g. xomeriki

turizmi

saxelmZRvanelo turizmis specialobis

studentebisaTvis

“teqnikuri universiteti”

g. xomeriki

turizmi

saxelmZRvanelo turizmis specialobis

studentebisaTvis

damtkicebulia . . . . . . . . . .

Tbilisi

2008 w.

turizmi

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia mogzaurobisa da turizmis istoria,

turizmis arsi, subieqtebi, struqtura, ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi,

agreTve, turizmis industriis Semadgeneli sistemebis, _ turopereitingis,

sastumro industriis, samgzavro gadazidvebis, turistuli

infrastruqturisa da turistuli marketingis, safuZvlebi. ganxilulia

turizmis calkeuli nairsaxeobebi da mimarTulebebi, msoflios

turistuli regionebi. vrcladaa mimoxiluli saqarTvelos turizmis

bunebrivi da kulturuli resursebi, turizmis praqtika, turistuli

centrebi da maTi funqcionaluri profili. daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelos

TiToeuli regionis turistuli potenciali.

gankuTvnilia turizmis specialobis studentebisa da turizmiT

dainteresebul pirTaTvis, romlebic bevr sainteresos Seityoben turizmis

Sesaxeb.

© gamomcemloba “teqnikuri universiteti”, 2008

3

winasityvaoba

Zvirfaso studentebo, Tqven iwyebT turizmis, _ saqmianobis am

saintereso sferos Seswavlas. turizmi msoflios ekonomikis erT-erTi

yvelaze didi dargia, xolo geografiuli arealebis mixedviT _ yvelaze

farTo. Tu mecnierTa prognozebs davujerebT _ is kidev ufro gaizrdeba,

gafarTovdeba. msoflioSi gamudmebiT Cndeba axal-axali turistuli

regionebi, samogzauro adgilebi, specialuri turistuli momsaxurebis

axali saxeebi da marSrutebi. turizmis mzardi SesaZleblobebi sul ufro

met adamians izidavs samogzaurod. yovelwliurad dedamiwaze turistebis

sarekordo raodenoba mogzaurobs.

turistuli industria bevri qveynisa da regionisaTvis materialuri

Semosavlis da mosaxleobis dasaqmebis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens.

turistebis regularuli vizitebi sxadasxva qveynis turistul regionebSi

da maTi momsaxurebisTvis Seqmnili saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad cvlis

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis meurneobas, yofas da ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobebs. rogorc iciT, Cvens qveyanaSic am dargs ekonomikis

ganviTarebis garkveuli perspeqtivebi ukavSirdeba, kerZod: materialuri

Semosavlebis zrda, axali saqmianobebis da dasaqmebis axali adgilebis

gaCena, axali teqnologiebis danergva, axali bazrebis aTviseba da

saerTod, swrafi cvlilebebi Cvens cxovrebaSi.

turizmis biznesi mravalmxrivaa mimzidveli. sworad warmarTvis

SemTxvevaSi, es saqmianoba stabilur da swrafi mogebis saSualebas iZleva.

Tumca, meore mxriv, es dargi gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs masSi

monawile pirebs. turizmis sferoSi momuSave specialisti kargad unda

erkveodes ara marto zogadad ekonomikaSi, menejmentsa Tu komerciaSi,

aramed, pirvel yovlisa, turizmisa da turistuli saqmianobis specifikaSi.

es ki am dargis Tanamimdevrul da yovelmxriv Seswavlas moiTxovs.

saxelmZRvanelo Cafiqrebulia, rogorc turizmis specialobis Sesavlis

saswavlo kursi.

4

Sesavali

turizmis industria msoflio ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi

dargia. misi daCqarebuli tempebiT ganviTareba 1950-iani wlebidan daiwyo,

male masobrivi saxe miiRo da globaluri1 masStabi SeiZina. bolo

aTwleulebSi saerTaSoriso turizmi zrdis stabiluri da Zalian maRali

maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. msoflios turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT,

saerTaSoriso turistuli Casvlebis raodenoba 1990-2006 ww. periodSi

gamudmebiT (2001 w. 11 seqtembris Semdgom mcire Cavardnas Tu ar CavTvliT),

weliwadSi saSualod 3,6%-iT izrdeboda da 2006 wlisaTvis 846 mln-s

miaRwia, xolo turistebis mier maspinZel qveynebSi datovebuli Tanxebis

moculoba kidev ufro maRali tempiT izrdeboda, _ marto erTi, _ 2006 w.

manZilze igi 57 mlrd aSS dolariT gaizarda da 733 miliards miaRwia.

turizmi didi biznesia da bevri qveynis Semosavlis seriozul wyaros

warmoadgens.

dRes es dargi Cveni saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi

prioriteti gaxda. turizmis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT qveyanaSi,

mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Zvrebi ukve SeiniSneba: tardeba infrastruqturis

gafarToebis da keTilmowyobis masStaburi samuSaoebi, ukve funqcionirebs

380-mde da Seqmnis procesSia ramodenime aTeuli sastumro, TandaTan

yalibdeba kadrebis momzadebis sistema. Sesabamisad, izrdeba turistebis

nakadi. saqarTvelos sastumroebSi sxva qveynebidan dasvenebisa da

rekreaciis mizniT CamosulTa raodenoba marto erTi, 2005 wlis manZilze

3084-dan 7317-mde gaizarda, xolo, Semdeg 2006 wels es maCvenebeli 12646

kacamde avida, anu bolo ori wlis manZilze 4-jer da metad gaizarda!

miuxedavad zrdis tendenciisa, saqarTveloSi turizmi jer ar aris

sakmarisad ganviTarebuli da misi wili saqarTvelos mTlian erovnul

produqtSi jer kidev mcirea. amasTan, qveyana sakmao resursebs flobs am

dargis ganviTarebisTvis da maT efeqtian, gonivrul aTvisebas

mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da socialuri mogebis motana SeuZlia.

turizmi, jer erTi, mogzaurobaa, adamianTa gadaadgileba drosa da

sivrceSi, axali qveynebis, xalxebis, kulturebis, civilizaciebis aRmoCena, 1 globaluri (laT. Globus – dedamiwis sfero) _ msoflio masStabis, msoflios momcveli.

5

gacnoba, geografiuli cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofileba; meore _ turizmi

dRes ukve didi, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqmianobaa, romelSic

asobiT milioni adamiania CarTuli da saqmiani Tu cxovrebiseuli

interesiTaa dakavSirebuli; mesame _ turizmi ekonomikis didi dargia, _

industria, sakuTari subieqtebiT, obieqtebiT, saxeebiT, nairsaxeobebiTa da

urTierTobebis TaviseburebebiT, da bolos, turizmi _ specifikuri

biznesia, _ momsaxurebis sferos mravlismomcveli sfero. winamdebare

saxelmZRvaneloSi TanamimdevrobiT gavecnobiT turizmis yvela am aspeqts.

6

Tavi I. mogzauroba

adamianebs yvela droSi axasiaTebdaT samyaros Seswavlisa da axali

qveynebis, xalxebis, axali miwebis aRmoCenis, gacnobis, Secnobis interesi.

es interesi adamianebSi moZraobis, gadaadgilebis, mogzaurobis survils

aRZravda. mogzaurobis mizani SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo: vaWroba

(komerciuli mogebis miReba), axali miwebis dapyroba da aTviseba, axali

satransporto gzebis Zebna Tu sxva. Cvenamde moaRwia did mogzaurTa

saxelebma, romlebmac axali miwebi da kontinentebi, xalxebi da bunebis

movlenebi aRmoaCines. mogzaurobaTa Sedegad safuZveli Caeyara codnas

mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi (geografia, istoria, kulturologia da sxv).

adamianis mogzaurobam gaafarTova samyaros Secnobis sazRvrebi, xalxebi

eziarnen sxva erebis kulturul da materialur faseulobebs. mogzaurobam

xeli Seuwyo TviT adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.

nebismier adamians, romelic gadaadgildeba sivrcesa da droSi,

damoukideblad mimarTulebisa, gadaadgilebis saSualebisa, mgzavrobis

xangrZlivobisa Tu miznisa (laSqroba, eqspedicia, mivlineba), turizmSi

ewodeba mogzauri (Traveller). mogzaurobis daniSnulebis adgilis _

destinaciis (Destination) mimarT ki, is aris vizitori (Visitor, visitant _

stumari, sxva qalaqeli, ucxo qveyneli, ucxoeli).

mgzavrobis miznis, daniSnulebis, gadaadgilebis saSualebis, meTodis

da sxva arsebiTi niSnebis Sesabamisad, TviT mogzaurs SeiZleba ewodos

molaSqre, mxedari, mezRvauri, naturalisti, monadire, biznesmeni,

sportsmeni da a.S. magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi igi imavdroulad mogzauricaa

_ mas uxdeba axal adgilebSi, mxareebSi, qveynebSi gadaadgileba, RamisTeva

ucxo cis qveS, ucxo STabeWdilebebis miReba, axali da ucxo xalxis

gacnoba da maTTan urTierToba.

zogi mecnieri Tvlis rom, ar iqneba marTebuli Tu mogzaurebad

movixseniebT momTabareebs, romlebic teritoriaze saarsebo saSualebebis

moZiebis mizniT gadaadgilebian, radgan es maTi, aTaswleulebis manZilze

Camoyalibebuli, cxovrebis wesia. aseve uadgilo iqneba, Tu mogzaurebad

miviCnevT devnilebsa da iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs, romlebic

iZulebulni Seiqnen daetovebinaT sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgilebi.

7

mogzauroba aucileblad gulisxmobs ukan, mudmiv sacxovrebel

adgilas dabrunebas. amiT mogzauri gansxvavdeba migrantisagan, romelic

gadaadgildeba axali sacxovrebeli adgilisa da ukeTesi cxovrebis Zebnis

mizniT.

calkeulma individebma mogzauroba sakuTari cxovrebis wesad da

Semosavlis wyarod gaixades. aseTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon vaWrebi,

sezonuri sasoflo-sameurneo da vaxturi wesiT momuSave muSebi,

diplomatebi, samxedroebi, komivoiaJerebi1. isini, erTi adgilidan meoreze

regularulad gadaadgildebian profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT. amasTan,

bevrma maTganma mogzaurobis Sedegad, sxvadasxva qveynis SesaniSnavi

aRweriloba dagvitova. aseTia marko polos, ibn-batutas, rafiel

danibegaSvilisa da sxva mogzaurTa SesaniSnavi literaturuli

memkvidreoba.

Zveli mogzaurebi

yvelaze Zvel mogzaurebs, pirvel yovlisa, SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT

vaWrebi da momlocvelebi (piligrimebi, Pilgrims). pirvelebs sxva adgilebis,

qveynebisa da kontinentebisaken samogzaurod axali bazrebisa da

resursebis aTvisebis da komerciuli mogebis interesi amoZravebda,

meoreebs _ wmida adgilebis monaxulebis, religiuri ritualebis

aRsrulebisa da sakuTari sarwmunoebis gavrcelebis survili.

istoriidan CvenTvis cnobil pirvel did mogzaurebad SegviZlia

finikielebi miviCnioT. gabedulma finikielebma martivi sazRvao gemebiT,

wiTeli zRvis gavliT, indoeTis okeanes miaRwies da napiris gaswvriv

curviT, aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken, vasko da gamaze ori aTasi wliT

adre, Semouares afrikis kontinents. cnobilma berZenma istorikosma

herodotem jer kidev V s. Zv. w. aRwera im droisTvis cnobili yvela

mogzauroba da geografiuli aRmoCena. zRvaosanma, geografma da mkvlevarma

piTeasma, (Pytheas) mesaliis (amJamad marseli, safrangeTi) mkvidrma, Zv.

welTaRricxvis 320 wels, im droisTvis metad rTuli mogzauroba moawyo

evropis garSemo, _ man zRviT, sanapiros gaswvriv curviT Semouara kunZul

1 mogzauri vaWrebi.

8

britaneTs, miaRwia norvegias da, savaraudoa, rom islandiasac. piTeasma,

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sedegad unikaluri naSromi Seqmna saxelwodebiT

“okeanis Sesaxeb”, romelSic evropelebisTvis uamravi axali geografiuli

aRmoCena aRwera.

did mogzaurobaTa mizezi xSirad, samxedro eqspediciebi xdeboda

rogorc cnobilia, aleqsandre makedonelis (356-233 Zv.w.) umagaliTod

Zlevamosil samxedro laSqrobebs Sua aRmosavleTisa da indoeTis

qveynebSi, romlis drosac man, saerTo jamSi, 32 aTasi km gaiara, bevri

axali geografiuli aRmoCena moyva.

xelmwifeebi xSirad, specialurad awyobdnen did mogzaurobebs ucxo

teritoriebisa da akvatoriebis Seswavlis mizniT. sparseTis mefe dariosma

niCbiani gemebiT sazRvao eqspedicia moawyo kaspiis zRvis mTeli sanapiros

gaswvriv da amiT daadastura am zRvis Savi zRvisagan damoukidebeli

arsebobis faqti.

antikur xanaSi mogzauroba SeZlebuli fenebis cxovrebis wesad iqca.

Zvelromaul epoqaSi mdidari aristokratebi dasvenebis mizniTa da

imperatoris nebarTviT sxvadasxva qveynebSi miemgzavrebodnen, ZiriTadad

egvipteSi. romaelebi xSirad mogzaurobdnen TavianT qveyanaSic. did

mobilurobas (gadaadgilebis sixSires) xels uwyobda gzebis didebuli, _

xSiri da gamarTuli qseli, romelsac romaelebi Tavisi giganturi imperiis

marTvis mizniT agebdnen. mgzavrebisaTvis am gzebis gaswvriv awyobdnen

fundukebs da adgendnen specialur gzamkvlevebs, e.w. iterariumebs, sadac

CamoTvlili da aRwerili iyo mogzaurobis marSrutebze mdebare qveynebi,

mdinareebi, msxvili qalaqebi, gzebi da manZilebi dasaxlebul punqtebs

Soris.

TiTqmis yvela Zveli berZeni moazrovne xSirad da xangrZlivad

mogzaurobda. cnobilia, rom pirveli berZeni filosofosi, maTematikosi da

astronomi Tales mileTeli 20 welze met xans swavlobda egvipteSi.

nilosis xeobas, codnis miRebis mizniT stumrobdnen filosofosi da

maTematikosi piTagora (Pythagoras), aTenis politikuri moRvawe da poeti

soloni. platonma Soreuli mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg,

filosofosTa skola daaarsa. bevrs mogzaurobdnen: “istoriis mama”

9

herodote da antikuri xanis gamoCenili moRvawe, “geografiis mama”

straboni. romaelma filosofosma da mweralma senekam “werilebSi

luciliusis mimarT”, mogzaurobis umniSvnelovanesi principebi

Camoayaliba, romlebsac dResac ar daukargavT mniSvneloba. mogzaurobis

racionalur principad is imas miiCnevda, rom samogzauro adgilebi

jansaRi da sasargeblo unda iyos rogorc sxeulisaTvis, ise

zneobisTvisac, raSic codnas da sulier faseulobebsac gulisxmobda.

momlocveloba

mniSvnelovani Rvawli mogzaurobis ganviTarebaSi Seitana

momlocvelobam. sxvadasxva konfesiis misionerebi, iswrafvodnen ra

gaevrcelebinaT sakuTari sarwmunoeba, Tayvani ecaT wminda

salocavebisTvis an daecvaT isini, im droisaTvis urTules da ugrZes

mogzaurobebs awyobdnen.

berZnebi da romaelebi Soreuli taZrebisaken, magaliTad, delfos

orakulisken1 miemgzavrebodnen; germanelebi Tavs iyridnen wminda tyeebSi;

iudevelebi, didi dResaswaulebis dros, yovelwliurad mieSurebodnen

ierusalms. qristianul samyaroSi momlocveloba palestinaSi, anu im

qveyanaSi, sadac macxovris RvTiuri saqmeni aRsrulda, tradiciad iqca IV

saukunidan, ZiriTadad wm. elenes, _ imperator konstantines dedis

gavleniT. misi mogzaurobis Sedegad wmida adgilebSi aRimarT uflis

jvari da aigo ierusalimis taZari.

dRes momlocveloba religiuri turizmis safuZvels warmoadgens da

Zalian didi masStabebi aqvs. sakmarisia gavixsenoT islamis mimdevrebis

haji (momlocvelobis gansakuTrebuli forma islamSi) wmida qalaqebSi _

meqasa da medinaSi, an qristianebis ltolva uflis saflavisken

ierusalimSi, an wmida adgilebis monaxuleba religiur dResaswaulebze da

sxva regularuli religiuri marSrutebi.

1 delfos orakuli _ misnobis adgili apolonis taZarSi, delfoSi (berZ. Δελφοί), _ arqeologiur mxaresa da Tanamedrove saberZneTis qalaqSi, romelic parnasis mTebis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, Tokisis velze mdebareobs.. antikuri miTologiis mixedviT, taZari TviT apolonma daaarsa iq, sadac saSineli urCxuli _ piToni daamarcxa. delfosis orakuli, romelsac qurumi qali ganagebda, elinur samyaroSi misnobis mTavar adgilad iTvleboda.

