(Fogel, Robert. Fun Facts About Fungi: Fungal factories-gasohol and more.“herbarium”.November 11, 2006

http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/Fermentation.htm.)(Moncel, Bethany What is

yeast?.http://foodreference.about.com/od/Ingredients_Basics/a/What-Is-Yeast.htm)(The Story Behind a Loaf Of Bread. Bathoman's Educational

Pages. http://www.botham.co.uk/bread/yeast.htm)(Yeast. 15 October, 2008. How Stuff

Works.com.http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/fungi/yeast-info.htm)(U.S. Energy Information Administration.“How much gasoline does the

United States Consume?”.30, September 2013.http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=23&t=10)(Ingram, Antony. “Ethanol in Your Gasoline

Tank: Pros and Cons”. 18, July 2012. http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1077734_ethanol-in-your-gasoline-tank-the-pros-and-cons)(Janet,

Larsen.“Falling Gasoline Use Means United States Can Just Say No To New Pipeline and Food-to-fuel”.28, March 2013.http://earth-policy.org/data-

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Yeast Fermentation

Problem Statement: Does the amount of sugar given to yeast affect the amount of Carbon Dioxide released by the anaerobic respiration of the fungi? How can it's performance be used in a way that turns out to be beneficial?

Hypothesis I predict that as more glucose is combined with yeast (and warm water) , the more Carbon Dioxide will be produced because the yeast will have a greater amount of sugar molecules to break down, causing the yeast to work longer periods of time, therefore producing stronger concentrations of Carbon Dioxide as a byproduct. . Brief: I was motivated to perform this project because I was interested in learning how yeast actually works. I was able to see an experiment in my biology class in which they placed yeast with different types of substances. I noticed that the one containing sugar created a lot more air bubbles than the rest. That was the actual intention of the experiment. To see which test tube created the most bubbles. My teacher explained that the bubbles were actually from the yeast breaking down the sugar molecules. With this experiment, I was able to increase my knowledge on the subject, visualize it a little better. If the data supports my hypothesis, I believe that the ability of this fungi can be used to accelerate the production of ethanol made from naturally grown corn which is added to most gallons of gas.

Materials 15 water bottles 15 cups of warm water 15 table spoons of yeast 15 party balloons 30 table spoons of sugar.

Materials 15 water bottles 15 cups of warm water 15 table spoons of yeast 15 party balloons 30 table spoons of sugar.

Description The mixture appeared really dense and it had a light grey and pale brown color, and it had the smell of old dough, and a very light scent of alcohol. The liquid doubled in the form of a very foamy substance. Procedures 1. Place all water bottles on a flat surface. 2. Make sure they are dry. 3. Divide water bottles into three rows of five. 4. Label the first water bottle of each row. The first row with a one, second with a two, third with a three. 5. Add one tbsp of yeast to each bottle. 6. Add one tbsp of sugar to the first row, two to the second, and three to the third. 7. Heat up water until it is just warm (not hot) 8. Add one cup of warm water to each water bottle. 9. Quickly place one balloon on top of each water bottle. 10. Leave the lab for one hour to rest (do not disturb) 11. Measure the circumference of the balloons by rows. 12. Add the measurements of all the balloons with their Rows , calculate the average, see results and compare.

Results I was able to measure the circumference of the balloons with a measuring tape and make an average measurement for each of the variables in my project. Making me realize that my hypothesis was supported by the data because the circumference measurements increased in proportion to the sugar.

Conclusion My hypothesis was proven to be correct because the fact that as the sugar levels grew for each row and that the balloons grew larger in proportion to the sugar, supports my hypothesis. The yeast was able to produce larger amounts of Carbon Dioxide because it had more glucose to feed on and therefore creating a condense atmosphere of the Carbon Dioxide that blew into the balloon by pressure.

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Variable Trial 1 (cm) Trial 2 (cm) Trial 3 (cm) Trial 4 (cm) Trial 5 (cm) Average

Bottle 1 (1 tablespoon of sugar) 30 35 29 35 37 33.2

Bottle 2 (2 tablespoon of sugar) 37 33 36 38 36 35.8

Bottle 3 (3 tablespoon of sugar) 37 37 39 35 39 37.4

Effect of Sugar and Yeast on Balloon Circumference

Yeast Fermentation Problem Statement: Does the amount of sugar given to yeast affect the amount of Carbon Dioxide released by the anaerobic respiration of the fungi? How can it's performance be used in a way that turns out to be beneficial?

