~ĸ``h}iĸ} mn} yð}aðcðc Œt in|d`d}ncn sö~`ð~b}te<‐~í}nenc incn vh}, nehcĸ ~ba―1 mn|id gdz n`an vh}iĸ heh nanconsn ~bayt, ~hcn nehc# Mt mn|neœhehcnsy aöadcnen|`d mhĒ`hŒyĸ}ĸ`hmn`n} vd mn|idc mhŒah, incid yh}nahy ~h ih öĒ}dyn `nid}`d}ncncb`ehehsĸ~`h ahcĸy`hchmn`n}# Yh}nahy at}tot`h}ĸ mn|ne nënc Að}y, H}hz ~h ih Fh}nsn b`hmn`n~b}it#

Ěehc |h~ĸfyĸ} vd inc sö|oðĒð vdonmd`d}n h~ĸ}eheĸ| hc`heĸch kd`n~b} vd yhcĸe`heha nënc ‐œnh―ad`nedsn at``hcĸ`hmn`n}# Mt ~ð|idc _dvn„cnc Yð}a`d}n id ab}t~hohĒĸch nchcehsĸ cb}eh`in}#

Da`dcdoda inĒd} mn} cbayh nsd, sdvn, mn|id H`dvn`na b`h}ha hi`hciĸ}ĸ`hc Ěs`he„ihan œnn`na`detah~dsd din`enŒ b`hmn`n}# _n|d köcid}n`enŒ b`hc ‐@ds Id}cnd}s Ibdcedg― '_bc Iöced`d}.

 md`kdsd`n öcde`nin}# Kn|`n ahed}h n`d ëdan`enŒ b`hc kö}ðcyð`d}id mh|ĸ _hmdyh~nsy`d} _dvn„~n mn} idv}neon b`h}ha yhsvn} din~b}`h}1 an ibĒ}tit}# _dvn Ltihn|eid mn} idv}ned ~b` hëeĸŒ vdsbctcih Ltihn|ed ibĒ}t ~h~ĸ`eĸŒyĸ}# Mtctc`h mn}`nayd at}t`tŒt ahmh`h~h ih~h`ĸiĸ} vd _hfdi`n %

 mtkðcað Fn`nsync% @t}nh„cĸc ahmh`h öĒ}dynsncn d`d kdën}enŒ vd kd`nŒyn}enŒyn}# Ahmh`h d|byd}nayn} vd Ěszhc~h„ih Eðs`ðehc yh}nahy`h} nëncid ibĒetŒyt}#

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Bc`h}ĸc Ltihn|enc cðftstcihc MdayhŒn`na, Edv`dvn`na, Ed`hen`na knmn Yð}a%Bsehc`ĸyh}nahy`h}ĸch mhĒ`hceh`h}ĸcĸ hc`h~hmn`n~b}t|#

Yð}an~d„id Ltihn|e vd _hmdyh~n|e ncod`ded`d}n nësd``dŒyn}n`enŒyn}# Ěësd``dŒyn}ed~n mn|ne adcinyh}ngnen|n ncod`deda b`h}ha h`ĸ~b}te#

Ehid`ncd O# \n`fn ibayb}h yd|ncid? _dvn„cnc Edsng ah}khŒhsĸ sĸ}hsĸcih vtat mt`hc ëba oniin mn} në shvhŒyhc vd Ahiĸ|hid`d}nc mðyðc yh}nahy iĸŒĸ Ěs`heĸ shvtceh`h}ĸcihc vd inĒd} yh}hfyhcyh}nahy yh}hfyh}`h}ĸcihc sö| din~b}# Mt}hih _hmdyh~ yh}hfyh}`h}ĸ ih kö}ðceðŒyð}#

Gde mt yh}yĸŒeh~`h atŒhyĸ`eĸŒ gde id st`yhcĸc _dvn„cnc sb}ktst sĸ}hsĸcih ëdvn}edc b`h}ha kö}dv`dcin}inĒn anesd`d}, _dvncnc Yð}aëd abctŒehiĸĒĸcĸ vd ~dcn%Eðs`ðehc b`itĒtct

 md`n}yyn`d}# Gĸ}nsyn~hc vd~h Eðs`ðehc b`hc heh mtch kðvdcn`ed~dc anesd`d} nënc at``hcĸ`hc  mt yd}ne ~dcn%Gĸ}nsyn~hc nënc ahsydc at``hcĸ`eĸŒyĸ# Eðs`ðehc eĸ~iĸ, A}nzyb%^hgtin en~in mn`en~b}t| heh mtc`h} mn}d} vhahiĸ}# _hmdyh~ _dvn„cnc ~ðasd`nŒncidc öcod ~dcn%Eðs`ðehc`ĸa vh}iĸ#

Mt sb}tct|te nancon aĸseĸcĸc aĸsen odvhmĸiĸ}#

Eðeaðcið} an _hmdyh~„ĸ ab}tetŒ`h} vd kö}ðcð}id Ěs`heĸ ö|dcin}enŒ`d}in}#Ěsne`d}idan mn} mdc|d}`nĒd inaahy ëdaeda nsyn~b}te< Ěm}hcnod vd H}hzëh ðcsð| ~hzĸ`ĸ in``d}in}1|n`fn, |`f b`h}ha ~h|ĸ`ĸ}, |ð`fð b`h}ha ih batchmn`n}# Yð}an~d„id mt nsneid mn|ne }hcyn~don b`h}ha kö}iðĒðeð| mn} gh`a eð|nĒn shchyëĸsĸ vh}# Id}vnŒ„nc zh}ynsncid ~d} h`ehayhiĸ} vd etgyded`dc_hmdyh~nsyyn}# H}hŒyĸ}ĸ~b}te#

Mt sb}tctc odvhmĸcĸ h}h}adc mn} ö|dyd ngyn~hoĸeĸ| vh}# ‐œdmdad― nsne`n anyhmĸeih 844:%86::~ĸ``h}ĸ h}hsĸ öcden Yð}a%Ltihna idv`dy b`h}ha yhcĸe`ĸ~b}te# Chsn mn} Eh}}hcb~it ‟ ~hcnKh}onh„~ĸ yhanz didc`d}# Hv}tzh„ih t|tc ~ĸ``h} ~dcn%Gĸ}nsyn~hc b`h}ha ~hŒhiĸ vd Ěsyhcmt`„ih^hgtin`nĒd kd}n iöcið ~h ih dc h|ĸcihc ö~`d hëĸa`hiĸ# Adsnc b`hc Œt an Chsn % Chwbs iðaðb`h}ha mn`ncn} % IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ knmn ëh`ĸŒyĸ# Yð}a`d}nc, ^hgtin ð`adsn b`h}ha z`hc`hchc Aĸm}ĸs„hsdfd} ið|dc`ded`d}n mt iöcdeidin}# _bctëyh mn} ^hgtin sb~aĸ}ĸeĸ~`h ah}Œĸ ah}Œĸ~hah`ĸceĸŒyĸ}#

Hide ~h ih hihe dsan hgnyyd kdëdc mn} sö|oðayð} an Ěm}hcnodid gde ‐ncshc― gde id ‐aĸ}eĸ|ĸ―hc`heĸ vh}iĸ}# B# Zheta„tc @bci}h„ih ëba mdĒdcn`dc heh Yð}an~d„id gnë mdĒdcn`ed~dc‐Mdcne Hiĸe Aĸ}eĸ|ĸ― nsne`n anyhmĸ ^hgtin`d}nc kn|`n yh}ngn b`h}ha ~h|ĸ`hmn`n}in1 sö|oða`d} vdd|byd}na ën|kn`d} mtct kösyd}edaydin}# Zheta„tc mhŒ ah}hayd}`d}ncidc mn}n b`hc Dsyd} An}h

866:„ihan ~ĸaĸeih ö`ið}ð`eðŒyð}# Mt ~ĸaĸe Ltihn|enc, Bsehc`ĸ Ěezh}hyb}`tĒtcihan h`yĸcëhĒĸcĸc sbch d}in}enŒyn}# Mtcihc sbc}h ^hgtin`d} aĸ}eĸ|ĸ mhcy yhaeh~h ehgate din`in`d}#Zheta anyhmĸc nsencn ab~h}adc mt b`h~ihc dsnc`dcenŒ knmn kö|ðað~b}#

Yhanz didc iöcdeid A}nzyb%^hgtin`na y}dcincnc h}yyĸĒĸcĸ yhgenc didmn`n}n|#

Mdc|d} mnëneid 87=6 ~ĸ`ĸcih Vhah%n Gh~}n~d b`h}ha mn`ncdc Ehgety„tc ~dcnëd}n bohĒĸcĸah`iĸ}ehsĸcihc sbc}h mh|ĸ ^hgtin |dcknc`d} nihe din`in`d}# Ëðcað ~dcnëd}n`d} mðyðc }dfb}e

  z}bld`d}ncd ah}Œĸ ëĸaĸ~b} vd ^hgtin ydfdon`d} yh}hfĸcihc fnchcsd din`n~b}`h}iĸ# ]dfb}ensygðaðeih} Ehgety„t kdë kd`enŒ mn} _dan|ncon Gdc}~ ~h ih Id`n Zd}yb b`h}ha 

? E# O# \n`fn, Ygd Zb`nynos bf Zndy~ ‟ Ygd Byybehc T`deh nc ygd Zbsyo`hssnoh` Hkd 86::%87::, Encdhzb`ns, 8>77

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nsne`dcin}dmn`n}n|# ^hgtin ydfdon`d}n nihe dyyn}edsn A}nzyb dĒn`ne`d} yh}hfĸcihc ydyna`dcenŒb`hmn`n}#

Ideda an d}adc bc ~dincon ~ð|~ĸ` vd d}adc bc ibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ`, A}nzyb%^hgtin z}bk}heĸcĸcnŒ`dyn`edsn nënc vd}ne`n |hehc`h}iĸ}# Mt it}teih, _dvn„cnc edsng yhg}na`d}n sĸ}hsĸcih mh|ĸ

A}nzyb%^hgtin`d}nc öcde`n ~d}`d}id b`ehsĸ etgyded`in}#

_dvn„~d n~n ihv}hchc vd bct Eðs`ðehc`ĸĒh kdëed~d |b}`h~hc _hi}h|he Aöz}ð`ðghcdihcĸcihciĸ vd mt shi}h|he ghcdihc`ĸĒĸ bc ~dincon ~ð|~ĸ`ĸc b}yh`h}ĸcih at}t`etŒyt#Kðë`ð~ið`d} vd mt Œdan`id ihv}hceha bc`h}ĸc sdënen~in# A}nzyb%^hgtin b`hmn`n}`d} en2Ahydkb}na b`h}ha gh~ĸ} in~ded~n|# 8>4:`d}nc mhŒ`h}ĸcih Ěs}hn` Mð~ðad`ënsncidc ^hgtin@bmnsncn gh}dadyd kdën}edsncn nsyd~dc IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ ih mn} Aöz}ð`ð nin# Mdcne iĸŒĸeihankö}ðŒ`d} _hmdyh~nsy ~h ih A}nzyb b`itĒt ~öcðcidin}#

MhŒh iöcdoda b`t}sha, bc ~dincon ~ð|~ĸ`ĸ mn`en~b}t|# Idvhe didc ~ĸ``h}ih, 8687„id, n`a idfh mn} st`yhc yhgyyhc ncin}n`in vd mbĒit}t`it# Ah}hc`ĸa mn} ~ð|~ĸ`iĸ}# Vn~hch öcðcidan Yð}a`d}d

ah}Œĸ iðŒehc`ĸa ih mt ~ð|~ĸ`ih~iĸ# 86>>, Yð}an~d„cnc ybz}ha ah~ĸz`h}ĸ vd mb|ktc`h} iöcdencd kn}edsncd sdmdz b`hc Ah}`bfëh Hcy`hŒehsĸ„cĸc ~ĸ`ĸiĸ}#

Gncinsyhc ynoh}dyncid h}hoĸ b`hc Yð}an~d, ynoh}dy kðoðcð IbĒt Gncinsyhc œn}ady`d}n vd œn}adyidv`dy`d} ~ð|ðcidc ah~mdyyn# Chsn„cnc }nohsĸ ð|d}ncd, _bat``t Edgedy ZhŒh„cĸc nyn}h|`h}ĸch}hĒedc kd}ëda`dŒdc Aĸm}ĸs„ĸc fdygncnc ah}Œĸ`ĸĒĸ, 84;8„id Ěszhc~h„cĸc öcoð`ða dyynĒn ghë`ĸibchcehsĸch ah}Œĸ mb|ktch tĒ}hch}ha h`ĸceĸŒ b`it# Mt, ëba t|tc sð}ed~doda b`hcĚszhc~h„cĸc Haidcn| abcy}b`ð hc`heĸcih~iĸ# Mð~ða M}nyhc~h, ~dcn`ed| Ěszhc~b` ibchcehsĸcĸ~dcnz, idcn|nc gíanen~dyncn h`ehayh kdonaedin# Mö~`dod Mð~ða M}nyhc~h bc ~dincon ~ð|~ĸ`ihGncinsyhc ynoh}dyncn vd idcn|~b``h}ĸcĸ abcy}b` didmn`n~b}it# Mt, Yð}an~d„cnc kdënŒ ynoh}dyncn~nyn}edsn vd kðë ah~mdyedsn hc`heĸcih~iĸ# _dvn„cnc ede`dadyn Ě|en} dc ëba kðë ah~mdidcin#IbĒh` sbctëyt} an shgn` adcy`d}ncidan ^hgtin`d} vd ah}h ynoh}dy ~b`t ð|d}ncidan Að}y^hgtin`d}n kðë ah~mdyyn`d}# Mö~`d b`etŒ kö|ðað~b}#

Mn`n~b}t| an _hmdyh~ _dvn„cnc Að}y n``d}ncid zda ëba yh}hfyh}ĸ vh}iĸ#

_dvn„cnc Yð}a`d}n ab}teh sö|ðcð mt ~hzĸih kö| öcðcid mt`tcit}hmn`n}n|# Yh}hfyh} mt`hmn`enŒb`ehsĸ ibĒh`iĸ}#