10

Sua saukuneebis mogzaurebi

evropis Sua sakuneebis sazogadoeba mkvidri, sakuTar miwis naglejs

mimagrebuli im adamianebis sazogadoeba iyo, romlebic TiTqos mudam

TavianT sazRvrebSi unda yofiliyvnen Caketilebi. sinamdvileSi, _ isini

mudmiv da sayovelTao moZraobaSi iyvnen. Sua saukuneebis adamianebi iolad

tovebdnen samkvidro, odiTganve nacnob, moyirWebul cxovrebas da

dasavleT qristianuli samyaros sivrceebze gadiodnen. maTgan yvelaze

gabedulebi ki am samyaros gareTac axerxebdnen gasvlas. Cven, XXI saukunis

maRalganviTarebuli komunikaciebisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis

epoqis adamianebi saTanadod ver vafasebT adamianTa kontaqtebis

mniSvnelobas warsulSi. magram, uamravi faqti Sua saukuneebis

sazogadoebis maRal dinamizmze metyvelebs. materialuri interesebi

xSirad adamianTa mTel fenas aiZulebda ayriliyo dasaxlebuli

adgilebidan. qveynebsa da olqebs Soris mudmivi demografiuli gacvla

midioda. visRa ar SexvdebodiT am gzebze: glexebs, raindebs, vaWrebs,

mecnierebsa da studentebs. bevrs dadiodnen sasuliero pirebi: episkopebi,

abatebi1, ubralo berebi da monazvnebi, _ erTni saeklesio krebebze

midiodnen, sxvebs _ romSi mihqondaT Teologiuri moxseneba, zogi ki

sauniversiteto qalaqSi miiCqaroba leqciis wasakiTxad.

evropeli vaWrebi

gzebze yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipaJi vaWari iyo, bevri ramis gadamtani

da mnaxveli. igi fuliT savse qisiT, saqonliTa da unagirze dakruli

xmliT mogzaurobda qalaqidan qalaqSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi, patiosnad

ixdida baJs sabaJoebze _ Cqarobda, rom moeswro sarfiani garigebis dadeba.

mTel Tveebs igi saxlis gareT atarebda, magram warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, am

xetialidan Sin mxiaruli da bednieri brundeboda. savaWro xomaldebis

qaravnebi mdinareebsa da zRvebze aRma-daRma dacuravdnen, xolo gzebze _

mcvelebis TanxlebiT mZimed datvirTuli aRalebi dadiodnen.

1abati (laT. abba) _ kaTolikuri monastris winamZRvari

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Cveulebriv, vaWrebi ganaTlebuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne xalxi iyo da

ucxo enebzec laparakobdnen. bevr maTgans, visac IX s. frankebis

saxelmwifodan CineTSi uwevda mogzauroba, SeeZlo frankebis, berZnul,

sparsul, arabul da sxva enebze esaubra. cxovrebis moZravi wesi,

interesebis erToba da konkurentebTan dapirispirebis aucilebloba

vaWrebs gaerTianebas aiZulebda da urTierTmxardaWeras aswavlida. ase

gaCnda savaWro korporaciebi _ gildiebi, anu ganza1. vaWrebi Sua

saukuneebis ekonomikis mamoZravebeli elementebi iyvnen.

VI-IX ss. adre Sua saukuneebis droindeli evropis mosaxleoba

SedarebiT izolaciaSi cxovrobda. Caketili kulturuli kerebi TavadTa

karze, monastrebisa da saepiskoposo rezidenciebis garSemo iqmneboda. am

dros aq naturaluri meurneoba batonobda da yoveli sofeli Tu mamuli

Tavis Tavs TviTon uzrunvelyofda yvelafriT. bazrisTvis ar iyo

gansazRvruli arc kvalificiur xelosanTa produqcia, romelic ZiriTadad

mefeebis, prelatebisa2 da didebulebis SekveTiT mzaddeboda. am pirobebSi

ufro Soreuli vaWroba sWarbobda. sazRvargareTidan SehqondaT

Zvirfaseuloba, abreSumis nawarmi, ucxo saneleblebi. maT cvlidnen

produqtebze, romlebsac Ralis saxiT agrovebdnen feodalurad

damokidebuli mosaxleobisgan. zRvisgaRma vaWroba mxolod sazogadoebis

zeda fenas exeboda.

imdroindeli transkontinenturi reisebi uzarmazar manZilebs

moicavda. orleanSi (safrangeTi) gamarTul zeimebze siriuli saubari

ismoda, marselSi egviptur papirusebs agzavnidnen, xolo arliSi indur

spilos Zvals yiddnen. IX s. evropeli vaWrebi espaneTsa da samxreT

safrangeTidan miemarTebodnen al-hindis (indoeTi) da al-sinis (CineTi)

qveynebSi. Soreul aRmosavleTSi SeZenil muskuss, aloes, qafurs, dariCins

isini bizantielebisTvis an safrangeTis samefo karze yiddnen. am vaWrebma

ise detalurad Seiswavles saxmeleTo da sazRvao marSrutebi arabeTis

1 ganza (Hanse) _ CrdiloeT germaniaSi savaWro qalaqebis kavSiri. zogadad, ase ixsenieben Crdiloevropel vaWarTa nebismier gildiasa Tu asociacias. 2 prelati (laT. Praelatus) _ wodeba, romelic kaTolikur da anglikanur eklesiebSi umaRlesi sasuliero ierarqiis pirebs eniWeba.

12

saxalifos olqebSi, Sua aziaSi, indoeTsa da CineTSi, rom maT

aRmosavleTSi gagzavnili elCebis gayolasac avalebdnen.

XII-XIII ss. Sua saukuneebis kulturis ayvavebis periodia. icvleboda

cxovrebis stili da ritmi. yvelaferSi igrZnoboda azrisa da cocxali

SemoqmedebiTi energiis duRili. evropam Tavisi sazRvrebidan gasvla

daiwyo. jvarosnulma laSqrobebma da monRoleTis didi imperiebis

gamoCenam aRmosavleTiT samyaros geografiuli Semecnebis mimarT

gazrdili interesi gaaRviZa. individualurma mogzaurobebma adgili didi

masStabis koleqtiur wamowyebebs _ dampyroblur jvarosnul laSqrobebs

dauTmo. aRTqmul qveyanaSi meomrebis kvalze vaWrebi da piligrimebi

(momlocvelebi da misionerebi) mieSurebodnen, gzadagza myardeboda

komerciuli kavSirebi, ewyoboda gasaRebis axali bazrebi. evropelebi

mWidro SexebaSi Sediodnen sxva kontinentebis ucxo kulturebTan.

bizantiasa da siriaSi laTinuri koloniebi daarsda, xmelTaSua zRvaze

italiis respublikebis xomaldebi dacuravdnen. veneciis, genuis, pizis

vaWarTa profesiulma fenam monopolurad Caigdo xelSi levantTan1

vaWroba. venecielebi da genuelebi aleqsandriis da konstantinopolis

navsadgurebSi dasrulebul savaWro amxanagobebs qmnidnen. am

minikorporaciidan TiToeuli sakuTari Fondaco-s (fundukis) garSemo

ikribeboda. es fundukebi tradiciulad Sedgeboda: sacxovrebeli Senobis,

traqtiris, sawyobis, sagamofeno nagebobis, maRaziisa da saerTo

kantorisagan.

XII-XII ss. evropis sulieri gamoRviZebis epoqa iyo. sazogadoebis

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi aRmavlobis procesebi viTardeboda. evropa

racionalizmis fesvebs ubrundeboda. iqmneboda saero skolebi da

universitetebi. filosofosebi cdilobdnen logika daepirispirebinaT brma

rwmenisaTvis, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi eqsperimentma Secvala

avtoritetis azri. saxviT xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, literaturaSi, zogadad

1 levanti (fr. Levant, an ital. Levante _ aRmosavleTi) _ aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebis (siria, libani, egvipte, saberZneTi, TurqeTi) saerTo saxelwodeba. xSirad, levantiT mxolod siriasa da libans moixseniebdnen.

13

kulturaSi, agreTve inteleqtualuri saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi evropa

daubrunda interess adamianisa da misi garemos realuri bunebis mimarT.

TviT dro, “Zebnisa da mousvenrobisa”, axali tipis adamianebs

warmoSobda. eseni, pirvel yovlisa, iyvnen mewarmeebi, vaWrebi, mogzaurebi,

avantiuristebi _ aforiaqebuli da dauokebeli sulis adamianebi. XIII s.

Sua wlebidan iRebs saTaves xangrZliv da saxifaTo wamowyebaTa mTeli

jaWvi. monRolebis did yaenTan gagzavnili plano karpinisa da giiom

rubrukis franciskanel berTa misiebma aziis SuagulSi SeaRwies. am ber-

diplomatTa kvaldakval, saqaravno gzebze gamoeSuren italieli vaWrebi _

maxvili gonebis adamianebi, gabedulebi da nebisyofianebi. maT Soris,

yvelaze cnobilia marko polos 26-wliani mogzauroba CineTsa da

aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi.

marko polo

marko polo (1254-1323) _ venecieli mogzauri, pirveli evropeli,

romelmac azia Seiswavla. mamamisi nikolo da biZa mateo vaWrobas

misdevdnen da, Sesabamisad, axali saqonlisa da bazrebis ZebnaSi bevrs

mogzaurobdnen. erT-erTi mogzaurobis dros isini SemTxveviT mongoleTis

didi yubilai yaenis, Cingiz-yaenis Svilis, rezidenciaSi moxvdnen. yaenma

isini romis papTan gagzavna ramdenime misioneris gamogzavnis TxovniT. ukan,

yaenTan dabrunebisas, maT Tan waiyvanes axalgazrda marko polo, romelmac

saxanoSi cxovrebisas kargad Seiswavla adgilobrivi zne-Cveulebebi da

yaenis keTilganwyobasac miaRwia. igi yaenis amalaSi daniSnes da maTi

samflobelos Soreuli mxareebisken mgzavrobebTan dakavSirebul

davalebebs aZlevdnen. markom isargebla Tavisi saqmianobiT da qveynebisa

da xalxis Sesaxeb uxvi cnobebi Seagrova. man urdoSi naxevrad tyveobasa

da naxevrad stumrobaSi 20 weli gaatara. 1292 w. yaenma gaaTavisufla marko

polo da misi axloblebi, romlebic ukan dabrunebisas, jer okeanisken

gaemarTnen, Semdeg gaiares koCinCina1, sumatra, ceiloni, Semdeg ki

gaemgzavren dasavleTiT da trapizonisa da konstantinopolis gavliT, 1295

1 koCinCina (frang. Cochinchine), anu koSinSina, an koxinxina, an kuCin-Cina _ evropu;l literaturaSi ase moixsenieben Suasaukuneebis droindeli vietnamis samxreT nawils, romelic indoCineTis naxevarkunZulis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda da XVIII-XX ss. safrangeTis kolonia iyo.

14

w. CaaRwies venecias. veneciaSi marko polom Tavisi simdidris wyalobiT

maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba moipova da Masser Millioni-d iwodeboda.

arabi vaWrebi

IX-XIII ss. musulmanTa geografiuli Tvalsawieri andaluziidan

CineTamde da abisiniidan (amJamindeli eTiopia) da zinjebis qveynidan

(zanzibari) skandinaviamde vrceldeboda. muslimanuri xanis pirvelive

wlebidanve (VII-VIII ss.) gamoikveTa arabebis mogzaurobaTa grandiozuli

masStabebi, rasac xeli Seuwyo arabulenovani kulturis erTianobam,

momlocvelobam (hajma) meqasa da medinaSi da aqtiurobam saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi.

islami mbrZaneblebs avalebda stumarTmoyvare yofiliyvnen im

ucxoelTa mimarT, romlebic sikeTiT modiodnen da sikeTes avrcelebdnen:

kari ar CaeketaT vaWrebisa da derviSebisaTvis1, gaewmindaT gzebi

mZarcvelebisagan, Torem, am wesebis darRvevas moyveba zarali rogorc

xazinisaTvis ise samefosaTvis.

gansakuTrebiT bevrs mogzaurobdnen da kargad icnobdnen qveyanas

muslimani vaWrebi. gzaze maT Tan axldnen monebi, tyve qalebi, mejinibeebi.

isini yovel dRes axal qalaqSi, axal garemoSi atarebdnen da sarfianadac

vaWrobdnen. vaWari arsad ar grZnobda Tavs ucxoelad, dahqonda da

avrcelebda ra sxvadasxva qveyanaSi uamrav Zvirfaseulobas da

sxvadasxvagvar ucnaurobas, rCeuli da mSvenieri qsovilebis aTasgvar

samos. erTi vaWari kunZul quSidan saadis2 Turme Tavis saqmianobas ase

uxsnida: “me minda CineTamde Cavitano sparsuli pemza, _ rogorc gavige iq

is Zvirad fasobs, iqidan ki rumSi Cinur faifurs waviReb, rumis abreSums

_ indoeTSi, indur folads _ alepoSi, alepos minas _ iemenSi, xolo

iemenur qsovils _ sparseTSi”. ai, ra masStabebi hqonda arabul vaWrobas!

1 derviSi _ muslimani moxetiale Rataki beri. 2 muslihiddin saadi Sirazeli _ sparseli poeti (XIII s. dasawyisi _ 1292 w).

15

geografiuli aRmoCenebi

mogzaurobaTa umetesi wili axali gzebis aRmoCenis, samyaros

Secnobis, axali qveynebisa da miwebis Ziebis mizniT ewyoboda. istoriam

bevri SesaniSnavi mogzauris saxeli Semogvinaxa. bevrma maTganma Tavisi

dakvirveba da mgzavris Canaweri dagvitova.

ibn batuta

didi arabi mogzauri, mecnieri da mwerali ibn batuta (Ibn Battutah, 1304-

1368/69), afrikis CrdiloeTSi, q. tanJerSi daibada. mogzauroba daiwyo 20

wlis asakSi. Tavdapirvelad, udabno sahara vaWarTa qaravanTan erTad

gadakveTa. 1324 w. 1324 w. Tavisi mSobliuri qalaqidan samogzaurod CineTSi

gaemgzavra, gaiara CrdiloeTi afrika, siria, sparseTi, arabeTi, anatolia,

yirimi, oqros urdo, buxara, indoeTi (sadac miiRo samefos elCis wodeba

CineTSi samogzaurod), didi da mcire zondis kunZulebi, xolo ukana gzaze

espaneTi da Sida afrika q. timbuqtumde. saerTo jamSi, am mogzaurobis

dros man 70 aTasi km gaiara.

1353 w. ibn batuta 29-wliani mogzaurobidan samSobloSi dabrunda.

SemdegSi, man mTeli sisruliT aRwera mogzaurobisas nanaxi qveynebi. am

aRwerilobaTa safuZvelze man Seadgina naSromi saxelwodebiT “rixle”,

romelSic umetesi qveynis geografiuli aRweriloba da xalxis zne-

Cveuleba gadmosca.

sxva mogzaurebi

vasko da gamam evropelTagan pirvelma gaxsna afrikis SemovliTi gza

indoeTisken (1469-1524);

qristefore kolumbis (1451-1506) eqspediciebs sami karavelaTi axali

qveynis nawilis _ amerikis aRmoCena mohyva;

fernando magelanis (1480-1521) flotma ki pirvelad Semouara gars

dedamiwas.

16

qarTveli mogzaurebi

qarTveli mogzaurebidan, romelTa moRvaweobaze SedarebiT zusti

cnobebi gvaqvs, unda gamovyoT ramdenime. pirvel yovlisa, grigol

CaxruxaZe, klasikuri xanis (XII-XIII ss.) TvalsaCino mogzauri da

mniSvnelovani figura qarTul mwerlobaSi. igi samefo karze kargad

cnobili pirovneba, _ Tamar mefis mdivani, yofila. XII s. miwurulsa da XIII

s. dasawyisSi man Seqmna saxotbo Janris nawarmoebi “Tamariani”, romelSic

aRwerilia mefe qalze uimedod gamijnurebuli poetis aTi wlis

mogzauroba msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. misi mogzaurobis marSruti

sakmaod grZeli yofila da im droisTvis cnobili msoflios yvela

mniSvnelovan qveyanas moicavda. mogzauroba 1193-1203 ww. mimdinareobda.

CaxruxaZem imogzaura sparseTSi, guridebis samefoSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi,

monRoleTSi, xataeTSi, Sua aziis qveynebSi. mogzaurma aziis qveynebSi 6

weli dahyo. Semdeg gaecno xazareTs, ruseTs, kievis samTavros; xmelTaSua

zRvis SemovliT ki gaiara evropisa da afrikis sanapiro qveynebi _ itakia,

safrangeTi, espaneTi, egvipte da sxv. mewamuli zRviT moxvda arabeTSi da

TiTqmis mTeli es qveyana moiara. CaxruxaZe pirveli qarTvelia, romelmac

SeZlo muslimanTa wminda adgilebSi Sesvla da maTi gacnoba. 1203 w. igi

Cavida baRdadSi, saidanac saqarTveloSi unda dabrunebuliyo, magram

sxvadasxva mizezis gamo wamoiwyo axali mogzauroba, romlis Sesaxeb

masalebi aRar darCenila. gardacvalebis TariRad 1213 w. miCneuli.

nikoloz ColoyaSvili (nikifore irbaxi, daaxl. 1585-1658 ww.)

politikuri moRvawe, diplomati da mogzauri, pirveli qarTuli nabeWdi

wignis erT-erTi gamomcemeli. igi kaxeTis erT-erTi uZlieresi Tavaduri

gvaris warmomadgenelia. ganaTleba miiRo italiaSi, sadac Seiswavla

evropuli enebi. romSi berad aRikveca da saeriskaco saxeli nikolozi

nikifored Secvala. 1608 w. saqarTveloSi dabrunda da kaxeTSi Teimuraz

mefis moZRvari gaxda. Sah-abasis SemosevasTan dakavSirebiT, nikoloz

ColoyaSvilma datova saqarTvelo da ierusalims gaemgzavra wmida

adgilebis mosaxilvelad, sadac TiTqmis 13 weli dahyo. 1626 w. igi

diplomatiuri misiiT gaemgzavra evropaSi, estumra romis paps, espaneTis

mefesa da sxva saxelmwifo meTaurebs. evropis rig saxelmwifoebs garda,

17

man axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebic moiara. igi eweoda sasuliero,

diplomatiur da kulturul moRvaweobas. iyo italiaSi pirveli qarTuli

stambis Camoyalibebis iniciatori. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg, iyo

metexis eklesiis winamZRvari; 1634 wlidan _ xobis saepiskoposo taZris

winamZRvari. 1643 w-dan gaemgzavra ierusalimSi, sadac qarTvelTa jvris

monasters Caudga saTaveSi. 1651 w. dabrunda samSobloSi da jer imereTSi,

Semdeg ki samegreloSi moRvaweobda.

sxva cnobil mogzaurebs Soris SegviZlia davasaxeloT: giorgi

avaliSvili (1769-1850 ww.), grigol bagrationi (1789-1830 ww.), Teimuraz

bagrationi (1782-1846 ww.), ioane bagrationi (1768-1830 ww.) _ “kalmasobis”

avtori, timoTe gabaSvili (1703-1764 ww.), ivane (iona) gedevaniSvili (1737-1821

ww.), giorgi yazbegi (1837-1921 ww.) da sxvebi. magram, qarTvel mogzaurTa

Soris yvelaze saintereso mainc rafiel danibegaSvilis mogzaurobebiT

savse cxovreba iyo.