Hypothesis I predict that as more glucose is combined with yeast (and warm water) , the more Carbon Dioxide will be produced because the yeast will have a greater amount of sugar molecules to break down, causing the yeast to work longer periods of time, therefore producing stronger concentrations of Carbon Dioxide as a byproduct. . Brief: I was motivated to perform this project because I was interested in learning how yeast actually works. I was able to see an experiment in my biology class in which they placed yeast with different types of substances. I noticed that the one containing sugar created a lot more air bubbles than the rest. That was the actual intention of the experiment. To see which test tube created the most bubbles. My teacher explained that the bubbles were actually from the yeast breaking down the sugar molecules. With this experiment, I was able to increase my knowledge on the subject, visualize it a little better. If the data supports my hypothesis, I believe that the ability of this fungi can be used to accelerate the production of ethanol made from naturally grown corn which is added to every gallon of gas.

Materials 15 water bottles 15 cups of warm water 15 table spoons of yeast 15 party balloons 30 table spoons of sugar.

Materials

15 water bottles 15 cups of warm water 15 table spoons of yeast 15 party balloons 30 table spoons of sugar.

Description The mixture appeared really dense and it had a light grey and pale brown color, and it had the smell of old dough, and a very light scent of alcohol. The liquid doubled in the form of a very foamy substance. The effects of the experiment were very slow and took time. I was able to observe how the gradual decomposition of the glucose/sugar and as the creation of the Carbon Dioxide created pressure and inflate the balloons very slowly. Within just an hour, most of the balloons were already inflated to half of their potential and the dents in the bottles also started to pop and placed back to the bottles normal state.

Results I was able to measure the circumference of the balloons with a measuring tape and make an average measurement for each of the variables in my project. Making me realize that my hypothesis was supported by the data because the circumference measurements increased.

Conclusion My hypothesis was proven to be correct because the fact that as the sugar levels grew for each row and that the balloons grew larger in proportion to the sugar, supports my hypothesis. The yeast was able to produce larger amounts of Carbon Dioxide because it had more glucose to feed on and therefore creating a condense atmosphere of the Carbon Dioxide that blew into the balloon by pressure.

Tria l 1 (cm ) Tria l 3 (cm ) Tria l 5 (cm )

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R ow 3

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Circumference (c

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Can high phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Pinus ponderosae regulate bark beetle populations?

Richard W. Hofstetter1, Jolie Mahfouz2, Jaina Moan3, and Carl Edminster4

1Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ (Rich.Hofstetter@nau.edu), 2USDA Forest Service, Pineville LA, 3Chemical Lab, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 4USDA Forest Service Flagstaff AZ Introduction

Many species employ multiple defenses against

predators. Trees are no exception and have a variety

of mechanisms to defend against predators and

herbivores. Some mechanisms include oleoresin,

toxins, thick bark, local necrosis and wound reaction.

Arizona contains the largest contiguous stand of

ponderosa pine in the world. This forest supports

many aggressive bark beetles (~8 Dendroctonus and

4 Ips species) but extensive tree mortality by bark

beetles has only occurred recently. High tree

mortality has been attributed to reduced tree defenses

due to extreme drought, climate change, and high

stand densities.

For over 100 years bark beetle populations in Arizona

remained at endemic (low) densities, despite the

abundance of trees and diversity of beetle species.

High variation in resin quality (Figures 1 & 2) among

trees may have provided a mechanism that regulated

endemic populations of bark beetles within this region.

Hypothesis

Extreme high inter-tree variability in defenses

maintains low survival and low adaptability of bark

beetles.

Acknowledgements:

Support for this research was provided by USDA Forest Service and USDA Joint Venture Agreement.

Variability in resin composition

Discussion

Analyses of 90 Ponderosa pines within Coconino N.F. show a high

degree of variation in resin composition. This variation is greater than

that found in most pine species and locations around the world, and

may be a consequence of the age and size of this forest.