Yð}an~d„idan _hmdyh~oĸ nchcĸŒ`h}`h `hna`na h}hsĸcih mn} zh}h`d``na vh} eĸ2

@hna`na shidod Ěckn`n| in`ncidan ‐_dað`d}n|e― n`d yhcĸe`hchmn`n}# Kdënon mn} ~dcn`kn b`h}ha ahmt` din`dmn`dc, Ah}`bfëh„ih 86>>„ih mn| ~dcn`ina# Fhahy 8;67„id gh`h kðë`ð idv`dy ahmt`din`n}adc, kn}inĒnen| mn} shvhŒyh ihĒĸyĸ`iĸa vd 8;;9„yd tyhcë vd}non Œh}y`h} h`yĸcih Aðëða Ah~ch}oh Hcy`hŒehsĸ„cĸ ahmt` dyyna# ]dfb}e gh}dady`d}ncd mhŒ`heheĸ| `h|ĸeiĸ, mt ~dcn mn} b}it hc`heĸch kd`n~b}it vd Ðëðcoð _d`ne Cn|he%ĸ Odiny b}itstct at}it# Kö|`de nëncZh}ns„d d`ën`d} köcid}in vd ydzansd` ah}ĸŒĸa`ĸa`h} sbctot ö`ið}ð`ið#

Mt mn} mhŒ`hckĸëyĸ} vd `hna`nĒn nëd}n}#

Mt ~ð|idc `hna`nĒnc ~d}`dŒedsn~`d _hmdyh~n|e h}hsĸcih mhĒ`hcyĸ at}heĸ~b}t|#

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Mtc`h} kd`nŒnencd mð~ða ahyaĸ shĒ`hiĸ`h}# Mt h~cĸ |hehcih Ěm}hcn aöadc`n ncshc`h}h ~dcn mn} kðë ahzĸsĸ b`it#

Öcod`na`d mh|ĸ ~hc`ĸŒ nfhid`d} hëĸĒh ahvtŒeh`ĸ# Mn}nconsn, Bsehc`ĸ Ěezh}hyb}`tĒt„cihĚszhc~h„ihc kd`ed`d}ncidc öcod ^hgtin`d} vh}iĸ1 Að}y ^hgtin`d}n, H}hz ^hgtin`d}n, N}ha 

ab`tcihc b`hc`h}h ‐En}|hgn― idcn`dc ^hgtin`d} vd ‐]behc~by― idcn`dc ]beh ybz}ha`h}ĸcih~hŒh~hc ^hgtin`d} vh}iĸ# Ěanconsn shidod adcy`d}id ~hŒhehiĸ`h}, aö~`d}id id etah~dsddin`dmn`n} enayh}ih ^hgtin vh}iĸ# Ðëðcoðsð |dcknc idĒn``d}in, zda ëba fhan} vd ohgn` ^hgtinvh}iĸ#

œnein mt mn`kn`d}d ih~hch}ha mn} odvhz vd}ed~d mhŒ`h~hmn`n}ne#

Mt sb}t H``nhcod Bat``h}ĸ„cihc mhgsdyedidc yhehedc odvhz`hcheh|# Yhe hëĸa nsne`d}n‐H``nhcod Ěs}hd`nyd Tcnvd}sh`nyd― in}# Bsehc`ĸ, Ě}hc, At|d~ Hf}nah vd inĒd} Eðs`ðehcð`ad`d}idan ^hgtin ëbota`h}ĸcĸc eds`dan vd bat}~h|h}`ĸa dĒnynencn shĒ`heha nëncat}t`etŒyt}# In` öĒ}dyyn`d}, Fhcsĸ|ohiĸ}# Ěm}hcnod md`n}`d~non idĒn`in vd F}hcsĸ| að`yð} vd

t~kh}`ĸĒĸch öcde vd}n`n~b}it#

―H``nhcn|e― ~h ih ‐H``nhcynsy― gh}dady mn} zb`nynah gh`ncd kd`in# Mt, mdcne ‐]d|d}vnsy― idinĒne zb`nynah~`h h~cĸiĸ}# ^hŒhiĸa`h}ĸ ð`ad`d}id kðë shgnmn b`eha nënc inĒd} ncshc`h}h

  mdc|deda vd hsnen`d b`ehayĸ}# Mtch hsnen`hs~bcot ‐^hgtin idv`dyn― idcdmn`n}# Mb`Œdvna Idv}nen yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸcihc mn`inĒnen| ‐Mtcinsy`d}― h~cĸ ahydkb}nidin}#

Mt ~ð|idc ‐]d|d}vn|e―, ‐H``nhcn|e―, Hsnen`hs~bcn|e, vd ghyyh Mtcin|e mn}mn}`d}ncd ëba ~haĸciĸ}# Adsnc`na`d _n~bcn|ed ah}Œĸiĸ}`h}# Mtch mn} shvhŒ it}tet in~dmn`n}n|< Ě|en}`n ^hgtin

 mn`nencshcĸ Dsygd} Mdcmhssh ëh`ĸŒehsĸcih9 mt it}tet gh}nah mn} sdmdz`d hëĸa`ĸ~b}# Löc%Yð}a idv}nencn yhanz didc iöcdeid H`~hcsn|e vd _n~bcn|e ~h ih ]d|d}vn|e vd _n~bcn|eh}hsĸcih Œniidy`n mn} shvhŒ vh}iĸ# B |hehcĸc Ěckn`n| inz`behyna md`kd`d}n Etsyhfh Adeh`~öcdynencnc mhŒ`hckĸoĸcih, 8>=6„ih Hcah}h„ih nihe din`dc Ohvny vd I}# Ch|ĸe„ihc‐_n~bcnsy― b`h}ha mhgsdin~b}#

H``nhcod Ěshd`nyd Bat``h}ĸ„cĸc `hna`nĒd mð~ða ahyaĸ`h}ĸ vh}iĸ}, ëdŒny`n z`hyfb}e`h}ih ydŒgnsdin`dmn`n}# Mn}nconsn ^hgtin sdëanc`d}ncnc in`n gnëmn} |hehc Ěm}hcnod b`ehiĸ1 @hincbihcF}hcsĸ|oh~h iöcið# Ěanconsn mn} ihgh gnë ^hgtin knmn kö|ðaeda nsydedin`d}, mt ih kn~neyh}|`h}ĸcih idĒnŒna`nĒd cdidc b`it# Mtct cdy`na`d kö}dmn`n~b}t| vd aĸ~hfdy }dfb}etctcOtegt}n~dync n`hcĸ~`h mhŒ`heĸŒ b`ehsĸ nsd kd}ëda b`ehayhc t|hayĸ}# Otegt}n~dy mð~ða ahyaĸb`h}ha shidod fdsn ~hsha`heĸŒyĸ}# Mtctc`h mn}`nayd Œhzahcĸc ahmt`ðcidc öcod Dcvd} ZhŒh„cĸc

nsencidc dsnc`dcd}da nsen abcetŒ b`hc ‐dcvd}n~d nsne`n mn} mhŒ`ĸa vh}iĸ# Gðsd~nc HvcnZhŒh„cĸc ‐hvcn~d nsne`n mn} aĸ~hfdyn vh}iĸ#

Yh`hy mn} H``nhcod Ěs}hd`nyd ð}ðcðið}# Aĸ~hfdy`d}n fds gh}në ëhĒihŒyĸ#

œtct ih cby dyed`n~n| an `hna`na, }hs~bch`n|ed t`hŒyĸ}hc cdidc sbctë n`nŒansncnc öcod`nĒncn ~hih sbc}h`ĸĒĸcĸ ahmt` dyedayn}1 H``nhcod mt hc`h~ĸŒĸ shĒ`ĸ~b}it# H~}ĸoh mt}h~h mn} ð`adcncat}t`tŒt nënc hchvhyhc`h}ĸ knmn h`ĸŒeĸŒ`h}iĸ, mt }hs~bch`n|e vd `hnsn|e n`d n`nŒan`n b`eh`ĸiĸ}#

Mn} }özb}yhlih mhch mn} sb}t sb}t`hc mn} sb}t~t Œö~`d ~hcĸy`heŒyĸe< ‐Mhch ëba sb}t sb}eh~ĸc,dĒd} mt ð`adidc _hmdyh~n|en sn`d}sdcn|, gnëmn} Ebid}cnsy ah`eh~hohayĸ}―# Ebid}c didmn~hyĸc

9 D Mdcmhssh, Tcd Inhszb}h _îzgh}did dc Y}hcsnynbc ‟ Nsyhcmt` WNWî ‟ WWî sndo`ds, Zh}ns, 8>>?

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at}tot`h}ĸ, nsne vd}doda b`t}sha, Gh`ni \n~h, Gh`nid Dinz vd inĒd}`d}n _hmdyh~nsyyn#Ebid}nsyyn`d} vd ebid}cn|en ~h~iĸ`h}#

œðzgdsn| `hna`na, Ěs`íeh mhĒ`ĸ b`hc H}hmn|eidc t|ha`hŒeh~ĸ nëd}n}# Mt ð`adidan Ěm}hcnaöadc`n ncshc`h}ĸc %nsyd} A}nzyb nsyd} _hmdyh~nsy b`stc% hch gdidf`d}n Yð}an~d„~n H}hz`h}ihc

t|ha`hŒyĸ}ehayĸ}# Mt sdmdz`d Ěs`heh vd Ěs`hen yh}nahy`h}h kn}nz, H}hz ah}Œĸyĸ vd Ěs}hn` ~hc`ĸsĸ mn} Ěs`he ~h}hyeha nsydenŒ`d}in}# Hehë`h}ĸch t`hŒeĸŒ`h}iĸ}#Mt h~cĸ |hehcih _hmdyh~n|enc hcyn%`hna mn} vdayö} b`itĒtct ih kösyd}n}# Zda ëba Ěs`heoĸgh}dadync _hmdyh~nsy`d}nc abcy}b`ðcid b`itĒtct mn`n~b}t|# Mt mtkðc ihgh cdyyn}1 edo`nssh`bctch yð}mhc`h kn}ed~d ëh`ĸŒhc Ed}vd„cnc _hmdyh~nsy b`tz b`ehiĸĒĸcĸ mn`en~b}t|# Heh

  Ch|`ĸ N`ĸoha ‟h~cĸ |hehcih Ed}vd„cnc yhg}naënsn vd z}bvbahyö}ðið}% mn} _hmdyh~nsyyn}#Mn`n~b}t| an Ohc Zhad} ‟Otegt}mhŒahcĸ„cĸc vdybstch ah}Œĸ yð}mhcĸ shvtchc yhaĸeĸc mhŒĸ% vdyð}mhc ~hsha`hehsĸcĸ bch~`h~hc ah}h}h ah}Œĸ fnan} ~ð}ðydc ^ðod` _h~ehc ‟Ěsyhcmt` Mh}bstctcdsan mhŒahcĸ% _hmdyh~nsyyn}`d}#

œnein`d}id _hmdyh~n|e, Adeh`n|eidc Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒh iöcð~b}#

Mtch t`hŒehih sb}tc`h}`h ah}Œĸ`hŒhoha`h}ĸcĸ shceĸ~b}te# œnein idĒn` heh Löc%Yð}a vdotegt}n~dy iöcde`d}ncid sbs~h` vd zb`nyna z}bk}he`h}ĸcih kh~dy ebid}cnsyadc kðc`ða gh~hy`h}ĸcih incih} vd etghfh|haí}iĸ`h}# Bc`h} vd ö|d``na`d Ah}hahŒn ab`t _hmdyh~ _dvn„cncab~itĒt Yð}a`d}`d vd Eðs`ðehc`h}`h dv`dced ~hshĒĸch t~t~b}`h}iĸ# ]nyðd``d}ncn kn|`n mn} 

  mnëneid t~kt`t~b} vd inc dv`n`na vd odch|d yö}dc`d}n yhanz din~b}`h}iĸ# ËbĒtc`ta`h `hna vdotegt}n~dyën ehgaded`d}d mhŒvt}et~b} incn ehgaded`d}n yd}ong din~b}`h}iĸ#

@hna`na vd Yð}an~d„cnc ebid}c`dŒedsncd ahyaĸ`h}ĸ b`itĒtct sö~`d~dmn`n} en~n|2

Mt sb}t ~tah}ĸih mð~ða b}hcih odvhz`hciĸ# Mtc`h}h cd da`d~dmn`n}n|### Md`an mn} cbayh _bcd} ^h`ëĸc„ĸc Dfdcin nsne`n anyhmĸiĸ} 41 anyhz Yð}an~d„idan _hmdyh~n|e yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸch md`n}`n mn} 

 mnëneid kðë vd}in# In~dmn`n}ne an Otegt}n~dy Yð}an~d„sncid gnëmn} abct mt idc`n hydŒ`n mn}   mnëneid yh}yĸŒĸ`ehiĸ# Ðcnvd}snyd`d} mt yh}yĸŒehcĸc iĸŒĸcih ytyt`it heh sbc byt| ~ĸ`ihðcnvd}snyd snsyden ëöayðĒð nënc mt gnëyd sð}z}n| sh~ĸ`eh|#

_bcd} ^h`ëĸc Dv`n~h|hid`d} hn`dsn ghaaĸcih mn} anyhz ~h|ĸ~b}it vd h}iĸcihc _hmdyh~n|eabct`h}ĸcĸ h}hŒyĸ}eh~h mhĒ`hiĸ# 8>4:%8>6: iöcden MhŒmhahcĸ Hichc Edcid}ds, Adeh`nsyiöcdenc ðc`ð IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ Y# ]# H}hs, Ěyynghy iöcdencnc yhcĸchc anŒn`nĒn Ibayb} Ch|ĸe vdAĸm}ĸs Hcy`hŒeh`h}ĸcĸc eneh}ĸ IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ F# ]# \b}`t gdzsn mt hn`didcin}`d}# H}hs gh}nëgdzsn ëdŒny`n iöcde`d}id nihe din`in vd gdzsncnc id Ěm}hcn aöadc`n vd _hmdyh~nsy b`ita`h}ĸ

hëĸa`hciĸ# Mt anyhz`h}ĸeih ih ~h|ĸ`iĸ, md`an id mt ~ð|idc nsene _hmdyh~n|e yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸ~`h mn}`dŒyn# Dfdcin„id ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸc ihĒĸ`eh b`ehasĸ|ĸc idĒd}`dcin}n`edsn vd d`dŒyn}nsn ~hzĸ`iĸ#

_# ^h`ëĸc„h ~öcd`yn`dc dc oniin d`dŒyn}n ‐Otegt}n~dy _hmdyh~nsy`d} yh}hfĸcihc at}t`etyt}#―nfhidsncdin}1 ^h`ëĸc mt oðe`d~n neh dyynĒn nënc d`dŒyn}n`in vd stë`hciĸ#

Ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸ sĸ}hsĸcih zda ëba yh}yĸŒeheĸ| b`etŒyt}1 sha`ĸ idĒn`, _bcd} ^h`ëĸc„ĸc anyhz`h}ĸcihb`stc mdcne anyhz`h}ĸeih b`stc hëĸaëh md`n}yn`enŒyn}# ^h`ëĸc„ĸc mö~`d mn} niinhsĸ vh} eĸ

  mn`en~b}te fhahy mdc mt fna}n gde anyhz`h}ĸeih gde id mhsĸcihan }özb}yhl`h}ĸeih md`n}yenŒyne# @hna otegt}n~dync at}t`tŒtch ahyaĸ`h}ĸ mð~ðayð}# ‐Ě~n an vh}iĸ`h}#― idsde mn`d _#^h`ëĸc |h}h} kö}ed~d idvhe did} ~h ih mt yh}yĸŒeh it}it}t`eha nsydcn}#

4 _bcd} ^h`ëĸc, Dfdcin ‟ Md~h| Yð}a`d}nc Mð~ða _ĸ}}ĸ, Ěsyhcmt`, =::9

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Hs`ĸcih, ~tah}ĸihan`d} nënc ahyaĸ sö|oðĒðcðc at``hcĸ`ehsĸ hc`he`ĸ idĒn`in}, |n}h adcin`d}nc mtð`adidc vd gh`ayhc h~}ĸ kö}edenŒ`d}in}# Mn}d~`d}nc adcin mhŒ`h}ĸch ahyaĸ`h}ĸ b`eh~hmn`n}1

 mt}hihan hc`hesĸ|`ĸĒĸ ydŒgns didmn`n~b}t|#

Fhahy mt it}te Ěs}hn` idv`dyncnc at}t`ehsĸ~`h idĒnŒenŒyn}#

Mt niinh mn|n Œt sb}t~hköyð}ð~b}< cd |hehcat}t`it2 Mt edsd`d~`daĸshoh n`kn`dcdmn`n}n|# Ěanat}t`tŒ yh}ngn vh}iĸ}<

  mn}nconsn ~hsh` at}t`tŒ ~ĸ`ĸb`hc 8>97 vd inĒd}n~sdkd}ëda ~h ih Ih}{ncnsyat}t`tŒ ~ĸ`ĸ b`hc 8>6;#Ih}{ncn|en, gh~hyyh

ah`hmn`ed dyadcn b`h}ha ö|dy`d~dmn`n}n|#

_b}tet|h ~hcĸy h}h}adc ~hsh` b`hc`h kd}ëda h}hsĸcihan st}don iðŒðcdmn`n}n|1 ahĒĸyð|d}ncidancidc fnn`n~hyh kdënŒ fd`sdfn mn} sð}dëyn}# Mtct nan z`hyfb}eih kö}ð~b}t|< ahĒĸyð|d}ncidan, at}t`tŒt vd Ěm}hcnod„id ‐h`n~hg― b`h}ha kdëdc Ěs}hn`„d köëð nfhid did}# Fnn`nat}t`tŒ nëncsd 8>6;„idan H}hz%Ěs}hn` _hvhŒĸ vd ghyyh 8>;?„ydan H}hz%Ěs}hn` _hvhŒĸ h`ĸchmn`n} vdfnn`n at}t`tŒ mn} hc b`h}ha idĒn` mn} sð}dë b`h}ha hc`hŒĸ`eh`ĸiĸ}# Mt sð}dëyd shihahy ~öcidĒnŒyn}enŒ b`eh`ĸiĸ}#

_hmdyh~nsy`d}od mhch vd}n`dc mn`kn~d kö}d, ~ð|id byt|t Yð}an~d„~d shiĸa ah`eĸŒ, ah`hc ~ð|id~dyenŒ nsd ~ð|`d}ncn Ěs}hn`„d iöceðŒyð}# Mt shihahy ah~ehsĸcĸ, Cd{ ^b}a„h yds`nen~dy b`h}ha h`ĸ~b}te#

Mt at}t`tŒ ‟fnn`n b`hc% shihahy`d mn}`nayd nan cbayhihc b`tŒhc mn} sb}tcsh` idĒnŒnencd cdidcb`it< Mn}nconsn, H}hz`h}ĸ ytyhc _bv~dy`d}nc nsyna}h}sĸ|`hŒyĸ}ĸ`ehsĸ vd nanconsn, haĸ`oĸ vd _bs~h`nsykd`nŒnen ~hŒh~hc Yð}a h~iĸcĸcĸ ëöad}yn`edsn# Mt nansn id mn|n hcyn%`hna zb`nynah`h}h ihvdy dyyn vd[hsgnckybc„tc _bv~dy`d}nc dy}hfĸcĸ Ěs`hen gh}dady`d}`d atŒhyeh ibay}ncncd mhĒ`hiĸ#

Ihghsĸ, Ěs`he dcncid sbctcih mn} H}hz incnin} vd atysh` anyhmĸ H}hzëhiĸ}# Ohgtc%Vhemd}~„idc md}n B}yh Hs~h„~ĸ, ~dcn at}t`etŒ b`hc Yð}aëð`ða nënc gdidf kösyd}edayd oniin

  mn} ~b` ah~idin`in# F}hcsh„ih At|d~ Hv}tzh„~h iöceda ~h ih Ěckn`yd}d„id H`ehc~h„~hiöceda hs`h mn} zb`nynah b`eheĸŒyĸ# Mt yd| nënc _ĸ}`h} „h mhaĸ`hmn`n}< Yð}aëð`ðĒðc at}tot`h}ĸb`hc @dbc Ohgtc vd Gd}ehc Vhemd}~„idc mhŒ`h~h}ha mð~ða Yð}aëð \n~h Köah`z B}yhHs~h„~ĸ ðybz~h knmn mnëne`dcin}inĒn mn} ‐hchvhyhc― b`h}ha yhcĸe`hiĸ# Mt hŒhehih Yð}aëð`ða b`itaëh `hnayn vd adcin œhehc yh}ngncd ih~h`ĸ~iĸ# Ihgh sbc}h mtct id}nc`dŒyn}ed~d vd ‐Yð}a ‟ Ěs`he _dcyd|n― hiĸ h`yĸcih, Yð}a Ěs`heĸcĸ H}hz aöa`d}ncidc yhehedc h~ĸ}eh~h öcde vd}n`in#6 Mt a}nyna cbayh öcde`nin}#

Ěs}hn`„nc 8>6;„id Eĸsĸ}`ĸ Chsĸ}„ĸc mhŒĸcĸ ëdaynĒn H}hz Odzgdsncn b}yhihc ah`iĸ}ehsĸcihcsbc}hiĸ} an aĸsedc id _bv~dy`d}nc ~dcn`knsn hc`heĸch kd`doda Œdan`id œhehcnsy Yð}aëð`d} 

6 Mt, etgyded`dc [hsgnckybc„tc ‐Mð~ða B}yhibĒt Z}bldsn―~`d ~d}ncn h`iĸ

Tety _h}ĸah~h, =; Ydeet| =::6 Zdcktdc

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b`itaëh Ěs`hen mn} }dckd mð}ðcið`d}# Mt cdidc`d vd mtcihc sbc}h, _hmdyh~nsy`d} ~h`cĸ| Ěs`hehsĸ|eha`h ah`ehiĸ`h}, Ěs`hen Yh}nahy`h}h ih shgnz b`eh~h ëh`ĸŒyĸ`h}#

Mt a}nyna cbayhihc sbc}h, Yð}a B`nkh}Œnsn yhehedc hcyn%`hna gh`d kd`in#; ObŒat~`h yh}nahy`h}ĸvd Ěehe%Ghynz @nsd`d}ncn shvtceh~h mhŒ`hiĸ`h}#

Ahyaĸ`h}ĸ vh}iĸœnein nsd ahyaĸ`h}ĸcĸ sn`enŒ, ah}Œĸ yh}hfh kdëenŒ`d}in}#

_hmdyh~n|e vd Eh}}hcbsn|e knmn nan inc`n ~hŒh~hc vd ö|d` ~hzĸ`h} b`tŒyt}hc ^hgtinyh}nahy`h}ĸ, mt nan ane`nĒn id yhŒĸ~h}ha adcin mhŒ`h}ĸch h~}ĸ mn} inc b`h}ha sh~ĸ`hmn`n} en2

Yhcĸe ydayn}, nsyd} Eh}}hcb nsyd} A}nzyb%^hgtin id~nc, sbahayh Gĸ}nsyn~hc, dvid ^hgtinin}`d}#Gh~ĸ}, bc`h} nënc mn} inc h~ĸ}heh~ĸ|# Kd}ëda inc`d}n dvid t~kt`hiĸa`h}ĸ incin}# _bahayhEðs`ðehc dvid Gĸ}nsyn~hc b`hc`h}ĸ ih vh}iĸ}, ~h`cĸ| A}nzyb%^hgtin`d}idc idĒn` A}nzyb%Gĸ}nsyn~hc`h}ihc ih mhgsdin~b}t| heh sh~ĸ`h}ĸ h|iĸ}# Mtc`h}ĸ h~}ĸ mn} inc b`h}ha h`heh~ĸ|#

Ěan inc`d ~hŒh}`h}#

^ncd id nan inc`n mö~`d mn} ~hŒhe kö}ðciðĒð ahih} ab`h~b`eheh`ĸiĸ}1 mt ncshc

  zsnab`blnsncd vd ibĒhsĸchh~aĸ}ĸiĸ}# _bctëyh nan inc`n~hŒheĸ hcoha hlhc`h}ih ydsznydidmn`n~b}t|1 hcoha hlhc`ĸa ~dydcda`d}n gd}adsyd mt`tceh|#

 Cd Œdan`id b`t}sh b`stc, mt |b}  mn} ~hŒhe b`eh`ĸiĸ}#

A}nzyb%^hgtin`d}, Bsehc`ĸ„ih ‐~dcn Eðs`ðehc―, Ě}hc„ih ‐odini d` Ěs`he― b`h}ha hcĸ`iĸ`h}# ĚanobĒ}hf~hih ih mt sö|oða`d}nc hc`heĸcih Eðs`ðehc`ĸa`h}ĸch b`hc Œðzgd vh}iĸ#

^ncd id ð`aden|id ~hŒhiĸĒĸeĸ| b`h~`h}ihc mh|ĸ sbctë`h}h t`hŒhmn`n}n|# Bc`h}ĸc Eðs`ðehcah}hayd}n kö}ðcð}id~in heh mt ^hgtin ane`na`d}ncn yhe b`itĒt hc`heĸch kd`ed|in# Kn|`n`na ~ð|ðcidc ^hgtin incncnc mðyðc at}h``h}ĸcĸ kðë`ða`d t~kt`h~hmn`n~b}`h}iĸ# Ö}cdĒnc, at|t%

  zd~cn} ~hshsĸch t~eha |b}it, heh sðccdy at}h`ĸcĸ }hghy`ĸa`h t~kt`h~hmn`n~b}`h}iĸ# ^hgtinane`na`d}n yhe idĒn`in |n}h Ěs`he vd ^hgtin inc`d}ncnc mn}`nayd vh} b`eh`h}ĸcihc ed~ihch

kd`enŒ mn} ah}ĸŒĸeiĸ# B cdidc`d Eðs`ðehcadc }b` ~hzyĸa`h}ĸcĸ iðŒðceda ~d}ncid b`eh|1 mtctc ~d}ncd zda ëba t~kt`heh~ĸ nëydc`na`d ~hzeĸŒ b`ita`h}ĸcĸ iðŒðceda ihgh nshmdy`nin}#

Yh}nahy`h}ih }hghyyĸ`h}# Mn`n~b}t| an ahmh`h Ěszhc~h„ihan Eðs`ðehc yh}nahy ydaad`d}ncidibĒetŒyt# Edv`dvn`na vd MdayhŒn`na knmn gdyd}dibas yh}nahy`h}ih b`itaëh }hghy b`ita`h}ĸcĸ

 mn`n~b}t|#

; Yð}an~d ĚŒvd}dc _dcinah`h}ĸ Abcfdid}hs~bct MhŒahcĸ ]dfna Mh~it}, ‐Mdc ~hsha`hceh`h}ĸcĸ idsyda`den~b}te#Heh Ěehe%Ghynz `nsd`d}ncidc ed|tc b`hc`h} Ě`hgn~hy Fhað`yd`d}ncid dĒnyne`d}ncd idvhe dyed`n, ehcyĸa vdfd`sdfd~`d n`kn`dced`nin}# Mn|d vd gh`aĸeĸ|h incnen|n vd Ěs`heĸc mn`ne`d n`nŒansncn hc`hyeh`ĸiĸ}#― idin# YÐ_ĚHIMhŒahcĸ, ed|tc`h}h mðyðc mö`ðe`d} hëĸa b`ehsĸ it}tetcih mt `nsd`d}nc ~ĸ`ih ngyn~hë it~t`hc nehe sh~ĸsĸcihc

8: ahy ihgh fh|`h ed|tc vd}inĒn mhgsn hëĸ`iĸĒĸcih nsd ~ncd id Ěs`heĸ öĒ}dced~d it~t`hc ngyn~hoĸ vt}kt`hiĸ#Gð}}n~dy, =9 Ydeet| =::9Yð}an~d„idan b`nkh}a`h}ĸc oniin mn} aĸseĸ _hmdyh~nsyyn}# Mt hëĸa`heh`h}ĸ _hmdyh~n|e n`d mhĒihŒyĸ}eha eðeaðc#

Tety _h}ĸah~h, 7 œtmhy =::7 T~atst|

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 Mn}ëba yh}nahyĸ abcy}b``d}n h`yĸcih ytyetŒ b`eh`h}ĸ ih eðeaðcið}# H}hŒyĸ}eh`ĸ~ĸ|#

Mt kdcd` hc`heih Eh}}hcbsn|ein}# Heh _hmdyh~n|e fh}a`ĸiĸ}# _hmdyh~ _dvn, ^hgtin incncid}dfb}e ~hzeh niinhsĸ~`h b}yh~h ëĸayĸ# _n|d ~b``hiĸĒĸe ‐_bc Iöced`d}― md`kdsd`ncid, mh|ĸ

Yð}a _hmdyh~nsy`d} _dvn„~n mn} idv}neon b`h}ha ahmt` din~b}, id}gh` }diidided~n|# IbĒ}tb`eh ngyneh`ncn ahmt` din~b}t|#

Ěsh incid }dfb}e ~hzeha nsydin vd cdynodsncid ‐Gĸ}nsyn~hc`ĸa― ‟ ^tchcohih Ěsh, G}nsyb b`h}ha hi`hciĸ}ĸ`ĸ}% ibĒit#