rafiel danibegaSvilma, vaWarma, diplomatma da mogzaurma

gansakuTrebuli kvali datova mogzaurobis istoriaSi. XVIII s. dasasrulsa

da XIX s. dasawyisSi, 28 wlis ganmavlobaSi xuTjer imogzaura aziis

qveynebSi; gaiara daaxloebiT 70 aTasi kilometri (TiTqmis ekvatoris ori

garSemoweriloba), romelic geografiulad moicavs wina, samxreTi da

centraluri aziis veeberTela sivrces. igi pirveli qarTveli mogzauria,

romelmac aRwera indoeTi da birma, gadakveTa yara-yorumis maRali,

mudmivTovliani mTagrexili, moinaxula ramdenime saxelmwifo da

imogzaura faTerakebiT aRsavse indoeTis okeaneSi. rafiel danibegaSvilis

mogzaurobis marSruti da xangrZlivoba bevrad aRemateba sxva qarTvel

mogzaurTa marSrutebs.

rafaelis mama iosebi, erekle meoris davalebiT ramdenjerme yofila

indoeTSi. mogzaurobisas Tan xlebia rafaelic. saerTod, danibegaSvilebis

mTeli sagvareulo miekuTvneboda mogzaur vaWarTa im jgufs, romlebic ara

marto vaWrobas eweodnen ucxo saxelmwifoebTan, aramed diplomatiur

davalebebsac asrulebdnen. pirveli damoukidebeli mogzauroba indoeTSi

rafiel danibegaSvils 1795 w. 15 marts dauwyia Tbilisidan. es mogzauroba

18

didxans ar gagrZelebula da 1797 w. isev saqarTveloSi dabrunebula. mas

pirnaTlad Seusrulebia erekle mefis davaleba. meored imave wlis

Semodgomaze gamgzavrebula da 1799 w. Semodgomaze kvlav TbilisSi

dabrunebula. meore mogzaurobac ZiriTadad diplomatiur misias

emsaxureboda. pirveli ori mogzaurobidan mxolod sawyisi da bolo

punqtebia cnobili. samagierod, sakmaod xangrZlivi yofila da detalurad

aRuweria mesame mogzauroba. igi 1799 w. miwuruls dawyebula da 15 wels

gagrZelebula. es marSruti detaluradaa aRwerili. am mogzaurobis dros

danibegaSvili Casula moskovSi, sadac aRuweria Tavisi mogzaurobis

STabeWdilebebi. ruseTSi Zalze dainteresebulan am mogzaurobiT da

cnobil rus mecniers, profesor ivan dvigubskis mogzaurobis

STabeWdilebani 1815 w. 5 marts saswrafod daubeWdavs moskovis

universitetis stambaSi. didxans ucnobi iyo r. danibegaSvilis sxva

mogzauroba, magram XX s. 60-ian wlebSi orenburgisa da omskis arqivebSi

aRmoCenili sabuTebis mixedviT gairkva, rom man kidev orjer imogzaura

moskovidan indoeTSi. meoTxe da mexuTe mogzauroba, istoriuli sabuTebiT,

TiTqmis mTlianad aris cnobili. TiToeuli gamgzavrebis mizani sxvadasxva

yofila, _ rogorc sakuTari komerciis interesebi, aseve diplomatiuri

misia. Catarebuli xuTi mogzaurobidan r. danibegaSvilma yvelaze grZeli

marSruti aRwera. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mogzaurobidan igi pirdapir

saqarTveloSi ki ar dabrunebula, aramed Sua aziiT Casula moskovs. Tu

pirveli ori mogzauroba, upirvelesad erekle mefis mier indoeTSi

diplomatiuri interesebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda, Semdegi

mogzaurobebiT im drois ruseTs uwevda samsaxurs. amas, drois moTxovnebi

karnaxobda. ruseTSi Casul rafiels daxvda gamoCenili samxedro moRvawe

glazenapi, romelmac mogzaurs xeli Seuwyo, rom safosto cxenebiT

Casuliyo moskovSi. saerTod, r. danibegaSvili samgzavrod iyenebda cxens,

aqlems, sazRvao da samdinaro xomaldebs da, bunebrivia, fexiTac uxdeboda

siaruli. misi mogzaurobebis STabeWdilebebi gamoica eqvsjer (samjer

TbilisSi da samjer moskovSi). rafiel danibegaSvili msoflios

gamoCenil mogzaurTa ricxvSia Seyvanili.

19

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. aris Tu ara mogzauroba adamianTa arsebiTi saqmianoba da Seasrula

Tu ara man roli kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi?

2. vizitori stumaria Tu maspinZeli?

3. ra ewodeboda Zveli romaelebis mogzaurobis dasaxmareblad

Sedgenil gzamkvlevebs?

4. morwmune ebraeli evropidan weliwadSi erTxel Cadis ierusalimSi

erTaderTi mizniT _ ewvios “godebis kedels” da Seasrulos

Sesabamisi rituali. ratom unda CavTvaloT igi mogzaurad?

5. ras unda niSnavdes marko polos metsaxeli Masser Millioni?

6. ra farglebSi vrceldeboda arabi vaWrebis mogzaurobis areali?

(ganvixiloT rukasTan).

7. ra manZili gaiara aleqsandre makedonelma Tavisi laSqrobebis dros?

8. ra Rvawli miuZRviT kacobriobis winaSe did mogzaurebs vasko da

gamas, kolumbsa da magelans? (gaixseneT skolis programidan).

9. ra saqmianobas eweoda Tavisi mogzaurobebis dros r.danibegaSvili,

vaWrobis garda?

20

Tavi II. turizmis ganviTarebis istoria

turizmis Casaxvis etapi

mogzaurobis sayovelTao gavrcelebasa da adamianebis mobilurobis

zrdas mogzaurTa momsaxurebis obieqtebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

mohyva, gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebul qveynebSi da aqtiuri samogzauro

marSrutebis gaswvriv.

antikur epoqaSi stumarTmiRebis dawesebulebebi sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis mniSvnelovani elementi iyo. Zvel egvipteSi duqnebi mogzaurebs

ara marto sufras, aramed RamisTevis saSualebebsac sTavazobdnen. magram,

Tanamedrove sastumro meurneobis pirvelsaxe mainc umeteswilad Zvel

romTanaa dakavSirebuli.

Zvel romSi bevrs mogzaurobdnen: savaWro saqmeebiT Tu samsaxurebrivi

saWiroebisTvis, Semosavlis ZiebaSi, ganaTlebis mizniT an dasvenebisa da

garTobis mizniT. amaze metyveleben Tundac gzebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli

saflavis qvebis epitafiebic, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mgzavrisadmia

mimarTuli: “. . . mgzavro gisurveb grZelsa da bednier cxovrebas, Sen ki

misurve msubuqi da Tbili miwa”.

sul ufro mzardi raodenobis mogzauri pirebis momsaxurebis mizniT

Seiqmna fundukebis gantotvili qseli. igi ganawilebuli iyo italiisa da

romis provinciul qalaqebSi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da sakulto

dResaswaulebis centrebSi, ZiriTadi gzebis gaswvriv, sasoflo

dasaxlebebSi. q. pompeiSi 10-12 aTas mcxovrebze 78 w. ax. w. 20 funduki da

118 duqani modioda, es obieqtebi stumrebs ganTavsebis saSualebasac

sTavazobda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros fundukebSi nanaxi iqna dRiuri

Semosavlis sakmaod didi Tanxa, rac maTi klienturis mravalricxovnobaze

metyvelebs.

Zvel romSi stumarTmiRebis dawesebulebebi erTmaneTisgan Zalze

gansxvavdebodnen adgilmdebareobiT, sakuTrebis xasiaTiT _ saxelmwifo da

kerZo, ganTavsebis saxeebiTa da formebiT, keTilmowyobisa da momsaxurebis

doniT. mTavari gzebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli iyo saimperatoro safosto

samsaxuris sadgurebi (e.w. Mutationes), romlebsac ekipaJis Secvlisa da gzaze

21

moklevadiani SesvenebisaTvis iyenebdnen, gzebze iyo, agreTve sadgomebic

(e.w. Mansiones), romlebSi SesaZlebeli iyo RamisTeva.

bolo dros, aq, arqeologebma aRmoaCines 535 milis (861 km) sigrZis gza,

e.w. via egnacia (Via egnatia), romelic Tanamedrove albaneTis, makedoniisa da

saberZneTis teritoriebze gadioda. mis gaswvriv, yovel 30-40 milSi (50-65

km) fundukebis saZirkvlebi, xolo yovel 7-14 milSi (11-23 km) safosto

sadgurebi iqna aRmoCenili.

safosto sadgurebs da fundukebs sakuTari saxelebi erqvaT. safosto

sadgurebi, rogorc wesi, saxelwodebas manZilebis Sesabamisad (“N-milian

boZTan”), an axlo mdebare geografiuli obieqtebis (“mdinaresTan”,

“uReltexilTan”), an msxvili dasaxlebuli punqtebis mixedviT iRebdnen..

fundukebis saxelebi im drois SemorCenili gzamkvlevebisa da epigrafebis1

wyalobiTaa cnobili. isini didi mravalferovnebiTa da originalobiT

gamoirCeodnen: “urCxulTan”, “centurionebTan”, “Sav arwivTan”.

qalaqebSi fundukebis sxvadasxva nairsaxeobas SexvdebodiT:

deversoriumebs (Deversorium), stabulumebs (Stabulum), romelSic sapalne

cxovelebisTvis (cxenebis, virebis, jorebis, aqlemebisTvis) calke saTavsi

iyo gansazRvruli, hospitias (Hospitia), sadac calke iyo saerTo satrapezo

da calke dasvenebis oTaxebi; qsenodokiums (Xenodokium) _ funduks

momlocvelTaTvis. traqtirebs dasasvenebeli oTaxebic hqonda.

deversoriumis taverna Tavisebur traqtirs warmoadgenda, sadac oTaxebi

qiravdeboda, meritoriumis taverna moicavda traqtirs da sacxovrebel

nawils, anu, saZineblebs xangrZlivvadiani cxovrebisTvis.

romauli fundukebis mowyobis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas iZleva

pompeisa da mis SemogarnSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi.

qalaqidan or kilometrSi, CrdiloeTisken mimaval gzaze idga funduki,

romelic ubralo, mcirediT kmayofili mgzavrebisa da gamvlelebisTvis

iyo gansazRvruli. grZeli skamebi SesasvlelTan, TiTqos gamvlelebs Sig

Sesvlasa da Camojdomas sTavazobdnen. daRlil mgzavrs gareTac,

fardulis qveS SeeZlo Sefareboda wvimasa da mzes da mierTva winaswar

SemTbari wyalgareuli Rvino (Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi sufTa Rvinos

1 epigrafi (berZ. ἐπιγραφή, warwera) _ qvaze an sxva, romelime myar masalaze amotvifruli warwera

22

ar svamdnen). Tu mas ufro didi xniT undoda dasveneba SeeZlo SigniTac,

SenobaSi Sesuliyo, daebana, eWama da sagzladac cota puri waeRo: am

fundukis mepatrones sakmaod didi furnec hqonia gamarTuli. mis mezoblad

wisqvilic idga. Soridan momavali mgzavrebisTvis didi oTaxi iyo

gamoyofili. saxls, virebisa da jorebisaTvis viwro da grZeli gomuri

hqonda miSenebuli, romlis kuTxeSi didi sarwyulebeli iyo moTavsebuli.

sazidrebs gareT, bagis win tovebdnen.

fundukebSi fasebs mxareTa SeTanxmebiT adgendnen. SemorCenilia

SeTanxmebis procesis aRwera, romelic Zv. w. II s. ekuTvnis. mis mixedviT,

mogzaurebi… fundukebSi yoveli produqtis fass cal-calke ki ar

adgendnen, aramed mxolod kiTxulobdnen ramdeni unda gadaexadaT yovel

kacze da, rogorc wesi, fundukis patroni Tanxmdeboda klienti yvelaferi

aucilebliT naxevar asad1 uzrunveleyo.

sastumro meurneobis aRmocenebis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas

warmoadgenda is, rom misi Canasaxi erTdroulad gaCnda rogorc qalaqSi,

aseve soflad, meurneobis sxvadasxva sferoSi _ xelosnobasa da

miwaTmoqmedebaSi. romSi, aqviliaSi, ostiaSi, puteolaSi da sxva msxvil

savaWro da sanavsadguro qalaqsa da xelosnobis centrSi, stumarTmiRebis

dawesebulebebi ekuTvnoda binaTmflobelebs, romlebic xSirad xelosnebi

iyvnen. pompeis gaTxrebis Sedegad dadginda, rom ramdenime traqtiris

mepatrone xabazi iyo. am dawesebulebebs marTavdnen da stumrebs

emsaxurebodnen upiratesad momxvdurebi, ZiriTadad berZnebi da

aRmosavleTidan gamosulebi, _ ebraelebi, sirielebi. isini sazogadoebis

dabal safexurebze idgnen, cudi saxeli hqondaT da sazogadoebriv

uflebebs iyvnen moklebulebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel romSi mgzavrebis miReba da ganTavseba

xelosnebisa da miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis meoreul saqmes warmoadgenda da

mcireSemosavlian da naklebad sapatio saqmianobad iTvleboda,

stumarTmiRebis specializebuli dawesebulebebis warmoSoba da mgzavrebis

momsaxurebaSi profesiuli codnisa da unar-Cvevebis dagroveba,

1 asi _ xurda fuli Zvel romSi.

23

mniSvnelovan nabijad iqca sastumro meurneobis, _ Tanamedrove turizmis

industriis am birTvis CamoyalibebaSi.

istoriulad, sastumro meurneoba kvebis sistemasTan erTad Caisaxa.

dResac, maT Soris mWidro kavSiria, Tumca sazogadoebrivi kvebis sferos

damoukidebeli mniSvnelobac aqvs.

sxvadasxva kerZis momzadebis specialistebi Zv. w. V-IV ss. mijnaze

gamoCndnen. Tumca, mzareulis xelovnebam gafurCqvnas elinistur-romaul

epoqaSi miaRwia. am dros ukve sxvadasxva kerZis daxvewili recepti

arsebobda, romlebic mzareulTa wignebSi iyo Cawerili.

Zvel romsa da Zvel saberZneTSi mzareulis xelovneba xelosnobad

iTvleboda, magram SromiTi saqmianobis damoukidebel dargs

ganekuTvneboda. mzareulis profesiam ki myarad daikava Tavisufali adgili

sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT “mestumris” profesiisagan, romelic im dros

mxolod iwyebda Camoyalibebas. romaeli mzareulebi Tavs qalaqis elitas

miakuTvnebdnen da erTmaneTs gansakuTrebuli titulebiT ajildoebdnen.

imperator adrianes (Cv. w. 76_138 ww.) dros palatiumis borcvze1 maT

kulinaruli xelovnebis akademiac ki daaarses.

turizmis Camoyalibebis mniSvnelovani nabiji garTobis calke

saqmianobad gamoyofas ukavSirdeba da berZnul-romauli antikuri

kulturis ayvavebis xanas emTxveva. SemorCenilia Zv. romsa da Zv.

saberZneTSi zeimebis, dResaswaulebis da TamaSebis momzadebisa da

Catarebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera. am periodSive, garTobasTan

dakavSirebulma saqmianobam sistemuri xasiaTi miiRo.

Zvel saberZneTSi Teatraluri sanaxaobebi Zv. w. VI s-dan ewyoboda.

Tavidan isini kulturul wes-Cveulebebs efuZnebodnen, droTa ganmavlobaSi

ki saxelmwifo zeimebis ganuyofel nawilad gadaiqcnen. pasuxismgebloba

dResaswaulebis Catarebaze mkafiod iyo danawilebuli. nawarmoebis arCeviT

qalaqis mesveurebi iyvnen dakavebulebi. warmodgenebis dadgma evaleboda

poetebs, romlebic im droSi sayovelTao aRiarebiT sargeblobdnen da

brZenTa maRal rangSi iyvnen ayvanilni. msaxiobebs Tavisufali

1 palatiumis borcvi _ romis Svidi borcvidan erT-erTi.

24

moqalaqeebisgan irCevdnen. isini maRlebi unda yofiliyvnen, hqonodaT kargi

diqcia da keTilSobili Jestikulacia. xmis gamocdis Semdeg, maTgan

yvelaze niWierebs rolebs unawilebdnen. msaxiobebs, romlebic mayureblis

gansakuTrebul mowonebas daimsaxurebdnen, Semdgom dadgmebSi winaswari

gamocdis gareSe iwvevdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi, msaxioboba maTi profesia

xdeboda. mTeli pasuxismgebloba warmodgenis gamarTvaze qoregs (gundis

xelmZRvanels), _ romelime SeZlebul moqalaqes, ekisreboda. igi Tavis

Tavze iRebda dadgmis, msaxiobTa da gundis Senaxvis xarjebs, agreTve

wyvetda teqnikur da saorganizacio sakiTxebs.

Zveli saberZneTisgan gansxvavebiT, Zvel romSi garTobis yvelaze

gavrcelebuli saxeoba sazogado TamaSebi iyo _ sacxenosno-sportuli,

berZnuli (Widaoba), musikaluri, sceniuri da sxva. Zv. w. 264 w.

gladiatorebis pirveli brZola Catarda, romelic male romaelebis

sayvarel sanaxaobad gadaiqca. imperator avgustuss, romelic xSirad

atarebda brZolebs, arenaze 625 wyvilamde gladiatori gamohyavda;

imperatorma traianem 107 w. Cv. w. dakiaze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad, Caatara

didi TamaSebi, romlebic oTx Tves grZeldeboda da maTSi 10 aTasamde

gladiatorma miiRo monawileoba.

gladiatorebi iyvnen profesionali mebrZolebi, romlebic monebisgan

da Tavisufali moqalaqeebisgan ahyavdaT. maTi SegrovebiT, SesyidviTa da

gadayidviT gansakuTrebuli kategoriis pirebi _ lanistebi iyvnen

dakavebuli. maTi nawili erT adgilze cxovrobda, meore ki provinciidan

provinciaSi dadioda. xandaxan isini sakuTar dasebs ijariT gadascemdnen

brZolebis cnobil momwyobebs, xandaxan ki TviTonve awyobdnen sanaxaobebs.

gladiatorebiT vaWroba da antreprenioroba1 sazogadoebaSi samarcxvino

saqmed iTvleboda.

turistuli saqmianobis organizaciis pirveli formebi

turizmis industriis warmoSoba XIX s. ukavSirdeba. Tumca, es movlena

mTeli rigi istoriuli wanamZRvrebiT iyo Semzadebuli.