Bark beetles attempt to adapt their behavior and attack strategy to

existing host mechanisms of resistance. The occurrence of high

phenotypic variability may reduce beetle attack success and

reproduction at the forest scale.

We are just beginning to test this hypothesis using field surveys and

controlled manipulation studies. We welcome any feedback and

options you may have on this idea.

Monoterpene

a-pinene

camphene

b-pinene

myrcene

3-carene

limonene

g-Terpinene

longifolene

Perce

nt of

mono

terpe

nes

0

20

40

60

80

100

June samples

August samples

Figure 1. Monoterpene composition of ponderosa pine

collected June (N=24) and August (N=63) of 2005. Mean ± STD.

Tree B2:5

Tree P5:4

Tree E1:31

a-pinene

camphene

b-pinene

myrcene

3-carene

limonene

g-terpinene

longifoleneTree C3:13

Tree P1:1

Tree I7:1

Figure 2. Monoterpene profiles of 6 ponderosa pines from one site

in Coconino N.F. in Arizona.

Ponderosa pine forests, Arizona.

Potential effects of resin variability on beetles

reduction in host recognition by bark beetles

reduction in beetle-fungi performance due to wide range of toxins

impedance with beetle pheromone communication and the use of tree

volatiles for host selection and mating.

poorer larval survival due to competition and predation within trees of

a particular phenotype

interruption of beetle-fungal relationships

Groom Creek Fuels Project: A Neighborhood Plan for Community Safety and Forest Health

Anna Lowell1,2, Richard VanDemark2, Groom Creek Fire District3

1 School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018 Flagstaff, AZ 86001 2 Southwest Forestry, Inc., 21615 N. Hackamore Ln. Paulden, AZ 86334

3 Groom Creek Fire District 1110 Friendly Pines Road Prescott, AZ 86303

Your Firewise Community

A Firewise Community is one that provides for the safety of firefighters and homeowners by working cooperatively with public and private partners to address:

fire hazards

removing of hazard fuels around homes

improving access and evacuation routes homeowner responsibility

community/ forest ecosystem balance

creating a sustainable plan for the future.

The Groom Creek Fire District (GCFD) has been nationally recognized as one of these communities. However, reaching these goals is a challenge due to the fact that these forests are overgrown because they have not been ‘cleaned’ up by a natural fire in a very long time. This makes them very vulnerable to catastrophic wildfire & bark beetle outbreaks,.

Fuel Reduction Projects in Groom Creek

Fuel reduction projects are going on throughout the Groom Creek area. This map shows past and current projects being conducted on federal land, camps, and private parcels. Implementing fuel reduction throughout the Groom Creek area, regardless of property ownership, will

be key to achieving complete forest health.

Fuel Reduction In Zone 3

Creation of a Healthy Forest

The end result is 60-100 trees per acre as seen here at the old

Groom Creek School House.

In the forefront of the picture you can see the low stumps

of removed trees.

In the background is a forest that is rich with many different

grass, shrub, and tree species.

Current Conditions

Tree densities around Groom Creek can exceed 600 trees/acre.

Thick tree/shrub understories can carry fires into the taller

pine overstory.

The dense pine overstories can support intense crown fires.

You can change these conditions with help from fire and

forestry professionals.

What Does Fuel Reduction Look Like?

The goal is to reduce the # of trees, increase the distance

between groups of trees, and enhance individual tree health.

Fire & forester professionals can help you decide which trees

to keep to reach this goal (indicated by orange in picture).

Trees can be cut using mechanical and/or hand methods. Cut trees can then be used for consumer products.

Smaller woody debris will be removed or burned on site.

How Can You Get Involved?

For more information regarding ways you can reduce fire hazards, current

fuel reduction projects, and free property assessments please visit the Groom Creek Fire District website at:

www.groomcreek.org

or call (928) 778-6519

Reducing Fire Hazard on Your Property

To address these threats the GCFD has

assisted property owners in Zone 1 & 2 by providing: free property assessment hazardous fuel treatment (house & yard) dumpster/chipper programs debris removal & burning

These initial steps are key to protecting your home, but to protecting your community and forest the fuels in Zone 3 must be dealt with. It is here that real improvements can be made toward creating a forest that is resistant to catastrophic wildfire and bark beetle outbreak.