_hmdyh~ ‟ Œhmhyyhc, Œhmhyyh ibĒetŒ hc`heĸcihiĸ}, b}nlnch` b`h}ha ‐Œhmmhyhn― ~hcn oteh}ydsnon ‟ }dfb}e`h}ĸc zdŒncidc knyyn vd _hmdyh~n|e b}yh~h ëĸayĸ# Hs`ĸcih _hmdyh~oĸ`ĸĒĸ Eðs`ðehcansvdsncid b`stc b`ehsĸc h~}ĸ mn} inc b`h}ha ahmt` dyeda ~d}ncid b`t}# Mtct ‐^hgtinahmn`dsncidc b`hc heh ^hgtin incncidc b`eh~hc― b`h}ha yhcĸe`ĸ~b}te#

Zb`nyna ah}hayd}`d}n vd kðod b`hc gĸ}s`h}ĸ sdmdmn~`d adcin`d}ncn hëĸĒh ëĸah}ehiĸ`h}# Kðëydct|ha`hŒyĸa`h}ĸ ö`ëðid adcin`d}ncn id}dod`n b`h}ha md``n dyyn`d}#

œðzgdsn|, Yð}an~d„cnc }d|d}v idv`dy it}tetcih mn} idĒnŒna`na b`sh~iĸ adcin`d}ncn nfŒhdid}`d}in#

œnein dc ëba Ěs`hen yh}nahy`h}ih }hghyyĸ}`h}# Anyhz`h}ĸeihc mn}ncid nsencn vd}edasn|ncYð}an~d„id IĸŒnŒ`d}n Mhahcĸ knmn ëh`ĸŒeĸŒ b`hc mn} _hmdyh~nsync ö| ididsncnc Edv`dvn Ididsnb`h}ha ëdan`enŒ mn} fbybĒ}hfĸ b`itĒtct nszhy`hiĸe# Ěs`hen mn`ne`d} vd Ěs`he Yh}ngn abctstciht|ehc b`itĒtch nchciĸĒĸe E# ^ðasd`, ~dcn mn} ëh`ĸŒehsĸcih mn|n mt abctih h~iĸc`hyĸ~b}#Bcihc mn} h`ĸcyĸ ~hzeha nsyn~b}te< 

‐Edv`dvn Yh}nahyĸcihan nancon öcde`n _hmdyh~nsy, _d`hcna Edv`dvnghcdsn„cnc œd~gn b`hc Ěsgha Idid nin# Ah}hahŒ _hmdyh~nsy`d}ncnc öcden nsne`d}ncidc mn}n b`hc Ěsgha Idid mn} sð}d sbc}h_d`hcna Edv`dvnghcdsn„cnc ZbsycnŒnc`nĒncd ~ðasd`in# _hmdyh~n|e yd}mn~dsncn nszhy`h~h}ha Ěsgha Idid, Edgedy Dshi Idid„cnc hasncd, _hmdyh~nsy kd`dcdĒncn vd kn|`n hehoĸcĸ sð}ið}ed~d idvhedyyn# _hmdyh~nsy`d} ð|d}ncid }hmmn abctetch ~ðasd`in# Edv`dvn h~nc`d}ncn vd kö}kðsðcð,_d`hcna„ydan _hmdyh~nsy Ed|h}`ĸĒĸ„cĸc ~hcĸcihan edv`dvnghcdcnc Œd~gn b`h}ha md`n}`n kðc`d}idt~kt`hiĸ# H~}ĸoh Edv`dvnghcd nëncid _hmdyh~nsy h~nc`d}ncn ënfy ane`na`n insnz`nc`d}d kö}d kn|`n mn}mnëneid t~kt`heh~h idvhe dyyn# Eðmhid`didc sbc}h Ě|en}„d ~d}`dŒdc Ěsgha Idid„cnc ö`ðeyh}ngncn yhe b`h}ha ydszny diden~b}t|# IĸŒnŒ`d}n Dsan Mhahcĸ Z}bf# I}# De}d Köcdcsh~, Ěsgha Idid„cnc yb}tc`h}ĸcihc mn}nin}#―7 

Z}bfdsö} Köcdcsh~, mh|ĸ yd`dvn|~bc ahch``h}ĸcihan Ěs}hn` ~hc`ĸsĸ ~b}te`h}ĸ~`h inaahy ëdan~b}#

H~}ĸ mn} inc b`h}ha ahmt` din`dmn`n} en2

œðzgdsn| _hmdyh~n|e h~}ĸ mn} incin}#

7 Eðfny ^ðasd`, _hmdyh~oĸ`ĸa Yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸ vd Ane`na _b}tc`h}ĸeĸ| , ^h}ĸc, Ydeet|%HĒtsybs =::9, s~f ?:E# ^ðasd` ‐bkhc―ĸc Ěm}hcnod b`itĒtct md`n}yn~b} heh Yð}aëd„id ‐bahc― idcn`n~b} vd _hmdyh~nsy`d}d nsneb`h}ha vd}n`n~b}# 8>=9 Eðmhid`dsn mt}hih mhgsdin`n~b}# ^ðasd` Œt mn`kn`d}n vd}n~b}<‐œd~g Etgheedi Ct} D`%H}hmn„cnc ö`ðeðcidc sbc}h Ed`hen`na, Ěsyhcmt` vd ]ted`n„id _hmdyh~nsy`d}ncabcy}b`ðcd kn}in# Ghyyh Ed`hen Yh}nahyĸcĸc ðëðcoð iöcdencd hny mh|ĸ id}khg`h} kn|`n _hmdyh~nsy snchkbk`h}ĸ

b`h}ha at``hcĸ`eh~h mhŒ`hciĸ# Kðcðeð|id Ěsyhcmt` vd Ě|en}„idan h| sh~ĸih Ed`hencnc ëbĒt _hmdyh~nsyaöadc`nin}#―, s~f =>#

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 A}nzyb%^hgtin`nĒn h~}ĸ mn} inc b`h}ha yh~nc dided~n|# Mtctc`h md}hmd} h~}ĸ mn} insnz`nc b`itĒtn`d}n sð}ð`dmn`n}# Ěan inc`d b}yh~h ëĸaeha vd inĒd} nchcoĸ kn|`deda nsyna}h}`ĸ iðŒðced~d |h}h} vd}dmn`n}# Incn ið|`deid b}yh~h ëĸahc vd ahmt` din`dc mt ihv}hcĸŒ mnënen, etgyded`dc adcincniðŒdc nŒkðoðcðc at}h`ĸ kd}dĒn b`h}ha gh~hyĸc vd ncshc ibĒhsĸcĸc gd} h`hcĸcih kö}ð`ed~d

|b}`h~hohayĸ}#

Öyd ~hcihc mdc _hmdyh~n|e sö|oðĒðcð at``hceh~ĸ ihgh h| yd}ong din~b}te# \n}h Yð}an~d„idkd`nŒyn}inĒne ydacna`d}`d mn}nsncnc A}nzyb%^hgtin b`ehsĸcĸ ab`h~oh ydŒgns didmn`eded }hĒedc_hmdyh~n|e ydŒgnsn |b} kö}ðcð~b}#

Mh|ĸ b`nkh}a hn`d`d}nc ‐A}nzyb― ah}hayd}`d}ncn ydŒgns didmn`n~b}te heh bc`h}ĸ _hmdyh~nsy b`h}ha cnyd`deda shzyĸ}eha knmn kö}ðcð~b}# _hmdyh~nsy`d} gh}në Yð}an~d„id A}nzyb%^hgtin`d} gh`hvh}`h}, Ěmd}~h„ih 'Ěszhc~h. ih ö~`d#

@hna`nĒn bc`h}ĸc Œd}nhyĸ b`h}ha ahmt` dided| en~n|2

œt hc adsnc`na`d gh~ĸ}, `hna`nĒnc yh}ngn vd sbs~h` ah}hayd}ncn ngeh` dided~n|# H~}ĸoh Bcibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ`ĸc sbc`h}ĸ gde Löc Yð}a`ða gde id Adeh`n|e mn}d} fdcbedcin# Bcibat|tcot ~ð|~ĸ`, mhŒĸcih en``n~dyën`nĒn, sbctcih Dezd}~h`n|en, b}yhsĸcih nsd _bs~h`n|en~h}hyyĸ# _bs~h`n|e dyan`n mn} gh}dadyyn vd ibĒhsĸ kd}dĒn `hnayn# Yð}a _bs~h`n|en mhŒĸcih vdkd`nŒne sð}doncid _hmdyh~nsy mn} ah}hayd}id~in# Yð}a h~iĸcĸ vd sb` ahchyyhan gh}dady`d} ‟mn} id}dod ihgh h| b`eha`h md}hmd}% gh`h Ltihna gdkdebc~h h`yĸcihiĸ}# Yð}a _bs~h`n|encnc mhŒat}tot`h}ĸcihc œ# G# IdĒd} _d`hcna„ydc mn} _hmdyh~nsyyn, 8>6:`h}ĸc _bs~h`nsy zhy`hehsĸcĸc`nid}`d}ncidc Edgedy H`n H~mh} vd Mdgnod Mb}hc„ĸc ih _hmdyh~nsy b`itĒtc ~h|iĸe# Mtc`h}hYð}an~d„id Abeðcnsy b`h}ha ihekh`hchc vd t|tc ~ĸ``h} ghzns ~hyhc sbc}hsĸcih~sh b`nkh}Œn vdshĒ ahchyëh shgnz`dcn`dc œhn} Ch|ĸe Gnaedy„n da`d~dmn`n}n|# Mt haĸeĸc `hna`na z}bk}heĸch

 mð~ða dyansn b`it vd `hna`nĒn _bs~h`n|enc mn} h`y z}bk}heĸ b`h}ha ahmt` didmn`n}n|#

InĒd} yh}hfyhc, mt t|tc ~ð|~ĸ` mb~tcoh _n~bcn|e ~bayt, hcoha sbctcih fb}eð`ddin`dmn`enŒyn}# ^hgtin`d} nënc yded` zb`nynah, mdcne ]d|d}vnsy idinĒne, Ltihna `nyd}hyð}id nsdH`~hcsnsy b`h}ha kdëdc ~öcdyne`d}in, mtc`h}h Hsnen`hs~bcnsy vd Mtcinsy yd}ne`d}ncn idda`d~dmn`n}n|# Mtctc`h mn}`nayd nsyd} ]d|d}vnsy nsyd} H`~hcsnsy b`stc`h} `hna b`eh`ĸ~iĸ`h}# Yda}h} dyeda kd}dan}sd, Yð}an~d„id Adeh`n|enc kt}t} ah~chĒĸ b`hc aĸ~hfdy }dfb}et H`~hcsn|enc mn} yð}dvnin}, ]d|d}vnsy ~h ih h`~hcsnsy zb`nynah`h} hcoha Ěs`hen vd ~d}d` aĸ~hfdy`d} b}yhihcah`iĸ}ĸ`ĸ}sh kd}ëda`dŒyn}n`dmn`n}in# Mt t|tc ~ð|~ĸ` mb~tcoh zda ëba ð`adid Ěm}hcnod ~d}ncdYð}aëd, ]tsëh, Gb``hcihoh öĒ}dceda mn} zb`nynah~iĸ, mö~`d`na`d nsne idĒnŒna`na`d}n

~h~kĸc`hŒyĸ# ]d|d}vn|enc vd H`~hcsn|enc yded`n mtit}# H`~hcsn|eid da b`h}ha F}hcsh„~hshihahy ~d} h`ĸ}#

Yð}an~d„id H}hmn|eidc t|ha it}eha hcoha ̀ hna`na`d eðeaðcið#

œnein mt inchena`d} d}nenŒ vd ëöeðŒyð}#

Mtch ah}Œĸ`ĸa, hcyn%`hna z}bk}heĸc mhŒah në inchena`d}n id vh}iĸ}# Mtkðc kðoð d`ncid  mt`tcit}hc sĸcĸf`h} ‐zsnab|― ~h ih ‐cdv}b|― in~dmn`dodĒnen| ‐mn} ihgh hs`h― it}tetctcb}yhsĸcihiĸ}`h}# Mt}hih ‐mn} ihgh hs`h―, 8>6:`h}h vd 8>;:`d}d ydahmð` din~b}# Yð}an~d„id mt~ĸ``h}ih sb`h ~öcd`na mn} dĒn`ne b`tŒetŒyt# Mt ih`kh~ĸ it}it}hmn`eda nënc sn`hg`ĸ atvvdy`d}nc

~hzyĸĒĸ 8>7: hsad}n ih}mdsncidc öcod mn} në shvhŒh kd}da vh}iĸ# Ð`adcnc ëba |dcknc ncshc`h}ĸð`ad~n yd}a dyed~d mhŒ`heĸŒyĸ1 ^hgtin nŒhiheĸ Vnyh`n Ghaab, hcĸ`h}ĸcih köë dyeded ah}h}ĸcĸ

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  mn} ahg}hehc`ĸa in}dcnŒn b`h}ha hc`hyĸ~b}# Köëd gh|ĸ}`hcĸ}adc kd}ëda`dŒdc ih}md~n at}yt`tŒsh~ĸ~b}# Ěsvnë}d„~d köë didc |dcknc`d}idc mn} Yð}a ehgh``dsn at}t`itĒtct mn`n~b}t|# Fnchcsvd ~hyĸ}ĸe id}kn`d}n ëba n`kncë mn} sd}eh~d y}hcsfd}ncidc mhgsdyyn`d}# D~`ð` ih}mdsncidc sbc}hnaynih}h kd`dc vd sbc}hsĸcih MhŒmhahc vd Otegt}mhŒahcĸ ~hzĸ`hc Gh`n` Yt}kty Ö|h`„ĸc nsenb|%h` mnënencid batcitĒtcih Ěm}hcnod„id yhc}ĸcĸc kðoð idedayn}# ^hmhcoĸ iövn| abcy}b`ðcð

ah`iĸ}hc, gb`inck`d}n ~hmhcoĸ zh}h at``hcĸeĸcĸ sd}mdsy mĸ}hahc mt kn}nŒnenc mt idcd~nedih~hciĸĒĸcĸ iðŒðcdmn`n}n|#