1 antrepreniori (frang. Entrepreneur) _ kulturul-sanaxaobiTi RonisZiebis organizatori.

25

adreuli cnobebi mgzavrobis organizaciisa da saSuamavlo

operaciebis Sesaxeb, jer kidev, Zveli romis droidan SemorCa.

imperatorebis periodSi am saqmeSi CarTulni iyvnen saxelmwifo

samsaxurebi, xalxTa profesiuli gaerTianebebi da kerZo pirebi, romlebic

mogzaurobis momzadebaSi daxmarebas uwevdnen moqalaqeebs. gansakuTrebul

rols asrulebda romis saxelmwifo fosta. misi specializebuli

qveganayofebi gzaze satareblad gascemdnen sasamsaxuro “pasportebs” da

sxva nebisdamrTvel dokumentebs, romlebic sagzao informacias da

safosto sadgurebis da fundukebis momsaxurebis sargeblobis wesebsac

Seicavdnen. mogzaurobis sferoSi saorganizacio da saSuamavlo

saqmianobis sawyisebi e.w. kolegiebis saqmianobaSic Cans. kolegiebi

adamianebs saqmianobis saxeebiT aerTianebdnen da sxva saqmianobasTan

erTad, sakuTr wevrebs mogzaurobisas daxmarebas uwevdnen. amaT garda,

iyvnen kerZo mrCevelebi, romlebic samgzavrod momzadebul adamianebs

Tavis samogzauro gamocdilebas uziarebdnen.

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, saorganizacio da saSuamavlo

saqmianoba mogzaurobis sferoSi mTeli aTi saukuniT SeCerda da mxolod

XV saukuneSi, _ savaWro saqmianobisa da momlocvelobis gafarToebasTan

erTad, aRorZinda.

XVII-XVIII ss. gaCndnen samewarmeo unarisa da Sesabamisi interesis mqone

pirebi, romlebmac SesamCnevi kvali datoves mogzaurobis istoriaSi. erT-

erTi maTgani iyo teofrast redondo. igi safrangeTSi, 1586 w. daibada.

cxovrebis manZilze bevri saqmianoba aiTvisa, _ iyo mkurnali, aawyo

sagamomcemlo saqme da gaxsna mogzaurobis specializebuli kantorebi,

sadac nebismier msurvels SeeZlo miemarTa rCevisaTvis. farTod iyo

cnobili misi dawesebuleba “oqros mamali”, romelic aerTianebda banks,

samxatvro galereas, nivTebis gaqiravebis samsaxurs da Tavisebur

samogzauro biuros, romelic klientebs sxvadasxva mizniT Cafiqrebuli

mogzaurobis momzadebasa da ganxorcielebas sTavazobda.

XVIII s. manZilze da XIX s. dasawyisSi evropaSi kidev ufro

gavrcelda samewarmeo saqmianoba, romelic jgufuri mogzaurobebis

organizaciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amiT, ZiriTadad, mdidari samogzauro

gamocdilebis mqone erTeuli enTuziasti-mewarmeebi iyvnen dakavebulni.

26

saukuneTa mijnaze mogzaurobis organizebis evropaSi Camoyalibebul

praqtikas aviTarebda jovani galiniani (Galinyany). warmoSobiT italieli

galiniani 1790 w. parizSi dasaxlda. 1800 w., inglisidan iZulebiTi

emigraciidan dabrunebis Semdeg, man gaxna wignis maRazia (Boutique), sadac

e.w. “Sexvedrebis darbazSi” regularulad atarebda saubrebs sxvadasxva

Temaze, maT Soris, ucxo qveynebze saubrebs, romlis drosac mosaubreebi

TavianTi mogzaurobis gamocdilebas uziarebdnen erTmaneTs. galiani

gamoscemda macnes, romelSic gaxsna rubrika ”mogzaurobaTa dRiurebi”,

xolo 1815 w. moawyo mogzauroba parizSi, ZiriTadad ingliselebisaTvis.

Tu gadavxedavT mogzaurobis ganviTarebis istorias bolo 200 wlis

manZilze, vnaxavT, rom italiaSi termini “turizmi” (Turismo) XIX s. meore

naxevarSi gaCnda. Tumca, es sityva Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, jer kidev,

napoleonis omebis Semdgom periodSi ixmareboda, rodesac mogzauroba,

rogorc Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis saSualeba, aRar iyo mxolod

sazogadoebis mdidari warmomadgenlebis privilegia, aramed, sazogadoebis

ufro farTo jgufebis tradiciad gadaiqca. italieli ekonomisti franko

poloSia (Poloschia) Tvlis, rom sityva turizmi ZvelberZnul-laTinuri

“tornos-tornus”-is safuZvelze Camoyalibda, rac “mgzavrobas, gaseirnebas,

mogzaurobas” niSnavs.

XVIII s. bolodan evropidan amerikis kontinentze gadasaxlebis nakadis

zrda daiwyo. emigraciis am talRas evropis msxvil qalaqebSi mohyva

mravalricxovani kerZo kantorebis gaCena, romlebic okeanis gaRma

gamgzavrebis msurvelebs daxmarebas uwevda da amiT, am stiqiur process

organizebul saxes aZlevda. marTalia, kantorebi gadasaxlebaze iyo

daspecialebulebi da ara klasikur (turistul) mogzaurobaze, magram maT

muSaobas mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda dasvenebis sferoSi saorganizacio

da saSuamavlo saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis.

XIX s. dasawyisSi am saqmianobam damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi

SeiZina da saqmianobis damoukidebel saxed gadaiqca. magram, es pirveladi

samewarmeo formebi mxolod momavali turistuli firmebis winamorbedebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan maT jer kidev ar axasiaTebda mogzaurTa

27

momsaxurebis mravalferovneba da kompleqsuroba, _ turistuli firmebis

warmoSobisaTvis aucilebeli istoriuli pirobebi jer kidev

mosamwifebeli iyo. isini mxolod XIX saukuneSi, ekonomikuri,

teqnologiuri, socialuri, politikuri Zvrebis epoqaSi Camoyalibdnen.

turizmis industriis aRmoceneba

XIX s. samrewvelo gadatrialebebis, ekonomikis radikaluri

struqturuli gardaqmnebisa da industriuli sazogadoebis formirebis

procesma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia ekonomikur sistemasa da

mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi, kerZod:

a) safabriko sistemis gabatonebis Sedegad sazogadod dainerga

ukiduresad organizebuli da disciplinirebuli Sroma;

b) dadginda normirebuli samuSao dRe;

g) profkavSirebsa da damsaqmeblebs Soris molaparakebis safuZvelze

SemoRebul iqna yovelwliuri Svebuleba;

d) droTa ganmavlobaSi, daqiravebulma muSakebma miaRwies realuri

xelfasis zrdas.

am epoqaluri cvlilebebis Sedegad, jer-erTi, mosaxleobis saSualo

da qveda fenebs gaezarda Semosavali, adamianebis did raodenobas gauCnda

Tavisufali dro, anu Seiqmna turizmis samomxmareblo bazari; meore mxriv,

ki warmoebis safabriko organizaciis principebi gavrcelda sayovelTaod,

maT Soris mogzaurobis sferozec, rac turistuli momsaxurebis

SeTavazebis zrdas, turistuli momsaxurebis masobrivi samomxmareblo

bazris Camoyalibebas da saboloo jamSi, turizmis industriad gadaqcevas

niSnavda.

istoriuli Sinaarsis mqone turistuli biznesis istoria saTaves

Tomas kukis saqmianobidan iwyebs.

Tomas kuki

Tomas kuki, baptisti pastori, romelic dRes Tanamedrove turizmis

fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli, pirveli mixvda mogzaurTa organizebuli

masobrivi gadaadgilebis arssa da momgebianobas. igi fxizeli cxovrebis

wesisaTvis daucxromeli mebrZoli iyo. spirtiani sasmelebisgan Tavis

28

Sekavebis momxreTa rigebis gafarToebis mizniT, man 1841 w. 5 ivliss Tavisi

mrevlis 570-kaciani jgufisaTvis specialuri matarebliT pirveli

sarkinigzo turi moawyo q. lesteridan mezobeli q. lafboroSi. am

xanmokle mogzaurobis mniSvneloba turistuli biznesis ganviTarebaSi

Zalze didi aRmoCnda. am movleniT turistul saqmianobaSi axali era

daiwyo. Tomas kukis mier organizebulma pirvelma turma masobrivi

turizmis didi SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina.

am droidan, samogzauro turebis organizacia da Catareba T. kukis

cxovrebis wesad iqca. pastoris wamowyebas saeqskursio saqmianobaSi

warmateba sdevda da sabolood, warmatebul turistul biznesSi

gadaizarda. pirvelad, swored kukma miaRwia mniSvnelovan fasdaklebas

turistebis mgzavrobasa da sxva turistul momsaxurebaze. man organizeba

gauwia inglisis provinciebidan msurvelebis monawileobas londonis

saerTaSoriso gamofenaSi. man moaxerxa gamofenaze 165 aTasi

damTvaliereblis Camoyvana. sagamofeno turebi momgebiani aRmoCnda. amitom,

Semdeg nabijad kukma ingliselebis masobrivi Casvla moawyo parizSi, 1855

w. msoflio gamofenaze. 1856 wlidan mogzauroba evropaSi regularuli

gaxda da modaSi Semovida, Seiqmna kukis turistuli saagento da mravali

filiali sxva qveynebSi.

turistuli kompaniis fantastikuri warmateba dasturdeba im 8000

sastumros katalogiT, romlebSic kuki Tavis turistebs ganTavsebas

sTavazobda. turistuli “Tomas kukis” firmis klientebad 1870 wlisaTvis

ukve 1 mln ingliseli da amerikeli iricxeboda. swored, T. kukma daayena

industriul safuZvelze mogzauroba egvipteSi, _ qairoSi da nilosis

kruizi, aago ori sastumro sportuli moednebiT luqsorsa da asuanSi. man

miyruebuli egvipte popularul turistul destinaciad aqcia, mowyvita

felahebi1 Toxs, aswavla inglisuri ena, da turistebis momsaxureba da

aTasobiT axal specialists maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao misca, amasTan,

uzrunvelyo kapitalis mZlavri Cadineba saxelmwifos xazinaSi.

Tomas kukis turistuli saagento Thomas Cook & Son aqtiuri

organizatori iyo mgzavrobebisa italiaSi, ris gamoc man “eqskursiebis

1 felahebi (arab. Fallah) _ egvipteli glexebi _ miwaze damkvidrebuli miwaTmoqmedebi, gansxvavebiT momTabare beduinebisgan.

29

napoleonis” titulic miiRo. am turistulma firmam 1860 w. Tavisi

filialebi gaxsna neapolsa da palermoSi. marSruti moicavda neapolis,

vezuvis, pompeis, sorentosa da kapris monaxulebas. es turi didi

popularobiT sargeblobda. mgzavroba italiaSi am ucxouri firmis

mxridan Zalze mkacrad iyo organizebuli: im adgilebSi, romlebsac

turistebi moinaxulebdnen, momsaxurebis mkafio sistema arsebobda.

momsaxureba umeteswilad individualur xasiaTs atarebda da gankuTvnili

iyo kerZo pirebisaTvis. xSirad, turistebisTvis sxvadasxva saxis

momsaxurebis SeTavazebaze namdvili sabazro konkurencia imarTeboda.

magaliTad, _ saTavsebis gaqiravebaze; adgilobrivi gzamkvlevebis,

sareklamo masalebis da nabeWdi gamocemebis gavrcelebaze; suvenirebis

gayidvaze; TarjimanTa da CiCeroneebis1 momsaxurebis SeTavazebaze; ucxour

afTiaqebSi wamlebis gayidvis dros.

T. kuki TandaTan afarToebda Tavis saqmes da sicocxlis bolos mTeli

turistuli imperia Seqmna. misi saqmianoba moicavda mogzaurobaTa

marSrutebis damuSavebas da realizacias, gzamkvlevebisa da perioduli

turistuli literaturis gamocemas, aseve bevr sxva saqmianobas, maT Soris

sagzao Cekebis gamoSvebasa da momsaxurebas, ucxouri valutis gacvlasa da

sxva sabanko operaciebs. kompanias sakuTari filialebi da

warmomadgenlobebi hqonda evropaSi, amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,

avstraliasa da indoeTSi. kukis wyalobiT msoflios mTel rig qveyanaSi

turizmis erovnuli industria aRmocenda. amis yvelaze naTel magaliTs

egvipte warmoadgens.

Tomas kukis Rvawls turizmis ganviTarebaSi yvelaze zustad

gamoxatavs misi saflavis qvaze amoWrili warwera: “He made the world travel

easier” (man msoflio mogzauroba ioli gaxada).

T. kukis sikvdilis Semdeg (1892 w.) turistuli kompania misi Svilis,

jon meison kukis mflobelobaSi gadavida. XX s. dasawyisSi kukebis

turistuli biznesi saojaxo saqmed rCeboda. am droisTvis firma Thomas

Cook & Son aqtiur saqmianobas afarToebda, axal turistul produqtebs

amuSavebda da mogzaurobis sferoSi inovaciebis generirebas agrZelebda:

1908 w. gamoica broSura sportis zamTris saxeobebis Sesaxeb; 1919 w. 1 CiCerone (ital. Cicerone) _ italieli eqskursiamZRoli, gidi.

30

kompaniam, tursaagentoebs Soris pirvelma warmoadgina winadadeba

gasarTobi turi sahaero transportis gamoyenebiT; 1922 w. kompania Thomas

Cook & Son-ma moawyo pirveli turi mTeli afrikis kontinentis SemovliT,

romlis xangrZlivoba 5 Tves Seadgenda, aqedan, erTi Tve safarisTvis1 iyo

gankuTvnili.

1924 w. Tomas kukis turfirma saaqcio sazogadoebad gadaiqca. amas

mohyva jer kompaniis nacionalizacia, Semdeg kvlav privatizacia.

saiubileo 2001 w. igi STanTqa umsxvilesma germanulma turistulma jgufma

“Condor & Nekkerman Touristik AG”, romelmac kompanias saxeli Seucvala da

“Tomas Cook AG” dairqva. gaerTianebis Semdeg, es kompania meore adgilze

aRmoCnda evropis umsxviles turistul jgufebs Soris, xolo msoflioSi

_ mesameze. 2003 w. misma brunvam 8 mlrd evro Seadgina. amave wels igi 12,6

mln klients moemsaxura. jgufSi Sedis 33 turoperatori, 3600 saagento,

oTxi aviokompania, maT Soris “Lufthanza”. Tomas Cook AG”-s ekuTvnis 76 aTasi

sastumro adgili, mas ganyofilebebi aqvs germaniaSi, did britaneTSi,

irlandiaSi, safrangeTSi, niderlandebSi, belgiaSi, luqsemburgSi,

avstriaSi, ungreTSi, poloneTSi, slovakiaSi, sloveniaSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi,

karibis zRvis zogierT qveyanaSi, egipteSi, indoeTSi, tailandSi.

turizmis industriis Camoyalibeba

T. kuks bevri mimdevari gamouCnda, Tavdapirvelad inglisSi, xolo

Semdeg _ sxva qveynebSic. gamoCnda pirveli konkurentic henriGgeitsis

saxiT, romelmac sakuTari samogzauro biuro gaxsna. XIX s. meore

naxevarSi, inglisSi “pikford trevel servisis” da “freim tursis”

turistulma kantorebma gaSales saqmianoba. germaniaSi Tanamedrove

turizmis istoria 1842 w. iohanes romingeris saqmianobiT iwyeba. aSS-Si

uiliam hardenma 1848 w. T. kukis magaliTiT gaxsna samogzauro biuro,

romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi “amerikan eqspresad” (American Express), _

amerikuli turistuli industriis am gigantad, gadaiqca.

XIX s. meore naxevarSi evropas turistuli firmebis aRmocenebis

talRam gadauara. 1868 w. berlinSi muSaobas Seudga “qarl STangen

1 safari (Safari) _ samonadireo eqspedicia afrikaSi.

31

raizebiuro”, pirveli samogzauro biuro daaarses: safrangeTSi alfons

lubenma, italiaSi _ masimiliano kiarim 1874 w., belgiaSi _ Jozef dumolim

1893 w., SveicariaSi _ alfred kuonim 1908 w.

XIX s. bolo aTwleulSi velosipedisa da avtomobilis gamoCenasa da

ganviTarebasTan erTad, mogzaurobis organizaciis axali formebi

aRmocenda. centraluri da Crdilo italiis, anu qveynis yvelaze

ganviTarebuli mxareebis, burJuazia Zalzed dainteresda mogzaurobaSi

transportis axali saxeebis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT da aqtiurad

uwyobda xels turizmis erovnuli sistemis ganviTarebas. turizmis

saWiroebisTvis axali satransporto saSualebebis gamoyenebis iniciatori

gaxda q. milani. es mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba iman, rom mowinave

evropuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebSi milans centraluri pozicia

ekava da, aseve misma xelsayrelma satransporto-geografiulma mdebareobam

ZiriTadi sarkinigzo, samdinaro da saavtomobilo gzebis gadakveTaze. aq

1894 w. moyvarulma-velosipedistebma Seqmnes klubi saxelwodebiT “Touring

Club Ciclistico Italiano”, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva klubis mier milani-romis

velogarbenis organizebiTa da CatarebiT. garbenSi monawileobda 70

velosipedisti, romlebmac romamde 700 km manZili dafares, romSi ki

garbenis organizatorebsa da monawileebs TviT dedofali margarita

Sexvda.

turing-klubis popularoba swrafad izrdeboda, _ Tu Tavdapirvelad

misi wevri 784 kaci iyo, _ 1900 w. anu 6 wlis Semdeg, ukve 20 aTass miaRwia,

xolo 1910 wlisaTvis 80 aTasi gaxda.

klubi Zalian aqtiurad moqmedebda turizmis popularizaciisa da

organizacis sferoSi. turizmis xelisSewyobis mizniT, maT daiwyes

italiis mTavrobasTan TanamSromloba da mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo

aqtebis miRebas miaRwies. maT Soris, kanonisa _ ”Zeglebis, mxatvruli

faseulobebisa da istoriuli obieqtebis dacvis Sesaxeb”, kanonisa

”istoriuli da bunebrivi interesis mqone vilebis, parkebis da baRebis

dacvis Sesaxeb”, xolo 1939 wels miRebul iqna erTiani kanoni ”istoriuli

da bunebrivi memkvidreobis kompleqsuri dacvis Sesaxeb”, raSic garkveuli

damsaxureba klubsac ekuTvnis.

32

am periodSive Caeyara safuZveli saavtomobilo mogzaurobebsac.

avtoturistebis daxmarebis mizniT 1898 w. milanSive daarsda

avtomobilistebis klubi _ Automobile Club Italiano, _ ACI, romelic dResac

aqtiurad saqmianobs.

turizmis gardaqmna msoflio ekonomikis mowinave dargad

turizmis msoflio industriis ayvaveba emTxveva meore msoflio omis

Semdgom periods, roca turizmi masobriv sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan

movlenad gadaiqca. amas sxvadasxva faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. ganmsazRvreli,

maT Soris, gaxda omisSemdgomi msoflios ekonomikis zrdis maRali tempebi

da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis farTo fenebis Semosavlebisa da Tavisufali

drois zrda.

sxva faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia transportis Tanamedrove saSualebebis

ganviTareba. didi da swrafi lainerebis gamoCenam xeli Seuwyo masobriv

turizms da axali, adre yuradRebis miRma darCenili regionebis CarTvas

saerTaSoriso turistul mimarTulebebSi. garda amisa, maRalsiCqarianma

safrenma aparatebma turizmis axali saxeobebi Seqmnes. amis magaliTebia _

“mogzauroba droSi”1 da e.w. “Weekend shuttle”2 turebi.

XX s. turizmis arnaxuli zrda da teritoriuli gavrceleba erT-erTi

Semadgenelia globalizaciis saerTo procesisa, romlis ZiriTadi

ganmsazRvreli pirobebia: sazRvrebis gaxsniloba, qveynebis ekonomikuri

sistemebis konvergencia (daaxloeba, Serwyma), globaluri sainformacio,

safinanso, satransporto sistemis Camoyalibeba, interesis zrda sxva

xalxebis, adgilobrivi kulturebis, mcire eTnosebis mimarT. am periodSi

turizmma bevr qveyanasa da regionSi erTob dadebiTi roli Seasrula,

1 imis gamo, rom Tanamedrove TviTmfrinavebis siCqare dedamiwis brunvaze ufro swrafi gadafrenebis saSualebas iZleva, SesaZlebeli gaxda “droSi mogzauroba”. mag., Tu evropidan aSS-sken aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT gavfrindebiT da, Sesabamisad, gadavkveTT TariRis Secvlis saerTaSoriso xazs (180-e meridians), SesaZlebloba gveqneba, rom guSindel dReSi movxvdeT (e.w.. Eastbound travel). ukana gziT dabrunebisas sapirispiro gardaqmnasTan gveqneba saqme _ xvalindel dReSi movxvdebiT (Westbound travel).

2 evropaSi arsebobda mdidari turistebis gansakuTrebuli klubi, romlis wevrebi regularulad, kviraSi erTxel Weekend-ze (uqme dReebSi), zebgeriT lainer “konkordiT” 2-3 dRian turebs axorcielebdnen mTeli msoflios masStabiT.

33

rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis katalizatorma. kerZod,

turistuli saqmianobis zrdam gamoiwvia sxva, masTan dakavSirebuli

dargebis (mSenebloba, vaWroba, adgilobrivi warmoeba, soflis meurneoba,

energetika, transporti, sazkveba da sxv.) gaaqtiureba, ramac, saboloo

jamSi, ekonomikis saerTo ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli.

turizmis msoflio industria XXI s. dasawyisSi

dRes, turizmis mZlavri globaluri (msoflios momcveli) industriaa,

romelic msoflios mTliani produqtis 10%-s awarmoebs. masSi CarTulia

momuSaveTa, materialuri saSualebebis, kapitalis Zalze didi moculoba.

esaa msxvili biznesi, didi fuli da globaluri masStabis seriozuli

politika. sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, mosaxleobis sul ufro

didi raodenoba erTveba turizmis sferoSi. turistuli nakadebis sidides

e.w. turistuli Casvlebis, anu wlis manZilze turistul centrebSi Casuli

turistebis raodenobiT zomaven. 1950-2006 manZilze saerTaSoriso

turistuli Casvlebis raodenoba 25--dan 846 milionamde, anu TiTqmis 34-jer

gaizarda.

turizmis zrdis saerTo tendencias ver cvlis masStaburi uaryofiTi

movlenebi, romlebsac TiTqosda xeli unda SeeSala turistebis

aqtiurobisTvis. magaliTad, miuxedavad saSineli bunebrivi kataklizmebisa

(miwisZvrebi, cunami, frinvelis gripi) da terorizmis axali Zlieri

talRisa (11 seqtembris, TurqeTis, egviptis da sxv.), saerTaSoriso turizmi

krizisSi ar Cavardnila da gaagrZela zrda. 2006 w. qveynebis Semosavalma

turistuli saqmianobidan 733 mlrd amerikul dolars miaRwia. 2006

w.lisaTvis saSualo Semosavalma erT turistze Seadgina: msoflioSi _ 670

amer. dolari, evropaSi _ 580 dol, xolo aziasa da wynari okeanis

regionSi _ 1010 dol.

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi 2004 w. dekembers momxdari stiqiuri

ubedureba _ mZlavri da damangreveli cunami1 yvelaze saSineli

katastrofa iyo didi xnis manZilze. magram turizmis dargma Seqmnil

gaurkvevel da arasaimedo viTarebaSi gadarCenis maRali unari gamoavlina.

1 cunami (ing. Tsunami) _ okeanis fskerze warmoqmnili mZlavri miwisZvris Sedegad gaCenili giganturi damangreveli talRebi.

34

Seiqmna paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac katastrofulma movlenebma

marTalia lokalurad uaryofiTad imoqmeda turistul industriaze, magram

gavlena ar iqonia saerTo zrdis tendenciaze1. analogiur efeqts hqonda

adgili 1997/98 ww. aziis qveynebsa da ruseTSi Seqmnili finansuri krizisis,

da 2003 w. aziaSi frinvelis gripis epidemiis Sedegad Seqmnili krizisuli

viTarebis dros, rodesac turistuli nakadebis swrafi vardnis Semdeg,

turistulma bazarma swrafad aRidgina Tavisi mdgomareoba.

Tumca, XXI s. daswyisis movlenebma mainc garkveulwilad Secvala

turistuli aqtiurobis mimarTulebebi da prioritetebi. turistebi

upiratesobas ukve usafrTxo mimarTulebebs aniWeben. mowinave pozicias

msoflios turistul regionebs Soris, turistuli nakadebis sididis

mxriv, myarad inarCunebs evropa. am regionSi ki pirveli adgili

xmelTaSuazRvispireTs (italia, espaneTi, saberZneTi) uWiravs, romelzedac

msoflio bazris 20% modis. meore adgilze gadainacvla azia-wynari

okeanis regionma, riTac ukan Camoitova amerikis regioni, romlis mimarTac

turistebis aqtiurobis dinamika Semcirda. unda aRiniSnos, rom

saerTaSoriso turizmis bazari mTeli turistuli bazris mxolod nawils

Seadgens, mniSvnelovani wili masSi Sida turizms ukavia da krizisul

viTarebaSi swored Sida turizmi aRmoCnda yvelaze momgebian

mdgomareobaSi.

axali epoqis Tvisebrivi cvlilebebi Tanamedrove turizmSi

XX saukunis bolos turizmis industriam seriozuli cvlilebebi

ganicada, ramac gansazRvra misi evolucia mesame aTaswleulSi. es

cvlilebebi imdenad Rrmaa, rom SegviZlia turistuli biznesis bunebis

transformaciazec ki visaubroT. is dakavSirebulia globalur

procesebTan, romlebic sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis

uswrafesi progresis zegavleniT viTardeba.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis teqnologiurma revoluciam safuZveli

daudo kacobriobis gadasvlas axal epoqaSi, romelsac Tanamedroveobis

erT-erTma yvelaze avtoritetulma sociologma m. kastelsma

1 qveynebi, romlebmac cunami gadaitanes, saerTaSoriso turistebis mxolod 3 %-s iReben.

35

“sainformacio” uwoda. aRiarebs, ra informaciis da misi gacvlis

mniSvnelobas mTeli istoriis manZilze, kastelsi Tvlis, rom “informaciis

generireba, damuSaveba da gadacema mxolod sainformacio sazogadoebaSi

gaxda dovlaTis zrdisa da Zalauflebis arsebiTi wyaro”.

industriuli eris sainformacio epoqaze gadasvlis globaluri

procesi ukve gansazRvravs turizmis msoflio industriis Tanamedrove

mdgomareobas da ufro metad _ mis momavals. dRes turizmi eleqtronuli

vaWrobis erT-erTi wamyvani dargia. Zalian swrafad izrdeba eleqtronuli

turistuli biznesis subieqtebis (firmebis, sawarmoebis) raodenoba. aseve,

swrafad farTovdeba msoflio eleqtronul qselSi ganTavsebuli

turistuli momsaxurebis momxmarebelTa raodenoba. swrafad izrdeba

turistuli produqtis gasaReba eleqtronuli arxebis meSveobiT.

pirveli msxvili turistuli internet-saagento aSS-Si 1996 w. Seiqmna.

magram, ukve 2004 wlisTvis marto am qveyanaSi turistuli produqtebis

onlain-gayidvebma, zogi SefasebiT, 52,4 mlrd dol. Seadgina (sul mTeli

amerikuli sacalo onlain-vaWrobis moculoba, imave wels, 144.6 mlrd amer.

dol. iyo). dasavleT evropis qveynebSi eleqtronuli turistuli gayidvebis

moculobam 20 mlrd dolars gadaaWarba, xolo azia-wynari okeanis

regionSi 13,3 mlrd dolars miaRwia. turistul produqtze ganviTarebul

qveynebSi mTeli eleqtronuli komerciis brunvis 42% modis. turistul

eleqtronul biznesSi momuSave mowinave amerikuli firmebi, turistuli

industriis mowinaveTa ricxvSi Sedian da iseTi umsxvilesi

transnacionaluri kompaniebis gverdiT dganan, rogorebicaa “ameriqen

eqspresi”, TUI, “karlson vagonli Treveli”. aseT mniSvnelovan Sedegebs

dargma internetis aqtiuri aTvisebidan sul raRac 7-8 weliwadSi miaRwia.

turistuli produqtebi SedarebiT sruladaa warmodgenili msoflio

eleqtronul qselSi. 1996-2007 ww. turizmTan dakavSirebuli internet-

saitebis (gverdebis) raodenoba 5 aTasidan 280 aTasamde gaizarda da

kvlavac agrZelebs zrdas.

dRes eleqtronuli teqnologiebi, pirvel yovlisa, interneti, ara

marto informaciis gadacemisa da gacvlis, aramed komerciuli saqmianobis

funqciasac asrulebs. 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi internetma,

daagrova ra momxmarebelTa sakmarisi raodenoba da mniSvnelovnad

36

gaafarTova teritoriuli moculoba, marketingis iaraRidan gayidvebis

instrumentad, _ gasaRebis srulyofil, sakmaod warmomadgenlobiT arxad

gadaiqca. am arxs aqtiurad iTviseben turizmis industriis sawarmoebi.

turistuli produqtis realizaciis moculobam megasaitebis

“Trevelositis” da “maikrosoft eqspidias” meSveobiT 2001 w. Sesabamisad

250 mln da 285 mln amer. dolari Seadgina.

interneti principulad gansxvavdeba turistuli produqtis aqamde

arsebuli yvela gamyidvelisgan. qselis unikaluroba momxmarebelTan

interaqtiuri urTierTobis SesaZleblobaSi mdgomareobs. misi meSveobiT

gamyidvels SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos misi reaqcia da miiRos mis mier

internetiT gagzavnili informacia. msoflio sainformacio qselis

arsebobam Zalian didi roli Seasrula turizmis aseT dinamikur

ganviTarebaSi.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. sad iyo antikur epoqaSi yvelaze ganviTarebuli stumarTmiRebis

dawesebulebebi da mogzaurobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi?

2. ra aris antrepreniori?

3. ras uwodeben italiel eqskursiamZRolebs?

4. mainc ratom gadaiqca turizmi industriad swored XIX saukuneSi?

5. vis daerqva “turizmis napoleoni” da ratom?

6. ra faqtorebma ganapiroba turizmis gardaqmna msoflio ekonomikis

mowinave dargad da rodis moxda es?

7. ganviTarebis ra axali saSualeba misca turizms informaciulma eram?

8. ra maCvenebliT izomeba turistuli centris popularoba turistebs

Soris?

37

Tavi III. turizmis arsi, ZiriTadi cnebebi, terminebi,

struqtura

Cven mimovixileT mogzaurobisa da turizmis Camoyalibebis istoria da

is, Tu adamianebis Sinaganma miswrafebam gadaadgilebisa da moZraobisadmi

rogor miiRo mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis saxe. dRes

turizmSi mTel msoflioSi asobiT milioni adamiania CarTuli _ zogi

rogorc turisti, zogic rogorc turistuli produqtis Semqmneli, an

rogorc uSualod turistebis momsaxure firmis warmomadgeneli, an

rogorc dargis marTvis romelime organos funqcioneri.

Tu turistuli saqmianobis SinaarsSi garkvevas movindomebT,

aRmovaCenT, rom igi ukiduresad rTuli movlenaa. pirvel yovlisa, igi

rTulia turizmSi monawile subieqtebis gansxvavebuli interesebis gamo. am

kiTxvaze sxvadasxva pasuxs miiRebT imisda mixedviT, Tu vin iqneba

SekiTxvis adresati. turistuli saqmianoba mogzaurisaTvis aris dasveneba,

garToba, garemos gamocvla, axali qveynebis, qalaqebisa da mxareebis

gacnoba, janmrTelobis gakaJeba; biznesmenisTvis _ komerciuli saqmianoba;

ekonomistisTvis _ ekonomikis erT-erTi dargi; kulturologisTvis _

kulturuli urTierTobebis sfero; ekologisTvis _ bunebasTan aqtiuri

kontaqtiT warmarTuli saqmianoba. garda amisa, turizmi sxvadasxva

xasiaTis saqmianobis sferos, ekonomikis dargisa da socialuri yofis

erTobliobaa. es Tavisebureba arTulebs turizmis calsaxovan ganmartebas.

definicia1

modiT vnaxoT rogor ganmartavs turizms sxvadasxva avtori. q. bernis

(Sveicaria) universitetebis profesorebma hunzikerma da kropfma erT-erTma

pirvelebma mogvces turizmis ganmarteba:

“turizmi esaa adamianTa mogzaurobis Sedegad warmoqmnili movlenebisa

da urTierTobebis wyeba, gagrZelebuli manamde, sanam mas (mogzaurobas) ar

mohyveba adamianTa mudmiv adgilze dasaxleba da romelic ar unda

daukavSirdes maT mier raime saxis Semosavlis miRebas.”

1 definicia (laT. Definitio, ingl. Definition) _ raime cnebis an movlenis mokle ganmarteba.

38

Sveicarieli profesorebis definicia Zalian zogadia. is SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc safuZveli dargis samarTlebrivi an

instituciuri standartebis SemuSavebisTvis, magram naklebad Tu

gagvarkvevs turizmis saganSi.

saerTaSoriso turistuli organizaciis oficialurad miRebuli

ganmartebiT:

“turizmi moicavs adamianTa (pirebis) saqmianobas, romelsac isini

misdeven maTi Cveuli garemos gareT mdebare adgilebSi mogzaurobisa da

yofnis dros, ara umetes erTi sruli wlis xangrZlivobiT, dasvenebis,

biznesis an sxva mizniT.”

termini “Cveuli garemo” gulisxmobs im sivrces binadrobis mudmivi

adgilis farglebSi, romelSiac adamians uxdeba xSiri da regularuli

moZraoba sacxovrebel da samuSao adgilebs Soris da sxva saxis

yoveldRiuri gadaadgileba.

turizmis cnobili mkvlevari v. birJakovi aseT gansazRvrebas iZleva:

“esaa adamianTa droebiTi gadaadgileba TavianTi sacxovrebeli

adgilidan sxva qveyanaSi (an Tavisi qveynis sxva kuTxeSi) samuSaodan

Tavisufal dros siamovnebisa da dasvenebis an gamajansaRebeli da

samkurnalo, stumrobis, Semecnebis, fizkulturul-sportuli, religiuri

an profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT, magram droebiTi cxovrebis adgilze,

adgilobrivi finansuri wyaroebidan anazRaurebadi, muSaobis gareSe.”

es Zalian zogadi, turizmis yvelanairi gagebisTvis saerTo,

ganmartebebia. magram, Cveni saxelmZRvanelosTvis ufro mniSvnelovania

turizmis ara yovelmxrivi, aramed rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianobis, an

rogorc amboben _ industriis, Seswavla. amitom, SegviZlia ufro

davakonkretoT turizmis Sinaarsi..

turizmi, rogorc industria, aris sxvadasxva saqmianobis, warmoebisa

da momsaxurebis nakrebi, romlis daniSnulebaa calkeuli adamianebisa da

adamianTa jgufebis mogzaurobis uzrunvelyofa transportiT, ganTavsebiT,

sazogadoebrivi kvebis dawesebulebebiT, savaWro obieqtebiT, garTobisa da

stumarTa momsaxurebis sxva saSualebebiT.