Ěs`he mt sb` y}dcinc ah}Œĸsĸcih abcte`hceĸŒyĸ vd _bs~h`nsy ~ðasd`nŒnc Ěs`hen mn} mh}hl`hit}it}t`hmn`dodĒn hc`hŒĸ`eĸŒyĸ# Mt ~dcn mn} abcsdzy ~h ih ibay}ncin# Mt, mðyðc idv`dykö}dv`n`d}ncod, Mhsynhy„ĸ> aĸsahciĸ}hoha mn} t~te nëncid t~kt`hciĸ# Idv`dy ncshc`h}ĸ‐Abeðcn|e`d Eðohid`d Id}cda`d}n― hiĸ h`yĸcih ybz`hceh~h ydŒvna din~b}it# Fdygt``hg Kð`dcYh}nahyĸ ‟Œt hc ëba kðë`ðið}% mt id}cda`d}nc nëncidc ibĒit#8: Idv`dy mt id}cda`d}nat}it}t~b} vd œhehcn|eidc Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒh iöcdc fhŒnsy `nid} H`mh~ Yð}adŒ„nc mhŒĸcĸ ëdaynĒnEn``n~dyën gh}dadyn ab``t~b}it# H~iĸc`h} BohĒĸ yh}hfĸcihc kd`nŒyn}n`dc ‐Yð}a%Ěs`he _dcyd|n― mn} ibay}nc gh`ncd kd`eda ð|d}d~in# Ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeih H~iĸc`h} BohĒĸ„cĸc mhŒĸcĸ ëdadc`d}nc

ëbĒtctc ‟gdzsn b`ehsh mn`d% _hmdyh~nsy b`itĒtct kösyd}ine#

Ěs`heoĸ`ĸa sbs~h` eðohid`d ah}Œĸsĸcih mn} zb`nynah gh`ncd kd`in# Idv`dy vd B`nkh}Œn mtct yhanzdin~b}it# D~`ð` hsad}n ih}mdsn mtct mhŒh}iĸ, ^öcdynon sĸcĸf`h} yd}ö}n|d b`it vd `hna dcyd`dayðd``d}n id yd}ö}n|d dyed~d mhŒ`hiĸ`h}# Mt iöcde mb~tcoh MhŒmhahc vd Otegt}mhŒahcĸ_hen _ð`d~ehc Iden}d` vd MhŒmhahc E# ^ĸ`eh|, Bsehc`ĸ„cĸc sbc |hehc`h}ĸcih mn`dkö}ð`edenŒ mn} kösyd}nŒ`d oteh cheh|`h}ĸch knyed~d mhŒ`hiĸ`h}# _n`hg`ĸ Atvvdy`d}, B`nkh}Œn vdidv`dy byb}nyd`d}n Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒĸ mn} idv`dy ibay}ncncd iöcðŒyð}ið`d}#

Mt zb`nynahihc vh|kdën`inĒncd ~öcd`na ~dyd}`n mn} nŒh}dy gdcð| ~bayt}# Yð}an~d„~n mn} ebid`b`h}ha kösyd}dc [hsgnckybc„tc ‐ĸ`ĸe`ĸ Ěs`he― z}bldsn id ihgn` mðyðc inchena`d} gh`h~d}ncidin}#

œnein _hmdyh~nsy`d} mtctc öcoðsðið}`d}# Mn}ahë ~ĸ` öcod [hsgnckybc„ihc Dabcbenidc_b}te`t Idv`dy Mhahcĸ b`h}ha nygh` din`dc Id}vnŒ„nc yð}mhc ahezhc~hsĸcĸ idsyda`dinĒncn~dcn`d}id öĒ}dcina, ‐Yð}mhcĸ mhŒö}yðsðcd yd}ong did}ne#― idenŒ# Bctc Ěm}hcn aöadc`nb`itĒtct b}yh~h ëĸah}iĸe, Œnein gd}ads ahmt` din~b}# Kdëdc`d}id, ]hinah` Kh|dydsn Hcah}hYdesn`onsn Et}hy ^dyanc„nc, Id}vnŒ„nc ihvdy din`edinĒncn, Cd{ ^b}a ^hgtin @bmnsnyh}hfĸcihc gðaðedyyd ~d} h`ehsĸ nënc köcid}n`inĒncn md`n}ydc idĒd}`n mn} anyhmĸ ëĸayĸ#88 Ebid}ckö}ðcðe`ð, `nsd dĒnynencn F}hcsh„ih, Ðcnvd}snyd dĒnynencn @bci}h„ih yhehe`heĸŒ,Ibayb}hsĸcĸ Mn}`dŒna Idv`dy`d}„id ~hzeĸŒ, heh ~ncd id yð}mhc ahezhc~hsĸcĸ shvtchmn`n~b}#

> F}îiî}no Mhsynhy# F}hcsĸ| A`hsna @nmd}h`n|e at}heoĸsĸ# ^h|ĸih, mt}ltvh naynshyëĸ`h}ĸcĸc Eh}asnsy naynshyëĸ`h}ĸchasncd sĸcĸf`h} vd dabcbena ëĸah}`h} h}hsĸcih ëhyĸŒeh 'ëd`nŒan. idĒn` t~te b`itĒtct vh}sh~eh`h}ĸ ahsydin`n~b}#

8: œnein, Otegt}n~dy _hvoĸsĸ yh}hfĸcihc h}hcĸ}adc Otegt}mhŒahcĸ Ö|h` yh}hfĸcihc Otegt}mhŒahc`ĸĒĸ AöŒað„cdihvdy din`inĒn yh}yĸŒehsĸ| ahmt` din`enŒyn}# B}yhibĒt„ih Yh}nahyĸ nënc ens~bcd} bat``h}ĸ hëehsĸcĸ idsyda`d~dcOtegt}mhŒahcĸ Iden}d`„nc B}yh Hs~h ð`ad`d}ncnc mhŒahc`h}ĸch ~h|iĸĒĸ yhvsn~d edaytz`h}ĸcih mt

  md`kd`dcenŒyn}# @hna vd sb`ot MhŒmhahc Mð`dcy Dodvny„nc mt vhn|`naydc kd`ed yh}nahy Œd~gn~`d sĸa`ĸa`h mt`tŒytĒt b}yh~h ëĸaĸcoh, Mð`dcy Dodvny, ‐Fd`sdfn yh}yĸŒeh`h} ~hzĸ~b}ita― Œda`ncid hëĸa`heh ~hzeha |b}tcihah`eĸŒyĸ#_n`hg`ĸ Atvvdy`d} vd Zb`ns nëncid ö}kðy at}eh~h ydŒdmmðs dyynĒn md`kd`dcncod ytyta`hcehayhc Mn}`dŒna Idv`dy`d}„d ahëĸŒĸch kö| ~tet`ehsĸ~`h at}yt`it# œt hc [hsgnckybc Gðaðedyn„cnc ab}tehsĸ h`yĸcihiĸ}#

[hsgnckybc„tc Kð`dc Yh}nahyĸcĸc B}yh Hs~h„ihan bat``h}ĸcĸ adcin ens~bcd} bat``h}ĸ knmn kö}iðĒðcðiðŒðcdmn`n}n|# Mt yh}nahyĸc, Ltihn|enc nëncd sĸ|iĸĒĸ vd abcy}b` dyyna`d}ncidc mn}n b`ehsĸ eðeaðcið}#88 Et}hy ^dyanc, Yd|ad}d, Ěsyhcmt`, =::9

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Yð}mhc Œnein shidod mn} mhŒ`ĸa idĒn`, h~cĸ |hehcih `hna vs# hcyn%`hna ahe`hŒehsĸcih mn}  zh}ynin}# @hna`na yh}yĸŒehsĸ, zh}yn shvhŒ`h}ĸ~`h idvhe din~b}#

@hna dĒn`ne`d}id mn} ohc`hceh vh}# Heh gdcð| ëba |h~ĸfyĸ} vd ihgh ëba _n`hg`ĸ Atvvdy`d} nëncidin}# _n`hg`ĸ Atvvdy`d}nc 6:`h}ih z}bk}heĸ gh`ncd kd`dc Ěs`heoĸ`ĸa, Œnein ah}h}`ĸ mn} 

ytyte`h _n`hg`ĸ Atvvdy`d}nc dyansncn |h~ĸf`hyeh~ĸ hehë`h~hc yda z}bk}he gh`ncd kd`in# Mtydzan`d}d ~b` hëĸ~b}#

Mtctc`h mn}`nayd `hna dĒn`ne`d} z}hkehyna vd fd`sdfn b`ehayhc t|hayĸ}#

Mtkðc Yð}an~d, Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒĸc yðadcnŒn~`d md}hmd} %Lt`ndc Mdcih„cĸc ‐Dcyd`dayðd``d}nc Ěghcdyn―nsne`n ðc`ð anyhmĸch hyfdc% ‐Eðs`ðehc`h}ĸc Ěghcdyn― iöcdencd kn}enŒ kö|ðað~b}# Mtctc,~ð|id byt|tc idsydĒncn h`hoha ëba kðë`ð vd sd}y mny `hna gh}dadyn ibĒt}hohĒĸ adsncin}#

Ěs`heoĸ zb`nynah~ĸ }diidyed`d}n adcin vh}`ĸa sdmdz`d}ncn ydginy didodayn}# Mdcod mt}hih,_hmdyh~nsy ‟ inchenĒn mn} `hna`naydc ihgh ah`ĸoĸ mn} `hna`na kn|`n#

Mn} Œd~ fh}a dyyne# Ěyynghy vd Yd}haan naynih}ĸ 8>:7„id d`d kdën}in, mtcihc sbc}h mn}sdëne vh} vd b |hehcĸc ahmncdsncid etgyded`dc _hmdyh~nsy b`h}ha shidod Ohvny Md~vh}# Dcvd} ZhŒh„cĸc kö}dvn sĸ}hsĸcih yhavne idĒnŒna`nĒn knmn mh|ĸ }dfb}e`h} mhŒ`hyeĸŒ#Ghckn }dfb}e`h} 8>=? sbc}hsĸcih ~hzĸ`iĸ# ^hcn mt }dfb}e`h} ihgh d}adc###

H~cĸsĸcĸ nfhid didc, ‐Adeh`n|e Ghenin|ein}#― Œda`ncid mn} fb}eð` öcd sð}eðŒyðe# Kdcd` mn} ~hsh b`h}ha, gd} idv}ne adcincn hmh}yhc mn} nyan~`d n`d}`d}# KdëenŒnc mhĒ`h}ĸcihc abzeha nëncĸs`hghy`h} hmh}yĸ`iĸ, Yd|`d} id sð}da`n`nĒd nŒh}dy dyyne# Adeh`n|e ebid}c`dŒed sð}doncnc mn} idvheĸ~iĸ# Mt shidod Ěyynghy vd Yd}haan nënc idĒn` _t`yhc Gheny nënc id kdëd}`nin}# Adeh` vdDcvd}„n _t`yhc Gheny cdg}ncnc ih} mn} hëĸ~`h h~}ĸ`hc nan ab`t sh~hmn`n}ne#

_t`yhc Gheny„nc, adcinsncnc yhgyyhc ncin}n`inĒncn mn`in}dc k}tz nëncid ^hgtin Dehctd`Oh}hsb„ctc vh}`ĸĒĸ sdmdmn~`d ëba ð|kðc b`itĒt ah~idin`enŒyn}# Oh}hsb Ěyynghy vd Yd}haan„cncöcid kd`dc i}nlhc`h}ĸcihciĸ#

Oh}hsb mn} ehsbcit vd Ěyh`~hc Ehsbc`tĒtch mhĒ`ĸ~iĸ# Mn} `boh at}it vd Ěyynghy vd Yd}haan„cnc`nid}`d}n h}hsĸcih mtct ~h~iĸ#

Ëĸah}`h}ĸcĸ ihgh sbc}h kd}ëda`dŒyn}in# Mn}ncon Iðc~h _hvhŒĸ„cĸc sbctcihan zh~`hŒĸeihĚyh`~hc`h} iðŒ aĸ}ĸa`ĸĒĸch tĒ}heĸŒyĸ, Mhyĸ Hchib`t ^tchc`h}h mĸ}haĸ`eĸŒyĸ# Ěyn`hf Idv`dy`d}n

nëncid h~aĸ}ĸ`ĸa ëĸah}yeh~h mhŒ`hiĸ`h}# Mt, Ěyh`~hc Ehsbc`tĒtcih sö| shgnmn ^hgtin`d}ncOh}hsb„ctc at}itĒt `boh`h} ð|d}ncidc Ěyn`hf Idv`dy`d}n ghaaĸcih Yð}an~d„~d nsyngmh}hyyhŒĸiĸa`h}ĸ hc`heĸcihiĸ}# Mt ghy At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„cih ih nŒ`n~b}it, Etsyhfh Adeh`„nc ah}Œĸyh}hfĸc ed}ad|`d}n n`d n`kn`n d`id dyynĒn shĒ`ĸa`ĸ mn`kn`d} mt ahch`ihc kd`n~b}it#

^hgtin`d}idc mhŒah _hmdyh~nsy`d} id Ěyynghy vd Yd}haan„id cðft|`t~it`h}# B |hehc`h} vd mn|neëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸ| b}yh~h ëĸaĸcoh~h ahih} ‐iöced― b`h}ha hi`hciĸ}ĸ`ĸ~b}`h}iĸ# Ö}cda b`h}ha Ohvny,Ibayb} Ch|ĸe vd Ěyynghy Yd}haan„cnc sbc Kdcd` _da}dyd}n Enyghy œða}ð M`dih _hmdyh~nsyyn#

Ohvny vd Ibayb} Ch|ĸe, 8>=6„ih, Hcah}h„ih nihe din`in`d}# _hmdyh~n|enc dc fhchyna ab`tb`hc Ah}hahŒ ab`tcihciĸ`h} vd etgyded`dc _n~bcnsyyn`d}#

Ö}kðy`d}nc ðsy ið|d~ ~öcdynon aĸseĸcĸ b`tŒyt}hc, ö}kðy sy}hydln`d}ncn vd zb`nynah`h}ĸcĸ md`n}`d~dc en`nyhc`h} 

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 Mtcihc öcodan sb}t`h}h vd}n`dc odvhz`h} ĸŒĸĒĸcih yhmnin} an ebid}cnsyyn`d}#

Otegt}n~dy`d mn}`nayd Ebn| Obgdc, che%ĸ inĒd} Ydanch`z, Adeh`n|enc ydb}ns~dcn b`it#8>:>„ih Bsehc`ĸ ^hgtin`d}ncn ydesn`dc ahyĸ`iĸĒĸ Ghemt}k Abck}dsn„cid iðc~hcĸc mðyðc

^hgtin`d}ncn hchvhyhc`h}ĸ b`h}ha Bsehc`ĸ Yð}an~d„sncd ihvdy dyenŒyn# Ebid}cnsyyn`d}#