39

ubralod, rom vTqvaT, _ turizmis industria moicavs mTel msoflios

da misi daniSnulebaa mogzaurobis mowyoba, mogzaurebis uzrunvelyofa

sastumroebiT, transportiT, kvebis, garTobisa da dasvenebis obieqtebiT.

turistebi sargebloben am industriis mier Seqmnili momsaxurebiT, xolo

turistebis mier gaweuli danaxarjebi rCeba turistebis mimReb qveyanaSi,

mis regionebsa da arealebSi.

turizmis “adamianuri” safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove ekonomikis centrSi dgas adamiani, Tavisi moTxovnilebebis

rTuli samyaroTi. es yvelaze pirdapir, swored turizms Seexeba. mTeli

turistuli industria, msoflio ekonomikis es grandiozuli dargi

adamianis rekreaciuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebazea awyobili.

romel moTxovnilebebs SegviZlia vuwodoT rekreaciuli? esaa

Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba, dasveneba, fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis

aRdgena, garemos gamocvla, axali qveynebis, xalxebis, xedebis monaxuleba,

garToba, esTetikuri1 siamovnebis miReba da sxv. maTi dakmayofilebis

survili da SesaZlebloba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli Tavisufal drosTan

ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom turizmi, rogorc ekonomikis dargi, aRmocenda

industriul epoqaSi, romelSic dro mkveTrad daiyo samuSao da

samuSaosgan Tavisufal periodebad.

Tavisufali dro (ing. – Leisure, rus. – Досуг) arasamuSao (sawarmoo

saqmianobisgan Tavisufali) drois nawilia. arasamuSao droSi Sedis:

1. samsaxurSi mgzavrobis dro;

2. bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis (Zili, kveba, piradi higiena)

dakmayofilebis dro;

3. dro ojaxuri saqmeebisa da sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebisaTvis;

4. dro fizikuri, inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisa da dasvenebisaTvis.

Tavisufali drois swored es bolo nawili warmoadgens Tavisufal

dros Tavisi arsiT.

1 esTetikuri (berZ. Aisthētikos) silamazis, mSvenierebis grZnobier aRqmasTan dakavSirebuli.

40

sazogadoebis (ekonomikis, teqnikis, yofis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis

sistemis) ganviTarebis Sedegad sul ufro izrdeba Tavisufali dro; meore

mxriv, sul ufro izrdeba samuSaoze daxarjuli Zalebis aRdgenis

moTxovnileba. Tanamedrove, _ industriuli da postindustriuli,

sazogadoebis adamianebs sul ufro metad sWirdebaT momqancveli

reJimisgan gadarTva, Zalebis aqtiuri aRdgena.

adamianTa saqmianobas samuSaosgan Tavisufal dros, romelic

dakavSirebulia dasvenebasTan, fizikuri, sulieri, nerviuli Zalebis

aRdgenasTan, ewodeba rekreacia1.

rekreaciuli saqmianoba

adamianis rekreaciuli saqmianoba SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegnairad:

1. saqmianoba, romelic dakavSirebulia garkveul fizikur

datvirTvasTan _ sportuli saqmianoba, seirnoba;

2. samoyvarulo saqmianoba _ nadiroba, Tevzaoba, kenkrebisa da sokos

krefa, koleqcionireba da sxv.;

3. xelovnebis samyarosTan ziareba _ TeatrebSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi,

samxatvro galereebSi siaruli da sxv; agreTve Semoqmedeba

xelovnebis sferoSi _ musika, ferwera, Weduroba da sxv.);

4. inteleqtualuri saqmianoba _ TviTganaTleba, literaturis,

gazeTebis, Jurnalebis kiTxva);

5. sakuTari interesebisa da Tavisufali arCevanis Sesabamisi

urTierToba sxva adamianebTan;

6. aqtiuri (TamaSebi, cekvebi) an pasiuri (sanaxaobebze daswreba)

garToba;

7. seirnoba siamovnebis miRebis mizniT.

rekreaciuli saqmianoba SeiZleba moewyos sakuTar sacxovrebel

adgilze, an sakuTar dasaxlebul punqtSi, magram roca adamiani

gadaadgildeba sxva adgilisken (sakuTari qveynis sxva kuTxeSi, an sxva

qveyanaSi) da iq iRebs sarekreacio momsaxurebas, es ukve turizmia, xolo

rekreanti _ turistis rangSi gadadis. rogorc amboben, “turizmi

borblebze Semdgari rekreaciaa”.

1 rekreacia (laT. Recreatio – aRdgena).

41

rogorc vnaxeT, cnebebi _ Tavisufali dro, rekreacia da turizmi,

mWidro urTierTobaSia erTmaneTTan da, faqtiurad, nawilobriv faraven

erTmaneTs. magaliTad, sakuTar qalaqSi romelime muzeumis daTvaliereba

erTdroulad Tavisufali drois gatarebacaa, rekreaciac da turizmic.

damokidebuleba am sam movlenas Soris kargad Cans qvemoT moyvanil

sqemaze.

nax. 1. damokidebuleba Tavisufal dros, rekreaciasa da turizms

Soris.

turistuli motivebi

rogorc gavarkvieT, maT Soris zemoT mocemuli sqemidanac, turizmis

gansxvaveba Tavisufali drois gatarebasa da rekreaciisgan isaa, rom igi

aucileblad dakavSirebulia sakuTari sacxovrebeli adgilidan (qalaqidan,

soflidan, qveynidan) gasvlasTan. imisTvis, rom adamiani sxvagan wavides

dasvenebis, Tavisufali drois gatarebis an garTobis mizniT, garkveuli

Sinagani moTxovnilebaa saWiro. aseT moTxovnilebebs mogzaurobis, anu

turistuli motivebi ewodeba. mogzaurobis motivi sxvadasxva SeiZleba

iyos:

42

• gajansaReba: fizikuri da sulieri Zalebis aRdgena, daZabulobis

moxsna, ganmuxtva, mkurnaloba;

• Semecneba: bunebis movlenebis, kacobriobis warsulisa da

Tanamedrove istoriis Seswavla, axali kulturis, cxovrebis wesis,

erovnuli samzareulos, tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis gacnoba, sxva

xalxebisa da qveynebis Sesaxeb codnis daxvewa da gaRrmaveba;

• esTetikuri siamovnebis miReba: bunebis iSviaTi peizaJebis an

xelovnebis nimuSebis ucxo silamaziT tkboba;

• sxva adamianebTan urTierToba. es adamianTa arsebiTi e.w. socialuri

interaqtivis moTxovnilebaa. adamianebi cdiloben Seiqmnan

mikrosocialuri garemo, _ Sexvdnen axloblebs, megobrebs, gaicnon

axali adamianebi, miiRon axali STabeWdilebebi maTTan

urTierTobebis Sedegad. es motivi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis qalaqebis mcxovreblebisaTvis,

romlebic cxovrebis intensiuri saqmiani reJimis Sedegad adamianuri

urTierTobebis deficits ganicdian;

• garToba: masobriv sanaxaobriv da kulturul RonisZiebebSi,

festivalebSi, karnavalebSi, qalaqebis Ramis cxovrebaSi monawileoba,

restornebSi, klubebSi, gasarTob dawesebulebebSi siaruli, Sopingi;

• fizkulturul-sportuli motivebi: Sejibrebebisa da TamaSebisaTvis

mzadeba da maTSi monawileobis miReba rogorc profesionalTa ise

samoyvarulo doneze, sportsmenTa Tanxleba, agreTve am RonisZiebebSi

mayureblis saxiT monawileoba;

• profesiuli da saqmiani motivebi: saqmiani mgzavroba, sxva qveynebSi

potenciuri biznesisTvis saWiro pirobebis Seswavla, kongresebSi,

konferenciebSi, seminarebSi monawileoba, gamocdilebis gacvla,

profesiuli swavleba, garda mravalsemestruli xangrZlivi swavlisa;

• religiuri motivebi: momlocveloba da sakulto mogzauroba, sxva

religiebis da kultebis Seswavla;

• sxva, romlebic romelime zemoT CamoTvlilis nairsaxeoba SeiZleba

iyos. mag.: naTesavebisa da istoriuli samSoblos monaxuleba da a.S.

43

turizmis es motivebi zogjer wminda saxiT vlindeba _ turisti

saxlidan miemgzavreba erTi konkretuli motiviT, _ an gasarTobad, an

profesiul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli Tu sxva miznebiT, magram ufro

xSirad masze moqmedebs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime, motivi, mag., _

“vinaxulo naTesavebi da gavecno axal qveyanas”, “gavicno axali xalxi da

monawileoba miviRo religiur ritualebSi” da a.S.

rekreaciuli (turistuli) resursebi

zemoT CamoTvlili rekreaciuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad

adamianebi arCeven iseT adgilebs, romlebic maTi moTxovnilebebis

Sesabamis rekreaciul Tvisebebs floben.

geografiul obieqtebs, romlebic rekreaciul Tvisebebs floben da,

amis gamo, ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgenen turistul_rekreaciuli

saqmianobisTvis, rekreaciuli resursebi ewodeba.

turistebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze sasurveli rekreaciuli

resursebia:

1. bunebriv-rekreaciuli resursebi. isini turizmisTvis erT-erTi

ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgenen. magaliTad, zRva, mTebi, mcenareuloba, mze

da a.S. es resursebi arsebiT rols asruleben turizmis garkveuli

formebis SeqmnaSi, gansakuTrebiT sazRvao, samTo, sportuli, zamTris

turistuli saxeobebisTvis. bunebis elementebi turizmisTvis Zalze

sasargebloa da aqtiuradaa gamoyenebuli urbanizebuli regionebis

mosaxleobis mier fsiqologiuri da biologiuri moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad, romlebic turizmSi eZeben dasvenebas, fizikuri

garemos Secvlas, garTobas.

2. istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi.

am kategorias ganekuTvneba qveynebis, xalxebisa da civilizaciebis

kulturuli faseulobebis mTeli nakrebi, romelTa monaxulebasac

sTavazoben turistebs. maT miekuTvneba istoriuli adgilebi, arqeologiuri

Zeglebi, muzeumebi, samxatvro galereebi, xalxuri rewvis nimuSebi da sxv.

44

kulturuli motivebi naklebadaa popularuli im turistebSi, romlebic

masobriv turizms irCeven.

3. socialur interaqtivTan dakavSirebuli resursebi, esaa adamianTa

urTierTobis xelSemwyobi pirobebi. aseTia _ gamarTuli infrastruqtura

da bunebrivi Tu kulturuli garemo, romelic bevri adamianis TavSeyris

dasvenebisa da garTobis (an piriqiT adamianTa mcire jgufis ganmartoebis)

saSualebas iZleva; esaa, agreTve, saintereso socialuri garemo, _ aseT

resursebs Seicavs is adgilebi (qveynebi, regionebi, qalaqebi, ubnebi), sadac

cxovroben an ikribebian (sxvadasxva mizniT an sababiT) CvenTvis saintereso

adamianebi: CvenTvis Cveuli (megobrebi, naTesavebi, nacnobebi), an Cvengan

gansxvavebuli _ sxva eris, sxva civilizaciis, sxva kulturis

warmomadgenlebi. es bolo motivi gansakuTrebulad turistulia, mag., _

CrdiloeTelebs samxreTelebis emociuroba, temperamentuloba, uSualoba,

stumarTmoyvareoba, modunebuloba, Tavisufali drois gatarebis siyvaruli

da unari xiblavT, samxreTelebs _ CrdiloeTelebis emociuri

TavSekavebuloba, simkacre, organizebuloba da sxv.

rekreaciuli resursebi teritoriulad gafantulia, _ turistuli

regionebisa da centrebis rekreaciuli potenciali erTmaneTisgan

gasxvavdeba, rogorc xasiaTiT, ise sididiT. amitom mogzauri irCevs iseT

adgils, romlis rekreaciuli Tvisebebi mis samogzauro motivebs

daakmayofilebs. rekreaciul resursebs, romlebic sakuTari sacxovrebeli

punqtidan moSorebiT mdebareobs da mogzaurobis mizezi xdeba _ ukve

turistuli resursebi SegviZlia vuwodoT.

turizmis subieqtebi

turistul saqmianobaSi ramdenime sxvadasxva interesis mimdevari mxare

monawileobs. interesebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi ZiriTadi

subieqti.

1. turisti. turizmisTvis igi mTavari subieqtia. adamianebSi

gadaadgilebis survili erT-erTi arsebiTi, mudmivi da Zlieri

moTxovnilebaa. mogzaurobaSi adamiani eZebs axal fsiqikur da fizikur

gamocdilebas da siamovnebas, mogzaurobis motivi, rogorc vTqviT,

45

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs arCeul destinacias (mogzaurobis

adgils) da dasvenebis, garTobis Tu sxvadasxva saqmianobis formas;

2. biznesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs turistebs saqonliTa da

momsaxurebiT. biznesSi CarTuli adamianebi turizms uyureben rogorc

mogebis miRebis saSualebas, romelic miiRweva turistuli bazris

saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT momaragebiT;

3. turistebis mimRebi qveynis an regionis mTavroba. politikosebi

turizms uyureben, rogorc maTi samarTavi regionis ekonomikis

ganviTarebis faqtors, _ maTi momavali imazea damokidebuli, Tu rogor

SeZleben mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebas. politikosebs, aseve

ainteresebT ucxouri valutis mozidviT Seqmnili Semosavali da

turistebis mier gaweuli danaxarjebidan Semosuli Semosavali. mTavrobas

mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia turizmis politikaSi, _ misi

ganviTarebis, xelis Sewyobis, mxardaWerisa da turistuli proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis saqmeSi;

4. turistebis mimRebi sazogadoeba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba turizms

uyurebs rogorc kulturul da dasaqmebis faqtors. am jgufis interesebi

metad mniSvnelovania, radgan urTierTobam adgilobriv sazogadoebasa da

ucxoeli vizitorebis did jgufebs Soris rogorc dadebiTi (mxaris

socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTareba) ise uaryofiTi

(tradiciuli kulturis da garemos rRveva) Sedegebi SeiZleba moitanos.

mogzauris amsaxveli saerTaSoriso terminebi

rogorc vTqviT, mogzauri turizmis mTavari subieqtia. swored man

unda miiRos mogzaurobis gadawyvetileba da swored es gadawyvetileba

amoZravebs turizmis industrias, mis yvela Semadgenel dargsa da saxes.

yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT,

mogzauri aris nebismieri piri, romelic moZraobs or an met qveyanas

Soris, an misi sakuTari qveynis or, an met kuTxes, Soris.

turizmSi CarTuli yvela saxis mogzaurs ewodeba vizitori (Visitor). es

termini ufro oficialuri xasiaTisaa da ZiriTadad turizmis

statistikaSi gamoiyeneba.

46

saerTaSoriso vizitorebi (International visitors) arian pirebi, romlebic

mogzauroben ara umetes 12 Tvis xangrZlivobiT, qveyanaSi, romelic ar

warmoadgens maT sacxovrebel qveyanas (romlis rezidentebic ar arian), da

romelTa mizani araa anazRaurebadi saqmianobis warmoeba vizitis adgilze.

Sida vizitorebi (Internal visitors) arian pirebi, romlebic mogzauroben

sakuTari qveynis SigniT, oRond maTi yoveldRiuri garemos gareT, arsebul

destinaciebze ara umetes 12-Tviani vadis ganmavlobaSi.

yvela vizitori or kategoriad iyofa:

erTdRiani vizitorebi (Same-day visitors): vizitorebi, romlebic Rames ar

aTeven vizitis qveyanaSi mdebare ganTavsebis koleqtiur an kerZo

saSualebebSi. magaliTad, aseTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sakruizo gemis

mgzavri, romelic romelime portSi oTx saaTs atarebs, an erTi dRiT raime

sanaxaobaze, an gasarTobad gasuli piri.

turistebi (Tourists): vizitorebi, romlebic vizitis adgilebSi erT

Rames mainc aTeven. mag., orkviriani SvebulebiT Casuli vizitorebi.

turizmis saxeebi

turistebis ZiriTadi sacxovrebeli adgilis da maTi vizitis

mimarTulebis mixedviT, turizmis industria 4 gansxvavebul saxed iyofa.

1. saerTaSoriso turizmi

a. Semomyvani turizmi: konkretul qveyanaSi sxva qveynebis

mcxovreblebis (ararezidentebis) Semosvla turistuli miznebiT;

b. gamyvani turizmi: konkretuli qveynis mcxovreblebis (rezidentebis)

sxva qveynebSi gasvla turistuli miznebiT.