At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ mhŒ`heheĸŒ b`sh~iĸ cd b`t}it2

Mn`neid mt |b} mn} sb}tit} ëðcað mn`nehiheĸ cd b`itĒtct }hs~bcd` b`h}ha hc`hyeha dĒn`nencidin}# Mtct yded` mn`ne`d}id Ih}{ncn|enc ~d}`dŒedsn b`h}ha idĒd}`dcin}dmn`n}n|#Ah|hchcĸ ehcyĸan vd |b}tc`t sdmdz`d}`d hch`n| didc Eh}w„yh sĸa`ĸa`h mtctc`h} ah}Œĸ`hŒĸ}ĸ|#Mtctc shĒ`ĸa`ĸ mn} ~b` b`itĒtct iðŒðceð~b}te1 gh~h`kðoðcð vd mn`neid at}kt`heh~ĸfh|`h}ĸ~`h sĸcĸ}`ĸ~b}, kd}ëda`nĒd yhzĸ`ehsĸch ~b` hëĸ~b}# Mtct _bv~dy nidb`blnsncnc ëöaðŒðcidkö}dmn`n}n|#

At|d~ N}ha„yhan Yð}aedc`d} knmn aðëða mn} ybz`t`ta ah`hoha eĸ~iĸ< F}hcsĸ|`ĸa F}hcsĸ|Idv}nen„cid ~h}hyĸ`iĸ vd Yð}a`ða id Yð}a Idv}nen„cid# Öcd ëĸaĸŒĸ ahsydin~b}te# Ydo}nydin`dc`d} ö| ane`na`d}ncn vd in``d}ncn ab}t~hmn`n}`d}# Mn} in` nëncidan `dgëd hcoha ydo}ny`deðeaðc b`hmn`n~b}#

Mt}hih, At}yt`tŒyh Ěm}hcn aöadc`n`d}nc }b``d}n öcde`nin}# Mtct b`te`t sh~ĸ~b}te### B`te`tsh~ĸ~b}te ëðcað edahcn|eh~ĸ kö}ð~b}te# Heh mtkðc Yð}a knmn iðŒðceð~b} vdgnssdyen~b}`h}#

Etgyded`dc mt sb}t =::9 nënc 8>=:„idc ihgh t~ktcit}# Ëðcað Œnein _hmdyh~n|enc ah`mn ‟ idv`dyyd, b`nkh}Œn vd mhsĸcih dkdedc`nĒd ~haĸc kö|ðað~b} ‟ Yð}an~d vd `hna`na nënc hyeĸ~b}#Ðc`ð Œh}aĸihan knmn ‐Xtd _d}h― in~dmn`n}, @dcnc„nc ðc`ð sb}tst~`h idvhe didmn`n}n|< ―Œybsid`h~y― 'Cd ~hzeh`ĸ2.#

At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ b`ehsh~iĸ mtkðc mt sĸcĸ}`h} ah`ĸ} eĸ~iĸ2

_dv} kn}nŒnen vh}iĸ}, Vd}sh~„ĸc idvheĸ~iĸ# Ěsyhcmt` Gðaðedyncod ne|h`hciĸ heh mtct Hcah}hin}dcnŒn bch~`hehiĸ# Mtkðcðc Yð}an~d„sncid mn} Að}insyhc vd D}edcnsyhc z`hc`hceĸŒyĸ#_hidod Abc~h vd Yb}bs`h}ĸc ~hehë`h}ĸ Yð}a`d}d mĸ}haĸ`eĸŒyĸ#

Adeh` ZhŒh dezd}~h`nsy idv`dy`d}nc shvhŒ ~b}ktc`tĒtcihc fh~ih`hciĸ# Yð}a abeðcnsy`d}ncnc

 mbĒt`ehsĸ ah}Œĸ`ĸĒĸcih kdcë _bv~dy idv`dyncd mhyĸ iðc~hsĸcihc t|ha mn} Yð}an~d, mhyĸ~h~sh nanahez h}hsĸcih yh}hfsĸ| mn} mö`kd sö|ð vd}in# IbĒt~h ah~eh~ĸ tehc Dcvd}„nc ö`ðeð @dcnc„ncah}h}ĸ~iĸ ‟ dĒd} ]b~„tc gnë at``hcĸ`eheĸŒ ghyĸ}h`h}ĸch ih~h`ĸ deh}d`d} ibĒ}t~sh# _ĸ}`h} ih

  mtcihc mhgsdin`in# Adeh` ZhŒh ‟dc h| Gheny ahih}‟ ngyn~hy`ĸ vd Œðzgdon zb`nynahsĸ~`h mn} ede`dady ah|hceh~ĸ mhŒh}iĸ#

Mtkðc mt ede`dady ydginy h`yĸcihiĸ}#

Mtcihc mhgsdyeda nsyden~b}te#

_hmdyh~ _dvn„cnc Eðs`ðehc b`ehsĸch n|nc vd}d}da bc`h}ĸc incncnc b`tŒehsĸch cdidc

b`itĒtet|h nchcĸ~b}te# At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„ch öcoð`ða did}da Hv}tzh„ih

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Yð}aëð`ðĒðeð|ð ab}tita`h}ĸ sö~`dcdmn`n} en2 ^hcn mn|d b`hc mb}ë`h}ĸcĸ öidenŒb`hmn`n}`d} en2

Mt cbayhih mn} yh}yĸŒeh~h ngyn~hë vh}1 Ěs`hen~dyn ahmt` dyynĒncn hëĸa`hehsh~iĸ mn`d ~dcn mn} incidc mhgsdyeden| kd}dan}in# _hmdyh~ _dvn mn} Ahmh`hoĸ~iĸ heh gd} ^hgtin Ahmh`hoĸ

idĒn`in}# @t}nh„cĸc Ahmh`hsĸ kd`nŒyn}n`in vd idĒnŒyn}n`in# ^hgtin incn~`d ~dcn yh}nahy`h}ĸ  mhĒihŒyĸ}eha neahcsĸ|iĸ# \nch~h ah}Œĸ ytytet ^hgtin`nĒd yhehedc h~aĸ}ĸ~iĸ# H~}ĸoh}hmmn`d}nc byb}nydsncd sh`iĸ}iĸ vd Ěsh„cĸc ih ~hzyĸĒĸ knmn, Eðs`ðehc`h} knmn ^hgtinb`eh~hc`h}ĸ ih ahmt` dyyn# Aĸshoh ns`hen kö}ðcðeðc ahmt`ðcidc öcod id h~}ĸ mn} inc vh}iĸ#

Mn`ncdc Edsng`na niinhsĸ sbctcih Ltihn|eidc ëĸaeh~`h sbctë`hciĸ# Ěsh„~ĸ mn`n~b}t|#

Öyd ~hcihc Ěs`heĸc ~d}`dŒedsncid Ě|en}%Hesyd}ihe }dahmdyncnc }b`ðcð kö}ð~b}t|# Mt_hi}h|he Aöz}ð`ð„cðc sdch}~bstct ha`h kdyn}n~b}#

Mn} mb}ë hc`hŒehsĸ abctst b`h}ha mt z}bm`den hc`heheĸ|ĸ |b}`hŒyĸ}hc nancon mn} cbayh vh}#

Mtct adcin`na`d}ncidc ab}tita`h}ĸcĸ iðŒðcdmn`n}n|# ̂ hcn mb}ë vd h`hoha ~bayt#ĚŒh}dy dyynĒne, kö}ðciðĒðcidc ih öcde`n b`hmn`doda sbc abct, mtct nan ‐etheeh― b`h}ha fb}eð`d didmn`dodĒnen|in}# Mn}nconsn, 8>=9„idan Eðmhid`d cdidc kd}ëda`dŒyn, vd mn| cdidc ‟ H}hzëh, ]beh`ĸ ideda b`hc mn|ne ‐]te― idinĒnen| ‟ ^tchc`h}ĸ sð}iða# _ð}eda mn} Yð}a%EbĒb` kd`dcdĒn idĒn`in}# Cdidc ^tchc`h} _d`hcna ëdv}dsncidan _hmdyh~nsy`d}n köcid}eda abctstcih mt ahih} nsyda`n~in`d}, gnëmn} k}tz köë dyeda nsyden~b}it# Köë dyeda nsyded~dc_hmdyh~nsy`d} Yð}a b`ehiĸa`h}ĸcĸ n`d}n sð}ið`d}, heh mt nŒd ~h}hehiĸ#

Ěancon sb}t Œtit}< Cdidc kdcë Hcah}h Gðaðedyn Etst`„t h`eha abctstcih nsydasn|in, vdcdidc h`ehsĸ ihgh |b} b`hc Ghyh~ĸ h`iĸ# AtyshiĸĒĸeĸ| heh hs`ĸ ‐vhhidin`enŒ ybz}ha`h}― ahih} 

 md`n}sn| b`hc Ensha%ĸ En``n„id Etst`„t kö}eden|, Ghyh~„ĸ nsd kö}den~b} b`eheĸ| }hĒedc mtnan sb}t ih gdcð| fb}eð`d din`dedenŒyn}#

_n|nc sb}tct|h ah}Œĸ fb}eð`d dyynĒne sb}t`h}ĸc hëĸ`ĸe`h}ĸ vh}1 D}edcn`d} |t`ed vd sb~aĸ}ĸehtĒ}hiĸa`h}ĸcĸ öcd sð}ið`d}# Zdan heh D}edcn`d}nc }dsen vd kn|`n yh}ng`d}ncn hëyĸĒĸeĸ| |hehc

 mt ö`ðe`d} cdidcn~`d ̂ hgtin`d}n Yð}a`d}idc ihgh ëba stë`hiĸa`h}ĸcĸ kö}ð~b}t|#

Mt}hih it}t~b}te# œö~`d mn} sb}t sb}hmn`n}ne< sbc ~ð|~ĸ` ~hih d``n ~ĸ` nëncid ^hgtin%Gĸ}nsyn~hc shvhŒĸcĸc sbctot b`h}ha Yð}a`d}d mn} sb~aĸ}ĸe t~kt`hceĸŒ eĸiĸ}2 Mdcod mtcihcsbc}han ëh`ĸŒeh`h} mt abct~t inaahyd h`eh`ĸiĸ}#

Mdcod Yð}an~d„id sd}eh~d mn}nanen vd ynoh}dy, mhyĸcĸc nsydĒn ð|d}ncd bc`h}ĸc ð|d}ncidckd}ëda`dŒyn heh mhyĸ ynzn ~hzĸ`hceh bc`h}ĸc nsydĒncnc öydsncid b`it# DĒd} bc`h} mtn`nŒan`d}d kn}edsd~in Yð}an~d ~ncd id At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„ch kn}d}in vd mhŒah mn} ~hzĸb`tŒt}it# ^hcn bc`h}h mb}ë`t b`itĒtet|t iðŒðceð~b}te# Ghyyh zb`nyna nfhid~`dh~hĒĸeĸ|h mhĒ b`it`h}# Ëðcað mdcne nënc yhcĸe`hiĸa`h}ĸ Œd~ mdc idĒn`ine# Mt}hih mn}sb}tc vh}# Ěsyhcmt`„tc mtc`h} yh}hfĸcihc nŒkh` din`inĒncd nchceĸ~b}te# Ah}hidcn|„idcHaidcn|„d nceda nënc ]ts~h„~`h ^tchcnsyhc h}hsĸcih mö~`d mn} n`nŒan b`ehsh~iĸĚsyhcmt`„t mn|d mĸ}haeh|`h}iĸ#

 Cd |hehc2

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At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„cih# DĒd} ^tchc`h}ĸc B}ybibas`ta vd Mn|hcs kd`dcdĒn sdmdmn~`d]ts`h}`h mt ahih} ~haĸc n`nŒan`d}n b`ehsh~iĸ# ]ts~h gd} |hehc Ah}hidcn| ð|d}ncidcsĸoha idcn|`d}d nceda nsydenŒyn}# Mn|n h}h`h}ĸch ~d}`dŒyn}in`d}#

Ihgh n`d}n mn} ydb}n`dŒed nënc yda}h}`h} vd ö|dy`d}sda<

8# Mhyĸ shvhŒ ~b}ktct~it# Mt ~ð|idc iðc~hcĸc gd} aöŒdsncd t`hŒheh|`h}iĸ# _hvhŒĸc  mnynencidc öcod gh|ĸ}`hchc zh~`hŒĸe gh}nyh`h}ĸ nŒ`dedin# Zh}ns Abcfd}hcsĸ Ěyn`hf Idv`dy`d}ncn mn}mn}ncidc t|ha`hŒyĸ}ĸ~b}it#8= Ehoen``hc mtct mn|d }behc yhiĸcihhc`hyĸ~b}#

=# ]ts~h„~`h mn|ne h}heĸ|h mn} yhezbc ab~eha nsydina`d}n ibĒ}tit}# Mð~ða M}nyhc~hDezd}~h`n|en a`hsna mn} sb}tc`h ~ð| ~ð|d ah`iĸ, Gncinsyhc ~b`tct ahzhyeha nsydin#Adeh` ZhŒh ibĒ}t mn} yhvĸ}`h mtcihc ~h}h}`hciĸ#

Öcde`n nan cbayh vh}# 8>=8 Eh}yĸcihan Yð}a%]ts Ibsy`ta Hcy`hŒehsĸ vd _bv~dy%Mð~ða 

M}nyhc~h Ibsy`ta Hcy`hŒehsĸ cd}did~sd h~cĸ yh}ng`d}id ne|h`hciĸ# @bci}h, _bv~dyGðaðedyncn ‟fnn`dc‟ mt hcy`hŒeh n`d yhcĸiĸ# Mtctc mdid`n b`h}ha Hfkhcnsyhc„ih Mb`Œdvna 

  z}bzhkhcihsĸ ~hzĸ`eh~hohĒĸch sö| vd}n`edsn gdz n`d}n sð}ð`ið# Mt ð`adcnc n`a ]tsëh mn`dc‐_bv~dyb`bĒt― b`h}ha ‟hëĸaëh mt cdidc`d‟ hsad}n ehgaded yh}hfĸcihc 7 ~ĸ``ĸa ghzsd ehgatedin`ine, heh mt abct~`h n`kn`n mn} md`kd kö}eðŒ idĒn`ne, eðeaðc b`hmn`n}# T`ts`h}h}hsĸn`nŒan`d}id yhcĸeha mn} etyhmhahyh vh}ehayĸ}# Ěanconsn Adeh`nsy Gðaðedy _bv~dy`d} Mn}`nĒn„cdH|d}mh~ohc„ĸ, Kð}onsyhc vd D}edcnsyhc„ĸ Mb`Œdvn|d dyed abctstcih ~h}iĸe dyyn# Mt abctëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeih idyh~`ĸ b`h}ha kö}ð`dmn`n}#

Mhyĸ shvhŒ }nsan h`heh~hoha ahih} ~b}ktcit# Vd ö|d``na`d Mb`Œdvna Idv}nen„cidc sbc}h mn} yh}hfsĸ| mö`kd~d ngyn~hë vh}iĸ, Adeh` ZhŒh„cĸc idghsĸ mt ab|t b~chehsĸ~iĸ# Yd|`d}nen|dt~ktcit}# Heh mtctc öydsncid ah~mdyenŒyna, gdz mn}`nayd# Mt}hih, Ěm}hcn aöadc`n b`hc ^hatzAhi}n„cnc ^hmhc }behcĸ mn|ne nënc dc öcde`n ah~chayĸ}# 8>?:„ih ~h~ĸc`hchc mt öcde`nAdeh`nsy }behc Hchib`t ncshcĸcĸc _hvhŒ abctstcih nsydasn| b`itĒtct kösyd}n~b}it#

At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„eĸ|ih D}edcn vd ^tchc`h}ĸc |dcknc`na`d}n vd eð`a`d}n öcde`n mn} cdidcin}#Mtch ‐vhhidin`enŒ ybz}ha`h}― ibay}ncncn id da`ded`n~n|# œðzgdsn| yded`id ybz`te vh}iĸ}#

Heh ëba ~b}t`ita#

Dvdy, mn| id#

Mn} fna}ne vh} vd ibĒ}t et ed}ha din~b}te# _d}eh~d~n ~öcdyn}adc, mhyĸih hch ghy`h}ĸën|n`enŒ sd}eh~d fb}etct Yð}an~d„~d ~hcsĸyyĸ`h}# Mhch kö}d, mhyĸ yh}hfĸcihc at}t`etŒzb`nynah~ĸ vt}kt`hiĸ`h}# Adcin mhŒ`h}ĸch gnëmn} Œd~ ~h}hyehiĸ`h} ~hih bc`h}h ghs mn}zb`nynah ~bayt# Mn} sdayö} ~h}hyeha nënc bc`h}h sd}eh~d shĒ`hciĸ# Mö~`dod bc`h} at}totidĒn` shidod t~kt`h~ĸoĸ b`hmn`in`d}#

Mtct ihgh n~n ydb}n|d didmn`n}ne shcĸ~b}te# Adeh`n|e ö|kðc b`ehayhc t|hayĸ}#

H~cĸ hcih mhyĸihc ab}ah}adc mhyĸ~ĸ adcinen|d ö}cda h`ĸ~b}ita# Mt ab}at~`h gh}dadydin~b}ita, sd}eh~d`dŒed Otegt}n~dy`d idĒn` Ěyynghy Yd}haan n`d n`kn`nin}# _d}eh~d`dŒed

8= E# Ehoen``hc, Zh}ns 8>8> ‟ _nw Ebcygs Yghy Oghckdi ygd [b}`i , Cd{ ^b}a, =::=

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ab}atst, gĸ|`ĸ mnëneid kðë`dced nsydĒn vd ~hmhcoĸ kðë`d}d in}dced ngyn~hoĸ Yð}an~d„~dkd`nŒenŒ mn} dabcben vd Ob`md}y„nc8? zb`nynah`h}ĸcĸ |b}tc`t aĸ`iĸ# Ab`bcn`d}n b`ehasĸ|ĸcshch~n`dŒeda nsyd~dc`d} nënc Bciö}iðcoð @btns„cnc mt Eh`n~d Mhahcĸ mn} ëdŒny zd~khemd}in#

Ö|d` eð`an~dyd ah}Œĸy`ĸa ~bayt}#

Otegt}n~dync n`hcĸcihc öcod ahiĸc gha`h}ĸ ahmt` din`enŒyn1 Gheny aĸ|`h} nënc mn}ëba bat` hëyĸ#D}ada`d}nc shvhŒ`h}ih ö`edsn sdmdmn~`d idv`dy ihn}d`d}ncid ihgh ëba ahiĸcĸcĸ nsyngihe din`in#_hvhŒ`h}ĸc fdencnsy b`itĒtct gdz sö~`ð~b}t|#

H}hz`h}`h ~d}d` sð}yðŒed`d} vh}iĸ# Mn}ncon Iðc~h _hvhŒĸ sĸ}hsĸch H}hz`h} nsyn`hoĸ`h}ĸ ydŒvna iddyyn`d}# Mn|ne nënc mn} d|n~dyyn mt ëðcað iö}y ~ð| ~ĸ``ĸa ghanen~dynen|n mn|ne kö}iðĒðeð| knmnkö}doda`d}ncn shcĸ~b}ita# ^h ëba shfyĸa ~h ih adcin z}bzhkhciheĸ| dc ëba adcinen|nchceĸŒyĸa# Yh}ngncn vd fd`sdfdsncn mn`edidc adcinen|n Hcyn%Dezd}~h`nsy mn} shvhŒĸc nëncid

  mt`ita# Adcinen|nc at}yt`tŒ sĸ}hsĸcih nŒmn}`nĒn zdŒncid abŒeheĸ|ĸ cb}eh` sh~iĸa hehH}hz`h} h~cĸsĸcĸ ~hzĸcoh nghcdy hiidyyna#

Mtc`h} mn} ~hch, ydb}n%z}hyna in~h`daynĒncnc yda shĒ`h~ĸoĸsĸ z}hynayn}# _d}eh~d vd `hna`na  z`hyfb}etcih kd`inĒnen| cbayh ö|kðc b`ehiĸĒĸeĸ|ĸ nszhy`heĸŒyĸ}#

Yð}an~d„~n hs`h ‐Adeh`nsy― sh~heh~ĸ|#

Mt ~ðasda að`yð}ð ö`ið}eda b`ehiĸ eĸ2 Ěs`he`h mhĒ`h}ĸ abzh}ĸcoh mt, b}yhihcah`iĸ}ĸ`hc að`yð}d mhsaĸc ëĸahc inĒd} að`yð}d mn} ahyaĸ b`ehiĸ eĸ2

IbĒ}tit}#

MhŒ`hckĸëyh sn~hsn vd naynshin h`hc`h}ih mhyĸihc ab}at~b}ita# DĒnyne vd að`yð} z`hcĸcih~sh mö~`d mn} ab}at ~bayt#

InĒd} yh}hfyhc, Köah`z„nc ~hzyĸĒĸ edidcn~dy ‟ að`yð} h~}ĸeĸcĸc Yð}an~d„id mn} ~hcĸ`kĸ b`itĒtkö}ð`ið# Hs`ĸcih mtctc mhyĸ~h cðft| dyed~n ab`h~`hŒyĸ}eha nënc mhyĸ`ĸ`h}oh nohy din`inĒniðŒðcð`dmn`n}# Edidcn~dy hĒ}ĸ adsnon ~hih ~hyĸŒyĸ}ĸoĸ abctetcih b`itĒtcih að`yð}ðcab}tchmn`dodĒn yd|ncn d`d h`eha nshmdy`n b`t}# Mhyĸ edidcn~dyncn mdcnesdeda, að`yð}d` idĒnŒnenahmt``dcedayn}#

Ðsyd`na mt abctih ëba ih nsyda`n~ina#

^ncd id ~hmhcoĸ bat``h} mtch öch~ha b`it# _hidod H`~hcs Bat``h}ĸ hc`hŒĸ`eheh`ĸiĸ}#MhŒah`h}ĸ ih vh}iĸ1 Hed}nahc ens~bcd} bat``h}ĸcihc mhgsdyeda nsyd}ne#

Ðë ~d}id ~bĒtcit`h} vd ëbĒt Z}bydsyhciĸ# Eh}hŒ„yh nan Hed}nahc ab`dln, Hcydz vd T}fh„ih nsdöcde`n ens~bcd} ghsyhcd`d}n vd bat``h}ĸ vh}iĸ#

Ö|d``na`d mt ðë Œdg}n sdëedenc sdmdmn At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„cih Adeh` ZhŒh„cĸc abcy}b`ðcidið|dc`n mn}`na`d} at}t`ehihc öcod mt}h`h}ih në shvhŒ vd gh`a gh}dady`d}ncnc b`ehsĸiĸ}# MtD}edcn`d}nc mt}h`h}ih ~bĒtc b`itĒt vd Hed}nah`ĸ`h}ĸc ö|d``na`d bc`h} nënc kd`ina`d}n

8? Ldhc%Mhzynsyd Ob`md}y# WNV# @btns iöcden F}hcsĸ| Eh`n~d Mhahcĸ# QB}nlnch` edyncid nsen ~hc`ĸŒ ~h|ĸ`eĸŒ# ëc#U 

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hc`heĸcihiĸ}# Yded` hehë B}ybibas vd Ahyb`na D}edcn`d}n Z}bydsyhc`ĸĒh vd Hed}nahc ~hŒhe mnënencd hsnen`d dyedayn#

InĒd} mn} cbayh mt ðë Œdg}nc id ëĸah}yĸ`hc ~hsh~`h sĸ}hsĸ~`h ‐Ahg}hehc―, ‐Kh|n― vd ‐œhc`ĸ―tcvhc`h}ĸ h`eĸŒ b`ehsĸiĸ}# Mö~`dod, At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ„cĸc shvhŒëĸ ah}hayd}nsynĒncn ~hcsĸyhc

nsne`d}n Ahg}hehceh}hŒ, Kh|nhcydz vd œhc`ĸt}fh b`it#

Mö~`dod, në shvhŒĸc vd gh`a shvhŒĸcĸc ibĒhsĸ kd}dĒn At}yt`tŒ _hvhŒĸ n`a öcod D}edcn`d}dah}Œĸ ~hzĸ`iĸ# Mt bat``h} vd tcvhc`h} mt kd}ëdĒn nszhy`ĸ~b}# Yhe yd}sncn iðŒðcdmn`n}n|1 mttcvhc`h} mn|d D}edcn`d}n, ens~bcd}`d}n vd ens~bcd} bat``h}ĸcĸ ghyĸ}`hyĸ~b}#

Mt bat``h}ĸc dc ðc`ðsð ]bmd}y Ab`dlin ‟ Œnein MbĒh|nën Ðcnvd}snydsn b`etŒyt}# ^hgtin`d} vdaĸsedc D}edcn`d} ihgn` mðyðc kh~}neðs`ne`d}idc d`ny mn} sĸcĸf ~dynŒyn}dc mt bat` mn} Hed}nahcens~bcd} bat`t~it#

D}edcn cðftstctc b`itĒt gd} ~d}id h| ~h ih ëba ^hgtin cðftst vh}iĸ}#

Mt bat`t dc ëba _hmdyh~nsy`d} yd}ong dyyn# Mn} kh|dyd mt bat`ihc ed|tc mðyðc ðc`ð Yð}a`d}ncnsne`d}ncn vd fbybĒ}hf`h}ĸcĸ ~h~ĸc`hiĸ# Mt nsne`d}n anyhz`h}ĸeh h`iĸe vd ëbĒtctc _hmdyh~nsyb`itĒtct kösyd}eda |b} b`ehiĸ# IĸŒnŒ`d}n Dsan Mhahcĸ Ěsehn` Ode Ězdaën vd ]hgŒhc Dodvny id

 mt bat`ihc ed|tcit#

_hmdyh~nsy`d}nen| _d`hcna„yd ‐Yd}haan― nsencid adcin bat``h}ĸcĸ ih at}it`h}# Ě`d}`dedidedayn, Ěyynghy Yd}haan„~n hcĸeshyĸŒĸ ydshiðfn idĒn`in}#

Mt ‐Yd}haan― _d`hcna ^tchc`h}h mĸ}haĸ`ĸcoh Ěsyhcmt`„h ëdan`in, ~dcn mn} hëĸa`heh Ězdaën vdId}vnŒ hn`d`d}ncn at}tot hih~ĸ kösyd}n~b}#89 Mt öcde`n mn} ah~chayĸ}#

‐Yd}haan―cnc ed|tc`h}ĸ ahmt` din`enŒ mn} z}bsdið} b`h}ha ]bmd}y Ab`dl„d ~h ih mtkðcaðnsen~`d MbĒh|nën Ðcnvd}snydsn„cd idvhe did}`d}#

œðzgdsn| mt ~dcn ëh`ĸŒeh vd hëĸa`heh ~dcn yh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸc sbctotit}# _hidod vd ö|d``na`d_hmdyh~nsy hn`d`d}nc ëbota`h}ĸcĸc mt bat``h}h knyynĒn Œnein ahmt` din`in# Etgyded`dc mö~`dyh}yĸŒeh`h}ĸc gnë mhŒ`heh~hohĒĸcĸ |hccdin~b}`h}iĸ# Ðc`ð Ěs`heoĸ Ðcnvd}snyd Z}bfdsö}ð vdH~iĸc`h} BohĒĸ„cĸc i}nlhcĸ Cdv|hy ^h`ëĸcyhŒ vd Gh`n` Yt}kty Ö|h` ëbota`h}ĸcĸ, _hen_ð`d~ehc Iden}d` nsd ~dĒdcncn mt bat`h köcid}in#

Mhgsn kdëdc ~ðasda að`yð}ð ~h~hc ncshc`h} haĸcoĸ idinĒnen| mt ncshc`h}iĸ#Hmið`gheny, Ehgety„yhc nynmh}dc mðyðc bat``h}ih Ěs`hen hg`haĸc b`itĒtct sö~`ð~b}#

 Cb}eh`in}# Heh t~kt`hciĸĒĸcĸ shceĸ~b}te#

B gh`id Œnein cd}did~n|2

Ěcshc`ĸa hc`heĸcih öcde`n hiĸe`h} hyyĸa# Ěcshc`h}ĸeĸ|ĸc nchcë`h}ĸcĸ sha`heha |b}tcihah`eh`h}ĸ i}hehyna vd ncshc`ĸa iĸŒĸiĸ}# œnein ö|kð}`ðĒd t`hŒyĸa# _hmdyh~nsy`d} Œnein mtö|kð}`ðĒd ahyaĸih mt`tct~b}`h}# Mn}d~sd` ið|d~id mn} nyn}h| kö}eð~b}t|#