2. Siga turizmi: konkretul qveyanaSi adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisa

(rezidentebis) da sxva qveynebis mcxovreblebis (ararezidentebis)

mogzauroba;

3. Sinauri (adgilobrivi) turizmi: qveynis mcxovreblebis (rezidentebis)

mogzauroba sakuTar qveyanaSi

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4. erovnuli turizmi: Siga da gamyvani turizmi erTad. erovnuli turizmi

aris qveynis turistuli bazari samogzauro agentebis, saaviacio

kompaniebis da momsaxurebis sxva mimwodeblisaTvis

turistuli produqti

turistebi arian turistuli momsaxurebis, samuSaoebisa da saqonlis,

anu turistuli produqtis momxmareblebi. Cveulebriv, turistuli

produqti moicavs turs, turistul-saeqskursio momsaxurebas da

turistebis mier SesaZen (SeZenil) saqonels.

turi ewodeba turistebis momsaxurebis kompleqss (nakrebs), romelSic

Sedis maTi mgzavroba, ganTavseba, kveba, saeqskursio momsaxureba, agreTve

gidebis da Tarjimnebis momsaxureba da sxv. momsaxurebis es nakrebi

gaerTianebulia mogzaurobis mTavari miznis safuZvelze da turistebs

miewodeba gansazRvrul marSrutze da gansazRvrul dros. mogzaurobas

SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizani hqondes, magram turma aucileblad unda

daainteresos klienti, rom iyidos igi.

turi formdeba sagzuris an vauCeris saxiT. turistuli sagzuri aris

dokumenti, romelic adasturebs turistis mier turis programiT

gaTvaliswinebuli momsaxurebis SeZenas da warmoadgens safuZvels, rom am

turistma (an turistebis jgufma) miiRos es momsaxureba. vauCeri, anu

orderi aris dokumenti, romlis safuZvelze turistebs miewodeba

momsaxureba da warmoebs angariSsworeba firmebTan. turi warmoadgens

turistuli produqtis pirvelad gasayid erTeuls (savaWro formas),

romelic bazarze (moxmarebis sferoSi) gadis.

turistuli momsaxureba, Cveulebriv, Semdegnairad jgufdeba:

• turistebis ganTavseba (sastumroebi, gesThauzebi, motelebi, kempingebi,

pansionatebi, sanatoriumebi, turistuli bazebi, banakebi da sxv.);

• turistebis uzrunvelyofa kvebiT (restornebi, kafeebi, barebi da sxv.);

• turistebis gadaadgileba sxvadasxva satransporto saSualebiT

(rogorc vizitis, anu destinaciis, adgilze, ise sxva qveynis

teritoriaze gavlis, anu tranzitis dros);

48

• reklamasa da gasaRebasTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuri (turistuli

firmebis momsaxureba mogzaurobis marSrutebis damuSavebis,

satransporto da ganTavsebis saSualebebze adgilebis dajavSnis

mizniT);

• saeqskursio samsaxuri (eqskursiamZRolebi da Tarjimnebi);

• kulturuli interesebis dakmayofileba (turistebis mier TeatrebSi,

kinoSi, sakoncerto darbazebSi, muzeumebSi, samxatvro galereebSi,

parkebSi, atraqcionebze, bunebis da istoriul nakrZalebSi vizitis,

istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis monaxulebis, festivalebze,

sportul da sxva RonisZiebebze daswrebis mowyoba-organizeba);

• turistebis saqmiani da samecniero interesebis dakmayofileba

(kongresebSi, asambleebze, samecniero konferenciebSi, simpoziumebSi,

TaTbirebSi, seminarebSi, bazrobebSi, zogad da specialur savaWro

RonisZiebebSi monawileobis organizeba);

• makontrolebel-administraciuli organoebi (sasazRvro, sabaJo,

sakarantino, savaluto, policiuri samsaxurebis saqmianoba, agreTve

dokumentaciis, _ vizebis, pasportebisa da sxva dokumentebis

gaformebasTan dakavSirebuli organoebis momsaxureba);

• saiformacio samsaxurebi (dedamiwis ama Tu im regionis turistuli

regionis turistul-rekreaciuli resursebis, iq arsebuli ganTavsebis

saSualebebis, sabaJo da sasazRvro formalobebis, valutis kursebis,

transportis saSualebebis, marSrutebisa da maTi fasebis Sesaxeb

informaciis uzrunvelyofa);

• informaciis masobrivi saSualebebi (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, wignadi

gamocemebi);

• bunebis, istoriuli da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis samsaxurebi;

• zogadi da specialuri daniSnulebis savaWro dawesebulebebi

(suvenirebis, saCuqrebis, safosto baraTebisa da adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis xelsaqmis da xelosnobis nimuSebis gayidva);

• turistebis dajavSna da maTi samedicino daxmareba;

• turizmis saxelmwifo organoebi;

49

• ucxoeli iuridiuli pirebi da sazogadoebrivi turistuli

organizaciebi.

turistuli momsaxureba iyofa ZiriTad, damatebiT da Tanmxlebad.

ZiriTadi turistuli momsaxureba CarTulia turSi, ganisazRvreba

xelSekrulebiT turistuli momsaxurebis Sesaxeb da dafiqsirebulia

sagzurSi. Cveulebriv, esaa ganTavseba, kveba, satransporto da saeqskursio

momsaxureba.

damatebiTi momsaxureba anazRaurdeba misi moxmarebis momentSi

mogzaurobis dros an vizitis adgilze (destinaciaze). maT ganekuTvneba

damatebiTi eqskursiebi, fizkulturul-gamajansaRebeli, samedicino

momsaxureba, kulturul-sanaxaobiTi RonisZiebebi.

Tanmxlebi momsaxureba moicavs suvenirebiT uzrunvelyofas, savaWro,

savaluto-sakredito, sainformacio da sxva saxis momsaxurebas,

kavSirgabmulobis specialuri saSualebebiT momsaxurebas da sxv.

damatebiT da Tanmxleb momsaxurebas Soris mkafio sazRvari ar

arsebobs.

turistuli produqti Sedgeba specialuri nawilisagan, romelic

uSualod turistebisTvisaa gansazRvruli (rukebi, baraTebi, bukletebi,

suvenirebi, turistuli aRWurviloba da sxv.) da araspecialuri

nawilisagan, raSic Sedis rogorc turistebisaTvis, aseve Cveulebrivi

moqalaqeebisaTvis gansazRvruli saqoneli.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. CaiTvleba Tu ara rekreaciad mZime Sroma kolumbis karavelas

modelis awyobis mizniT?

2. Tbiliseli batoni Salva, rogorc wesi, yovelkvireulad dilidan

adis kus tbaze da saRamomde rekreaciul samianobas eweva: darbis,

50

curavs, Wadraks TamaSobs da megobrebs xvdeba kafeSi. SegviZlia mas

vuwodoT turisti?

3. gulisxmobs Tu ara rekreaciuli saqmianoba regularuli

anazRaurebis miRebas?

4. ras moicavs turistuli motivebi?

5. rogor ganvmartoT rekreaciuli resursebi?

6. ramdeni Rame unda gaaTenos mogzaurma sxva qveyanaSi, rom turistad

CaiTvalos?

7. ra gansxvavebaa Siga turizmsa da Sinaur turizms Soris?

8. ra aris turi?

9. ra saxiT formdeba turi?

51

Tavi IV. msoflios turistuli regionebi

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis msoflio turistuli organizacia

(UN WTO) msoflios 5 msxvil turistul regions gamoyofs. esenia:

1. afrika;

2. amerika;

3. azia-wynari okeanis regioni;

4. evropa;

5. axlo aRmosavleTi;

es regionebi iyofa qveregionebad, romlebic calkeul qveynebs

aerTianeben, esenia:

afrikaSi:

• CrdiloeTi afrika: alJiri, maroko, sudani, tunisi;

• dasavleTi afrika: benini, burkina faso, kabo verde, kot divuari,

gambia, gana, gvinea, gvinea-bisau, mali, mavritania, nigeri, nigeria,

senegali, siera leone, togo;

• centraluri afrika: angola, kameruni, centraluri afrikis

respublika, Cadi, kongo, kongos demokratiuli respublika,

ekvatoriuli gvinea, gaboni, san tome da prinsipi;

• aRmosavleTi afrika: burundi, komoris kunZulebi, jibuti, eriTrea,

eTiopia, kenia, madagaskari, malavi, mavritania, mozambiki, reiuniono,

ruanda, seiSelis kunZulebi, tanzania, uganda, zambia, zimbabve;

• samxreTi afrika: botsvana, lesoto, namibia, samxreT afrikis

respublika, svazilendi.

amerikaSi:

• CrdiloeTi amerika: kanada, meqsika, SeerTebuli Statebi;

• karibis zRvis qveynebi: angilia, antigua-barbuda, aruba, bahamis

kunZulebi, barbadosi, bermudis kunZulebi, boneri, britaneTis

virjiniis kunZulebi, kaimanis kunZulebi, kuba, kiurasao, dominika,

dominikis respublika, grenada, gvadelupe, haiti, iamaika, martinika,

52

monserati, puerto-riko, saba, senta lusia, sint estatiusi, sent kits-

nevisi, sen maarteni, sent vinsenti, grenadinebi, trinidadi tobago,

turkisi da kaikosi, aSS-s virjiniis kunZulebi;

• centraluri amerika: belizi, kosta-rika, salvadori, gvatemala,

hondurasi, nikaragua, panama;

• samxreTi amerika: argentina, bolivia, brazilia, Cile, kolumbia,

ekvadori, safrangeTis gviana, gaiana, paragvai, peru, surinami, urugvai,

venesuela.

azia-wynari okeanis regionSi:

• Crdilo-aRmosavleTi azia: CineTi, hongkongi, iaponia, CrdiloeTi

korea, samxreTi korea, makao, monRoleTi, taivani;

• samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia: brunei, kamboja, indonezia, laosi,

malaizia, mianma (birma), filipinebi, singapuri, tailandi, vietnami;

• okeania: amerikis samoa, avstralia, kukis kunZulebi, fiji,

safrangeTis polinezia, guami, kiribati, marSalis kunZulebi,

mikronezia, marianis CrdiloeTi kunZulebi, axali kaledonia, axali

zelandia, niue, palau, papua axali gvinea, samoa, solomonis

kunZulebi, tonga, tuvalu, vanuatu;

• samxreTi azia: avRaneTi, bangladeSi, buTani, indoeTi, irani, maldivis

kunZulebi, nepali, pakistani, Sri lanka.

evropaSi:

• CrdiloeTi evropa: dania, fineTi, islandia, irlandia, norvegia,

Svecia, didi britaneTi;

• dasavleTi evropa: avstria, belgia, safrangeTi, germania,

lixtenStaini, luqsemburgi, monako niderlandebi, Sveicaria;

• centraluri da aRmosavleTi evropa: azerbaijani, belorusi,

bulgareTi, estoneTi, TurqmeneTi, latvia, litva, moldova,

poloneTi, rumineTi, ruseTi, saqarTvelo, slovakeTi, somxeTi,

tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, CexeTi;

53

• samxreTi evropa: albaneTi, andora, bosnia, espaneTi, makedonia,

italia, malta, portugalia, saberZneTi, san marino, serbeTi,,

slovenia, Cernogoria, xorvatia.;

• aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTi evropa: kviprosi, israeli,

TurqeTi.

axlo aRmosavleTi (qveregionebis gareSe):

• arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi, bahreini, egvipte, erayi, katari,

iemeni, iordania, libani, libia, omani, palestina, saudis arabeTi,

siria, quveiTi.

mokled davaxasiaToT TiToeuli makroregioni da zogierTi saintereso

qveregionis bunebriv-resursuli da ekonomikuri potenciali agreTve,

turizmis ganviTarebis done.

evropas evraziis kontinentis dasavleTi nawili uWiravs. misi

teritoriis farTobia 10,8 mln km2. evropis sazRvari aziasTan gadis:

uralis qedis aRmosavleT Zirze, mdinareebze _ elbaze, kumasa da maniCze;

kaspiis, Savi da azovis zRvebze. evropis saxelmwifoTa umetesoba

esazRvreba atlantis da Crdilo yinulovan okeaneebs da maT zRvebs, rac

xels uwybs maT sazRvao-turistul kavSirs sxva regionebTan.

evropis teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili ukavia dablobebsa da borcvian

adgilebs. yvelaze msxvili dablobebi _ aRmosavleT evropis, Sua evropis;

Sua da qvemo dunais, parizis auzi. mTebs teritoriis 17% uWiravs. ZiriTadi

mTiani sistemebia: alpebi, karpatebi, apeninebi, pirineebi, skandinaviis mTebi.

teritoriis umetes nawilze hava zomieria; dasavleTiT _ okeanuria,

xolo aRmosavleTiT _ kontinenturi. CrdiloeTi kunZulebis hava

subarqtikuli da arqtikulia, samxreT evropisa ki _

xmelTaSuazRvispiruli. CrdiloeTi evropis nawili Tanamedrove

myinvarebiTaa dafaruli. islandiis, Spicbergenisa da axali miwis bevr

kunZulze safariseuli gamyinvarebaa, xolo alpebSi _ mTis.

marTalia, evropas dedamiwis xmeleTis mcire nawili uWiravs (sul 4%),

magram igi msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia, aq

800 mln adamianamde cxovrobs. Tanamedrove evropis eTnikuri ruka sakmaod

54

Wrelia. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili indoevropuli ojaxis enebze

laparakobs: germanuli enebis jgufSi Sedian: germanelebi, holandielebi,

flamandielebi, avstrielebi, Sveicarielebis nawili, skandinavielebi,

ingliselebi da sxv.; romanuli enebis jgufSi _ italielebi, frangebi,

epanelebi, portugalielebi, ruminelebi da sxv.; slavuri enebis jgufSi _

(rusebi, ukrainelebi, polonelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, serbebi, xorvatebi da

sxv.. gabatonebuli religiaa qristianoba. kaTolikeebi sWarboben italiaSi,

espaneTSi, portugaliasa da safrangeTSi; protestantebi _ norvegiaSi,

SveciaSi, daniaSi, islandiaSi, fineTsa da SveicariaSi, germaniisa da didi

britaneTis umetes nawilSi. marTlmadidebloba ufro metad

gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi: saberZneTSi,

serbeTSi, bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, ruseTSi, ukrainasa da belorusSi.

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi evropis xalxebma mniSvnelovani

roli Seasrules. aq Caisaxa sabazro ekonomika, xolo evropis kulturam

didi gavlena moaxdina msoflios xalxebis kulturaze. evropis ekonomikis

potenciali Zalze didia _ msoflios mTlian Sida produqtSi mas 27-28 %

uWiravs (TiTqmis 11 trln dol.). ekonomikis dargobriv struqturaSi

momsaxurebis sferos wili (romelSic turizmic Sedis) 70%-mde adis. ufro

swrafi tempebiT viTardeba mecnier- da teqnologiatevadi dargebi:

mikroeleqtronika, mikrobiologia, atomuri mrewveloba, saaviacio da

kosmosuri mrewveloba, eleqtroteqnika, sainformacio teqnologiebi da

sxv. Zalian kargadaa ganviTarebuli satransporto sistema _ rkinigza,

saavtomobilo da saaviacio transporti, milsadenebi. roterdami

(niderlandebi) msoflios yvelaze msxvili navsadguria. kompiuterizaciis

doniT evropas me-2 adgili uWiravs msoflioSi. evropis qveynebis umetesoba

evrokavSirSia gaerTianebuli. amJamad, evrokavSiris wevria evropis 27

qveyana: avstria, belgia. bulgareTi. germania, dania, didi britaneTi,

espaneTi, estoneTi, irlandia, italia, kviprosi, latvia, litva,

luqsemburgi, malta, niderlandebi, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi,

safrangeTi, saberZneTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, fineTi, Svecia da

CexeTis respublika.

2002 w. 1 marts SemoRebul iqna saerTo valuta _ evro.

55

msoflio turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT, evropis regionma 2007

w. 470 mlm-mde turisti miizida – msoflios yvela turistis 50%-ze meti.1

amerikis makroregioni dasavleT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs. igi oTxi

msxvili turistuli qveregionisgan Sedgeba _ Crdilo amerikis,

centraluri amerikis, samxreT amerikisa da karibis zRvis qveynebis.

Crdilo amerikis qveregions ganekuTvneba aSS-s, kanadisa da meqsikis

teritoriebi, aseve grenlandia, romelic saxelmwifoebrivad danias

ekuTvnis. am regionis teritoriis farTobia 23,5 mln km2. CrdiloeTidan mas

esazRvreba Crdilo yinulovani okeane, dasavleTidan _ wynari, xolo

aRmosavleTidan _ atlantis okeaneebi. samxreTidan mas esazRvreba

centraluri amerika da karibis zRvis auzi. es regioni moicavs klimatur

zonebs arqtikuli sartylidan (CrdiloeTiT) tropikul sartylamde

(meqsika da aSS-s samxreTi). reliefisTvis umeteswilad damaxasiaTebelia

dablobebi da dabali mTebi, Tumca kordilierebis maRal mTaTa sistema

ramdenime aTas kilometrzea gaWimuli CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken

(umaRlesi mwvervalia _ mTa mak-kinli _ 6193 m). mcenareuloba moicavs

wiwvovan da farTofoTlovan tyeebs. floridisa da kaliforniis StatebSi,

aseve meqsikaSi palmebi da fikusebi izrdeba.

aliaskaze, kanadis Crdilo nawilSi, grenlandiis samxreTiT iSviaTi

wiwvovani jiSebic gvxvdeba.

amerika mdidaria Sida wylebiT _ mdinareTa sistemebiT, tbebiT,

xelovnuri wyalsacavebiT. md. misisipi Semdinare misurisTan erTad,

dedamiwis erT-erTi yvelaze grZeli mdinarea (6420 km).

uzarmazar sawylosno sistemas warmoadgens didi tbebi, romelTagan

sami (zeda, huroni da miCigani) msoflios udides tbebs Soris arian. wm.

lavrentis mdinare maT atlantis okeanesTan aerTebs. md. niagaram “gaWra”

borcviani maRlobi da tbebi _ eri da ontario SeaerTa. niagara

vardnobidan mkveTrad eSveba da saxelganTqmuli CanCqerebis sistemas qmnis.

mokle da swrafi mdinareebi dasavleTiT miedineba – wynari okeanisken.

maTgan yvelaze didia kolumbia da kolorado. md. kolorados xeobaSia

1 es maCvenebeli qveyanaSi wlis ganmavlobaSi Casuli turistebis raodenobiT _ e.w. Casvlebis ricxviT ganisazRvreba.

56

saxelganTqmuli grand-kanioni, romlis sigrZe 320 km-s aRwevs. am uzarmazar

xeobas cicabo, safexurebiani ferdobebi aqvs, romlebic sxvadasxva asakis,

Semadgenlobis da Seferadebis qanebiTaa agebuli.

Crdilo amerikis mosaxleobis raodenoba 420 mln kacs Seadgens. Zalian

Wrelia mosaxleobis rasobrivi da eTnikuri Semadgenloba. aSS-Si

mosaxleobis 83% TeTrkaniania, 12% _ afroamerikeli, xolo 4% aziuri

warmoSobisa. kanadaSi mosaxleobis 40%-s anglo-kanadelebi warmoadgenen,

xolo 27% _ franko-kanadelebi, mosaxleobis 1/3 _ sxva eTnikur jgufebs

ganekuTvneba. meqsikis mosaxleobis 60%-ze meti metisia.

kaTolikeebs miekuTvneba mosaxleobis 30%, meqsikaSi _ 90%.

qveynebs Soris cxovrebis done araTanabaria. adamianis ganviTarebis

indeqsis maCvenebliT1 kanada msoflioSi me-3 adgils ikavebs, aSS _ me-6,

xolo meqsika _ mxolod 51-s. mTliani erovnuli produqtis moculobiT aSS

pirvel adgilzea (12 trln dol.), kanada me-8 (1,1 trln dol.), xolo meqsika

me-10 adgilzea (1 trln dol.).

centraluri da samxreT amerikis qveregioni, romlis farTobia 19,14

mln km2, gaWimulia meqsikis samxreTi sazRvridan materikis ukidures

samxreT wertilamde _ frouerdis koncxamde. regions aRmosavleTiT

atlantis okeane akravs, samxreTiT _ wynari. regionSi sxvadasxva

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da politikuri orientaciis 48

qveyanaa.

samxreT amerikis dasavleT sanapiros gaswvriv, mTels sigrZeze

gaWimulia msoflios erT-erTi ugrZesi mTiani sartyeli _ andebi, romlis

umaRlesi wertilia mTa akonkagua (6960 m z/d). teritoriis danarCen

nawilze sWarbobs zegnebi da dablobebi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeva

dedamiwis yvelaze didi _ amazonis dablobi.

hava rTulia _ tropikulidan subarqtikulamde (CrdiloeTidan

samxreTisaken) icvleba. samxreTi amerika dedamiwaze yvelaze teniani

kontinentia. amis Sedegad aq Seiqmna yvelaze didi samdinaro auzi _ md.

amazonis, romlis farTobi 7 mln km2 (anu samxreT amerikis teritoriis

1 adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (Human Development Index) _ qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis saerTo donis sinTeturi maCvenebelia, romlis safuZvelzec gaero qveynebis reitings adgens..