89 E# Ö# H`ahc, Ěezh}hyb}`ta„yhc Otegt}n~dy„d, _d`hcna„ydc Ěsyhcmt`„h Yd}haan Vhafĸ vd Yd}haan Bat``h}ĸ 87;;%=:::, Ěsyhcmt`, =::?#

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 Zdan mt sh`iĸ}ĸ`h} cdidc2

Kö}iðĒðe, mt shgh~h n`a kn}inĒnen|id, mt kd}ëdĒn n`hc dyed~d gh|ĸ}`hcĸ}adc, vdëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸc mhŒĸcih sĸa`ĸa`h Ěs}hn`„nc vd _hmdyh~nsy`d}nc nŒncn ~hzyĸĒĸe n`d}n sð}ð`ið# Mtch

nyn}h| dyedine ëðcað mtctc bc`h}ĸc ëĸah}ĸch b`hohĒĸcĸ kö}iðe# Ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸe mhŒĸcih, d`nysĸcĸfĸc vd öcde`n abcte`h}ih b`hc`h}ĸc ëbĒtctc Ěm}hcn aöadc`n b`itĒtct kösyd}dmn`ine, vd mtctc`h kt}t} it~t~b}`h}iĸ# Kt}t}`h ‐mðyðc kð|d``na`d}n mn| ~h}hyyĸa#― idina`d}ncn kö}iða#

Heh sbc}h nan ydb}de`d ah}Œĸ`hŒyĸa1 mn}nconsn, Ěm}hcn`d} gh}në gnë anesd öcde`n abcte`h}hkd`den~b}it, mtct nszhy`hiĸe# Ö}cda`d}nenc ëbĒt ðc`ð Œh}aĸoĸ`h}ihc, syh}`h}ihc vdsgb{edc`d}idc sdën`in# _yh} ën}anc, sznad} adaded vd Œh}aĸoĸcĸc sdsn ~bayt# Gnëmn}n hëĸa ghvhabcsd}n vd}den~b}it, ~d}ncd mhcy ah~iĸcĸc ah}Œĸsĸcih hĒĸ|`h}ĸcĸ hëĸz ahzhyĸ~b}it# Ëðcað

  mtkðcðc ydacb`blnsn sh~dsncid gd}ghckn mn}ncn Œh}aĸoĸ ~hzeha, z`h~%mhoa ~hzehsĸ Œh}yĸ~`heðeaðcið}# Mt ~ð|idc ~dydcda`d} adŒfdin`edin vd mtc`h}ih gnëmn} ~dydcda ~bayt# GdzsnĚm}hcn aöadc`nin}, mt F}hcsĸ| Idv}nen„cnc öcodsn~`d ah}Œĸ`hŒyĸ}ĸ`hmn`n}#

Mtc`h} gh`aëh ahmt` din`in vd mn} ns~hc gh}dadyn mhŒ`hiĸ, ah}Œĸ%ns~hc ydzansn cb}eh`in}#

Ěanconsn, ‐Að}y ^hgtinsn― ~h ih ‐Að}insyhc ^hgtin`d}n― hc`hŒĸ`ehiĸ# Yð}an~d„id Að}y gh`aĸaö~`ð vd dĒnynesn| b`h}ha aðëðesdcin# ‐Að}y ^hgtinsn― mhŒ`hckĸëyh Að}y`d}n öved vd^hgtin`d}n hŒhĒĸ`heh b`h}ha h`kĸ`hciĸ# Gh`mtan Yð}a h~iĸcĸc yhaĸcyĸsĸch }hĒedc md Zh}ns„ydköcð``ð sð}kðcid~adc öĒ}dcon~ine# Að}ib`bln vd Ě}hcb`bln id}s`d}ncd ahyĸ`ehcĸc ~b``h}ĸcĸh}ĸ~b}ite# Mö`ðe mhŒahcĸ b`hc Ehihe M`ht gh}nah mn} ncshciĸ# Eĸsĸ} ^hgtinsn~in, vdZh}ns„yd Að}ib`bln Mö`ðeðcðc MhŒahcĸ~iĸ# Að}y ^hgtin`d}ncn b}hih ëh`ĸŒyĸa# Ěs}hn`„d köëdidc`d}ncnc sh~ĸsĸ ~ha`hŒĸa nan ~ð| mncin}1 dv`d}ncid Að}yëd abctŒt}`h} vd gh`h Að}y yh}|ĸ~hŒh}`h} vd dv`dcn}`d}#84 Mt yd|`d}n kd`nŒyn}ine#

Að}y ^hgtinsn ahv}heĸ zb`nynahih mn} idz}de ~h}hyyĸ# At|d~ N}ha„yhan Að}y gh`aĸ Hed}nah„cĸcidsydĒn~`d ‐zdŒed}kd― b`h}ha shvhŒĸ~b}it, Að}yëdid ‐zdŒ― öc ~h ih öcid idedayn} vd‐ed}kd― nsd ö`ð hc`heĸcihiĸ}, ö`ðeðcd shvhŒeha hc`heĸcihan F}hcsĸ|ohihan ‐ebt}n}― fnn`ncd

  mdc|d}# At|d~ N}ha„yh ah`hc vd ~öcdyneid b`hc mt ncshc`h}ĸc Ěm}hcn aöadc`d}ncn vd  mhĒ`hcyĸ`h}ĸcĸ kösyd}ed~n mhŒh}iĸe# Yð}an~d„idan Mh}|hcn ~hc`ĸsĸ zb`nynah~ĸ sh}syĸ vdYð}an~d„cnc adcin Að}y`d}ncd ah}Œĸ ~ð}ðyyðĒð zb`nynah`h}h ~öcd`na Œðzgd ibĒt}it# Ydzan`d} sd}y`dŒyn#

84

Að}y ^hgtin`d}ncnc Ěs}hn` ~hŒheĸcĸ kösyd}dc mn} h`mðe h}ĸ~b}ita Ěs}hn``n mn} öĒ}dcon kdyn}enŒ# Z}bfdsö} M`ht, b|hehc, Etsyhfh Mh}|hcn„cnc |b} |hehc`h}ĸcih Ěs}hn`„d knyynĒncn cby dyenŒyn# KnyynĒncid ―ha}hmh`h}ĸcih―ah`iĸĒĸcĸ sö~`dinĒncn ghyĸ}`ĸ~b}te1 heh F}hcsĸ|ohe b |hehc`h} ëba n~n idĒn`in, ~hc`ĸŒ hc`heĸŒ b`hmn`n}ne#œh`be Chainebc„tc anyhmĸ etgyded`dc 8>;4 ~h ih 8>;6 ~ĸ`ĸcih ~h|ĸ`eĸŒ1 kdëdc`d}id Ěm}hcnodidc Yð}aëd~dëdv}n`nz mhsĸ`eĸŒ# Mt}hih Chainebc, mt n`nŒancnc shidod mn} sĸĒĸcha mb~tytcih b`ehiĸĒĸcĸ, sn~hsn vd hsad}n mn} 

 mn}`nayd`na b`itĒtct kösyd}n~b}# _tcte aĸseĸcih hŒhĒĸihan`d} md`n}yn`n~b}<‐8= ~ĸ` mb~tcoh, N}ha Gðaðedyn„cd vd b}itstch ah}Œĸ Að}y`d}nc `nid}`nĒncn, Eb``h Etsyhfh Mh}|hcn ~ð}ðyyð# Mtsð}dë mb~tcoh Mh}|hcn dyanc`na`d}ncn Ěs}hn`„idc mn} eðsydŒh} k}tmtch ihcĸŒh}ha ~ð}ðyyð# Ěs}hn``n k}tz ðë h~ih mn} ið|dc`n b`h}ha idĒnŒn~b}it# K}tmtc `nid}`nĒncn mn} Ebsshi kö}dv`nsn, Ěs}hn` b}itstcihc mn} stmh~ vd mn} ydacna ihcĸŒehc ~hzĸ~b}it#‐‐> Eh}y 8>;4„yd Gðaðedy MhŒahcĸ Ě|ha ]hmnc, mhahc`h}ĸch ‗Ě}hc vd N}ha Að}y`d}n ~h`cĸ| mĸ}haeh ah}h}ĸ h`iĸ#„idin# B iöcdeid Ě}hc%Að}y%Hed}nahc%Ěs}hn` ih~hcĸŒehsĸ ib}ta cbayhih~iĸ# Ebsshi vd Ě}hc nsyngmh}hy sd}vnsn_hvha, At|d~ N}ha„yh t~te nëncd ëh`ĸŒĸ~b}it#―

œh`be Chainebc, N}ha vd B}yhibĒt+ih Ebsshi , Hcah}h, =::9Ěsne`d} vd ydacna yd}ne`d} gh}në ëdvn}nid mh|ĸ ghyh`h} vh}# ‐Ěs}hn``n EðsydŒh}`h}― ~d}ncd ‐ihcĸŒehc`h}― nfhidsnihgh ibĒ}t b`t}#

8/14/2019 Yeni Bir Tarih Yazımına Doğru

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/yeni-bir-tarih-yazimina-dogru 22/22

_d}y ydzan`d} mda`dcn`ed~dc aöŒdidc kd`in, mt shgh Yð}an~d„id mn`nesd` ið|d~id b`eheha ah~iĸ~`h Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒĸc ydad`ncid |hccdin`n~b}it, Ěs`heoĸ`h} mn} ^hgtin abez`bst h}ĸ~b}`h}iĸ#IbĒ}t~t sö~`deda kd}dan}sd, ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸc mhŒĸcih mh|ĸ Ěs`hen kh|dyd`d} sĸa`ĸa`h mdcidc}özb}yhl nsyn~b}`h}iĸ, hcnidc adsn`in# Ěan cdidc vh}iĸ< Ěs`heoĸ`ĸĒĸc nëncd Ltihn|enc sĸ|iĸĒĸcĸkösyd}ede, yĸzaĸ bc mdŒncon vd bc h`yĸcoĸ ~ð|~ĸ``h}ih Ěmd}~h„ih zda ëba Ahyb`na inchiheĸcĸc

A}nzyb%^hgtin b`ehsĸ knmn# Yð}an~d„id id mdc|d} ö}cda`d} vh}iĸ# œðzgdsn| ‐Yð}a%Ěs`he_dcyd|n―cnc i}lhc`h}ĸ b`hc H~iĸc`h} BohĒĸ„cĸc ëbĒt ð~dsn _hmdyh~nsyyn}# Ěs`heoĸ ‐HA― Zh}yncncid mt }dcayd b`itĒtct ~h|hmn`n}n|, öcde`n cbayh mtct ëbĒt Eðs`ðehcĸc shgnz`dcedsnin}#KdëenŒnc mt aöaydcon zh}ynsn Œnein dc Ěs}hn` ~hc`ĸsĸ zb`nynah`h}ĸ t~kt`t~b}# œnein Ěs`heoĸ`h}ĸc

 mt ëh`ĸŒeh`h}h cdidc ah}Œĸ b`itĒtct hc`h~hmn`n~b}t|#

Mt shghih ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸ|ĸc ihgh mhŒĸcih~ĸ|, 'h. Mn} ~öcyde kd`nŒyn}n~b}t| vd 'm. mn} ahyh`bkb`tŒyt}t~b}t|# Yded` ëh`ĸŒeh`h} gdcð| ~hzĸ`eĸŒ idĒn`in}#

Mt yh}ngnen|nc mn} ëh`ĸŒehsĸiĸ}#

Yh}ngnen|idc mn} sh~fh ~ĸ}yĸ~b}t|

Vd mn} yh}ng ~h|ĸ~b}t|#

Kd`dodĒd chsĸ` mhaĸ~b}stct|2

Ðcnvd}snydid Ěsyhynsyna id}`d}n vd}n}adc, ~hc`ĸŒ n`nŒan`dcin}ed ahv}heĸcihc mhgsdid}n|# œdad} fn~hy`h}ĸ~`h nëan shyĸŒ`h}ĸ h~cĸ hcih h}yhmn`n}# Ěsyhynsynaën n`nŒan`dcin}d}da mn} cdidc sbctë n`nŒansnat}h} vd n`nŒan h}h}# Mt abctih öĒ}dcon`d}nen|n t~h}ĸ}iĸa#

Mn`ne z`hcĸcih yd}sncn kö}ð~b}t|# Eh}w„ĸc Gdkd` vt}ktst vd övkðsðcð gnëmn} |hehc gha`ĸ vdvd}ne`n mt`ehiĸe# Mt}hih mt cbayhihc mhgsdided~n| heh yh}ngyd Gdkd`„nc h~ knmn ytyt`itĒt,Eh}w„ĸc ~ðasd`inĒn |hehc`h} b`etŒyt} heh Mb`Œdvna idv}ne Gdkd`„nc ~dcnidc ~ðasd`nŒncdcdidc b`it# Gdkd` ~hŒhsh~iĸ _bv~dy`d} Mn}`nĒn„cd ah}Œĸ b`t}it, heh _bv~dy ið|dcncn vh}`ĸĒĸGdkd`„d gh~hy vd}in#

Ëh`ĸŒeh`h}ĸeĸ|ĸc kðvdcn`n}`nĒn, Hed}nahcĸc N}ha _hvhŒĸ„cihc vd Hed}nah`ĸ kh|dydon Gd}sg„ncghznsghcd sahcih`ĸ ghmd}ncidc sbc}h Ěs}hn``n`d}nc At|d~ N}ha„yh Að}y`d}d Abehcib dĒnynenvd}ina`d}ncn hëĸa`heh`h}ĸcihc sbc}h h}yyĸ# DĒnyne sĸ}hsĸcih in` vd ëdvn}n~`d n`kn`n mn} sb}tc~hŒhcehiĸĒĸcĸ etgyded`dc kh|dydon mn`en~b}it}# Ěan yh}hfĸc ih Að}yëd abctŒytĒtct yhgencdidmn`n}n|#

Ě`kn h}yĸ~b} vd mt ~dcn insnz`nc`d} ibĒt}t~b}#

Heh ihgh mhŒĸcih~ĸ|#

_n|ncan knmn ëh`ĸŒeh`h}h ngyn~hë vh}#

Heh inaahy`n b`eh~ĸ öcd}n~b}te# Mhyĸih Yð}ab`bln vd Að}ib`bln mö`ðe`d}n Ěm}hcn aöadc`n`d}ncabcy}b`ð h`yĸcihiĸ}# œðzgdsn| Yð}an~d„id id mdc|d} mö`ðe`d}idc ncshc`h}`h mhĒ`hcyĸ`h}ĸ vh}iĸ}#Mn`ned nchcehayhc vh|kdëed`d}n etgyded`in}#