57

TiTqmis 40%) aRwevs, am mdinaris uzarmazari masa, _ 300 000 m/3 (wvimian

sezonSi) atlantis okeaneSi Caedineba. Tu amazonis Sua welSi misi

kalapotis sigane 5 km-mdea, SesarTavTan 325 km-s aRwevs. amazonis wyali

Zalze mdidaria floriTa da fauniT. mis Senakadebsa da yureebSi izrdeba

viqtoria-regia, romlis mocurave foTlebi 2 m-s aRwevs. Tevzis

mravalricxovan saxeobaTagan yvelaze cnobilia: pirania – mtacebeli

Tevzi, eleqtronuli gvelTevza, amazonis zvigeni, mtknari wylis delfini,

niangebi, kaimanebi.

andebidan, gvianisa da braziliis zegnebidan Camosul mdinareebze

bevri CanCqeria. magram mogzaurebi sxvebze metad icnoben iguasus (722 m) _

CanCqers md. paranas erT-erT Senakadze, radgan igi ufro advili

misadgomia. es msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze lamazi CanCqerTagania. misi xma

ramdenime kilometrze ismis.

mosaxleobis raodenoba 450 mln kacs aRwevs. aqedan, indielebi 10%,

TeTrkanianebi _ 10%, metisebi da mulatebi 80%-ia.

mosaxleobis udidesi nawili kaTolike qristiania (85%), protestantul

eklesias miekuTvneba mosaxleobis 8%. am konfesiebis garda, gavrcelebulia

islami, budizmi da mravalricxovani mcire religia (ZiriTadad indielTa).

am regionSi Casuli turistebisTvis raodenobiT pirvel adgilzea aSS.

am qveynidan yovelwliurad 50 milionze meti (51,1 mln 2006 w.) turisti

Cadis, meqsikidan _ 21,4 mln, xolo kanadidan _ TiTqmis 20 mln (19,5 mln

2006 w).

miRebuli turistebis raodenobiT, laTinur amerikaSi meore adgolzea

brazilia _ 6 mln-mde miRebuli turisti 2006 w., mesamezea argentina _ 3,5

mln, xuTeulSi aseve Sedian _ dominikis respublika da urugvai. yvelaze

swrafi tempebiT xasiaTdeba kuba, aq Casuli turistebis raodenoba bolo

aTi wlis manZilze 120 %-iT gaizarda da ukve 2 mln-s gadaaWarba.

azia-wynari okeanis turistuli makroregioni sivrciTi ganfenilobiT

yvelaze didia.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveregionis teritoriis farTobi, romelic

evraziis kontinentis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilsa da mimdebare kunZulebs

moicavs, 4,5 mln km2-s Seadgens. regionis teritoriis naxevarze mets

58

indoCineTis naxevarkunZuli (farTobiT msoflioSi mesamea) da mis Crdilo-

aRmosavleTiT mdebare mTiani regioni ikavebs. samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis

turistuli regionis kunZulovani nawils Seadgens malais arqipelagi,

romelic 20 aTasze meti kunZulisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan mxolod 5-is

teritoriis farTobi aRemateba 100 aTas km2-s. es regioni or _ wynarsa da

indoeTis okeanes Sorisaa moqceuli. regionis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis:

brunei, vietnami, indonezia, kamboja, laosi, malaizia, mianma (birma),

singapuri, tailandi, aRmosavleTi timori, filipinebi.

okeania moicavs 7 aTas kunZuls wynar okeaneSi. igi 3 nawilad iyofa:

melaneziad, romelic wynari okeanis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSia da 4

suverenul saxelmwifos aerTianebs (papua-axal gvineas, solomonis

kunZulebs, vanuatusa da fijis); mikroneziad wynari okeanis Crdilo-

dasavleT nawilSi, sadac 3 saxelmwifoa (mikroneziis federaciuli

Statebi, marSalis kunZulebi da palau), da polineziad, romelic

meridianuli mimarTulebiTaa gaWimuli okeanis centralur nawilSi, da aq

6 saxelmwifoa Tavmoyrili (axali zelandia, samoa, kiribati, nauru, tonga

da tuvalu).

samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis kontinentur da kunZulovan nawilebs

saerTo geologiuri warmoSoba aqvT da aseve bevri rama aqvT saerTo

zedapiris Tanamedrove mowyobaSi. pirvel yovlisa, es exeba reliefis

Zlier danawevrebas, sadac sxvadasxva asakis mTis masivebi enacvleba

dablobebs, romlebic umsxvilesi mdinareebis deltebSi (indoCineTis

naxevarkunZulze) da viwro sanapiro raionebSi (malais arqipelagis

kuZulebze da malakis naxevarkunZulze) mdebareoben. am regionSi bevri

vulkania, maT Soris moqmedic.

okeaniis kunZulebidan umetesi an vulkanuri warmoSobisaa an

marjnuli. maTi nawili wyalqveSa qedebis mwvervalebs warmoadgens. Tumca,

kunZulebs Soris gvxvdeba materikuli kunZulebic. avstraliis

aRmosavleTi sanapiros gaswvriv 2300 km sigrZeze didi barieruli rifia

gaWimuli.

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samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia 2 klimatur sartyelSia moqceuli:

ekvatorul (malais naxevarkunZulis didi nawili) da subekvatorul, anu

ekvatoruli musonebis sartyelSi. am regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

temperaturis mcire ryeva (2-3oC, saSualowliuri temperatura _ 26oC)

kunZulebze da SedarebiT meti _ kontinentis zogierT nawilSi. Zalian did

gavlenas axdens musonuri wvimebi, romelTa cvla mSrali da teniani

sezonebis arsebobas ganapirobebs. regionis dasavleTi nawili ufro

teniania. teritoriis Zlieri danawevreba havis did sxvaobebs uwyobs xels.

okeaniis umetesi nawili ekvatorul, subekvatorul da tropikul

sartylebSia moqceuli. mxolod axali zelandia da masTan mimdebare

kunZulebi mdebareoben subtropikul da zomier sartylebSi. okeaniis hava

Tbili da rbilia da gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia dasvenebisaTvis mTeli

wlis manZilze. temperaturis ryeva dRe-Ramis manZilze da sezonebs Soris

didi ar aris.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis teritoriis naxevarze meti tyiTaa

dafaruli. gvxvdeba 2 aTasamde saxeobis xe. bevria palma, banani, bambuki,

orqidea, gvimra, xavsi. cxovelebidan interess warmoadgens spilo,

martorqa, gareuli xari, vefxvi, pantera, maimuni.

okeaniis mcenareulobasa da cxovelTa samyaroze didi gavlena iqonia

danarCeni samyarosgan izolirebulobam. aq arc mtaceblebi arian, da arc

Sxamiani gvelebi. marjnis kunZulebis bunebrivi kompleqsebi mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli okeanesTan. aq cxovroben wyalxmeleTa cxovelebi. bevr

atolze Tavmoyrilni arian zRvis frinvelebi. axali zelandiis kunZulebi

cnobilia Tavisi geizerebiTa da mcenareulobisa da cxovelTa samyaros

endemuri1 warmomadgenlebiT.

okeaniis qveregionis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 550 mln kacs Seadgens.

mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesoba ganekuTvneba samxreTaziul mcire

rasas, romelsac Sexamebuli aqvs monRoloiduri da avstraliuri nakvTebi.

okeaniis kunZulebi Tavdapirvelad papuasebis, _ avstraliuri rasis

1 endemuri saxeebi (frang. Endémique) _ mxolod konkretuli geografiuli adgilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli cocxali bunebis saxeebi.

60

warmomadgenlebis mier iqna dasaxlebuli, Semdeg aq movidnen

monRoloiduri rasis warmomadgenlebi, ris Sedegadac warmoiSvnen

melanezielebi da mikronezielebi.

religiur mimarTulebaTa Soris sWarbobs budizmi, induizmi da

islami.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad

ganviTarebadi regionia. misi ekonomika bolo 10 wlis manZilze

yovelwliurad saSualod 5%-iT izrdeboda. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

doniT aq sami gjufi gamoiyofa:

• yvelaze naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi (kamboja aRm. timori,

laosi, mianma);

• saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (vietnami, indonezia,

filipinebi);

• axali industriuli qveynebi (malaizia, tailandi, singapuri,

brunei).

ekonomikis dargebs Soris momsaxurebis eqsportSi win aris turizmi,

romlis Semosavlebi msoflios saSualo tempebze ufro maRalia (9%).

turizmis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi 11%-s aWarbebs. yvelaze meti

turisti Cadis tailandSi, malaiziaSi, singapursa da indoneziaSi.

Casuli turistebis umetesoba CineTidan modis, romlebic aq xSirad,

TavianTi naTesavebisa da nacnobebis mosanaxuleblad Camodian.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis erT-erT yvelaze popularul mimarTulebad

iTvleba kamboja da vietnami, sadac moTxovna turistul momsaxurebaze

bevrad aWarbebs miwodebas. gansakuTrebiT dinamikurad izrdeba turistuli

nakadebi am regionis unikalur mxareebSi _ fxuketisa da krobis

(tailandi), pinongis (malaizia) da balis kunZulebze.

afrikis makroregionSi Sedian kontinenturi afrikis saxelmwifoebi,

da, agreTve, rigi kunZulovani saxelmwifoebisa da teritoriebisa

atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebSi (sul 69 saxelmwifo). am makroregionis

teritoriis farTobia 24,3 mln km2. masSi gamoiyofa 5 qveregioni:

CrdiloeTi, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi, centraluri da samxreTi afrika.

61

reliefi, umetesad vakea. aRmosavleT afrikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Rrma napralebi miwis qerqSi. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken gaWimulia

aRmosavleT afrikis rifti _ giganturi rRvevis xazi, romlis calkeuli

ubnebi Semofarglulia masStaburi flateebiTa da Rrma tbebiT. regionis

klimaturi pirobebi mTelma rigma faqtorma ganapiroba. pirveli faqtoria

ekvatori, romelic saharis samxreTiT mdebare bevr saxelmwifos gadakveTs.

magram misi gavlenis Sedegad cxeli da teniani havis Camoyalibebas xels

uSlis meore faqtori _ grandiozuli udabnos _ saharas teritoriaze

cxeli, magram mSrali haeris masebis arseboba. mesame faqtoria afrikis

kontinentis konfiguracia, kerZod, misi Seviwroeba samxreTisaken. am

Taviseburebis wyalobiT, okeanis gavlena Rrmad iWreba samxreT afrikis

teritoriaze. meoTxe faqtoria is, rom afrikas ar gaaCnia maRali da

sigrZeSi Sors gaWimuli mTaTa masivebi (mTis qedebi mxolod eTiopiis

mTianeTidan keniis mTebamde, kilimanjaromde da ruvenzoris mTagrexilamde

Tu grZeldeba. es ki imas ganapirobebs, rom sxvadasxva klimaturi zonebi

erTmaneTSia SeWrili.

makroregionis mosaxleoba 674 mln kacs Seadgens. igi nawilobriv

negroidul rasas ganekuTvneba, nawilobriv ki _ Sereul jgufebs. religiis

ZiriTadi saxeebia _ qristianoba, islami da animizmi. afrikul

saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba 1960-70-ian wlebamde evropuli imperiebis

koloniur sistemaSi iyo moqceuli. dRes yvela maTgani damoukidebeli

qveyanaa. sxva makroregionebTan SedarebiT, afrikas erTi Tavisebureba

axasiaTebs _ misi ukiduresi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi wertilebi Tanabrad

arian daSorebulni ekvatorisagan. kontinentis umetesi nawili moqceulia

tropikebsa da ekvatorul, subekvatorul da tropikul klimatur

sartylebs Soris. misi samxreTi kide subtropikebSi gadadis. afrikis

sanapiro xazi naklebadaa danawevrebuli. Tavisi mdebareobis wyalobiT,

afrika dedamiwaze yvelaze cxeli materikia, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva

udabno sahara.

afrikaSi moedineba msoflios yvelaze grZeli mdinare _ nilosi (6671

km). afrikis meore da yvelaze wyaluxvi mdinarea kongo. wyaluxvobiTa da

auzis farTobiT igi mxolod amazons CamorCeba. md. zambezize aris

msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze didi da cnobili CanCqeri _ viqtoria.

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mdinaris TiTqmis orkilometriani siganis nakadi 120-metriani flatedan

viwro xeobaSi eSveba. mravali kilometris daSorebiTac ki ismis CanCqeris

guguni da gruxuni. afrikis TiTqmis yvela tba teqtonikuri napralebis

zonaSia moqceuli, amitom maT wagrZelebuli forma aqvT. magaliTad, tba

tanganikis sigane 80km-ia, magram sirZeSi 650 km-zea gaWimuli, _ igi

dedamiwis yvelaze grZeli mtknari tbaa. viqtoria afrikis yvelaze didi

tbaa.

bunebriv zonebs Soris yvelaze did STabeWdilebas turistebze

ekvatoruli tyeebi axdens. aq marto xeebis 1000 saxeoba cocxlobs. tyeTa

zeda iarusebSi izrdeba fikusebi, palmebi, qveda iarusebze _ bananebi,

xismagvari gvimrebi, lianebi. bevri cxoveli xeebze binadrobs. iSviaT

saxeobebs miekuTvneba funjisyura Rori, juja behemoTi, okapi _ Jirafis

naTesavi, leopardi. gauval tyeebSi mcire raodenobiT SemorCnen

adamianismagvari maimunebi _ gorilebi.

ekvatorze mudmivi zafxulia da mudmivi buniaoba, anu dRe da Rame

Tanabari sididisaa.

savanebs materikis teritoriis 40% uWiravs. msxvili cxovelebis iseT

simravles, rogoric afrikul savanebSia, dedamiwaze versad SexvdebiT. aq

aris sxvadasxva saxis antilopa, zolebiani zebra, grZelfexeba Jirafi da

dedamiwis yvelaze msxvili cxovelebi _ spilo, afrikuli kameCi da

mrisxane martorqa.

balaxismWameli cxovelebis gverdiT cxovroben mtacebelTa

mravalricxovani jgufebi _ lomebi, leopardebi, gepardebi, gienebi.

araCveulebrivad mdidaria frinvelTa samyaro, aq binadrobs yvelaze patara

frinvelic _ ”neqtaris Citi” da yvelaze didic _ siraqlema.

afrikis turistul makroregions sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar axasiaTebs

turistuli nakadebis mkveTri cvlilebebi. calkeulma qveynebma,

rogorebicaa: kenia, zambia, mavrikia, maroko, alJiri mniSvnelovnad

gaaumjobeses maCveneblebi. bolo wlebSi (2003 w. Semdeg) SesamCnevad

gamococxlda turistebis interesi samxreT afrikis respublikis mimarT.

axlo aRmosavleTi msoflio turizmis vrceli makroregionia, romelic

dasavleTiT, _ xmelTaSua zRvis napirebidan, aRmosavleTiT _ pakistanamdea

63

gadaWimuli, xolo samxreTiT, udabno saharidan CrdiloeTiT kunZul

kviprosamde. saerTo farTobia 14,8 mln km2. makroregioni moicavs 16

saxelmwifos. am regionSi turizmis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvneloba

aqvs suecis arxsa da gibraltaris srutes.

mosaxleobis raodenoba 450 mln–s miuaxlovda. maTi 90%-ze meti

mdinareTa xeobebis nayofier miwebsa da sanapiro xazis gayolebazea

gansaxlebuli. imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils muslimani

arabebi warmoadgenen, mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba

ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. sxva religiuri mimarTulebebidan mniSvnelovania

qristianoba (koptebi _ egvipteSi, maronitebi _ libansa da siriaSi da

sxv.), arabuli ena faqtiurad gabatonebulia.

momsaxurebis sfero makroregionis ekonomikaSi Zalian did rols

asrulebs, gansakuTrebiT ki _ turizmi.

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi axlo aRmosavleTis regioni turistuli

nakadebis zrdis mixedviT msoflios lideri gaxda. turistebi da

momlocvelebi mTeli msofliodan wminda adgilebisken miemarTebian, xolo

damsveneblebi _ egviptisa da sparseTis yuris kurortebisaken. miuxedavad

teroristebis aqtivobisa da saomari viTarebisa, turistebis nakadis zrda

Zalian STambeWdavia (10-milioniani zrda bolo aT weliwadSi, 27,3 mln

Casuli 2006 w). es zrda ZiriTadad modis egvipteze, arabTa gaerTianebul

saamiroebsa da iranze.

samxreTi azia. regionis teritoriis saerTo farTobia 4,6 mln km2.

CrdiloeTidan igi SemosazRvrulia himalaisa da hindukuSis mTaTa

sistemebiT, iranis mTianeTiT, aRmosavleTiT _ asamo-birmis mTebiT.

samxreTiT makroregioni indoeTis okeaneze, arabeTis zRvasa da bengalis

yureze gadis.

regionSi 7 qveyana Sedis da maTgan mxolod nepalsa da butans ara

aqvT zRvaze gasasvleli. yvelaze didi qveyanaa _ indoeTi, yvelaze patara

_ maldivis respublika, romelic indoeTis okeaneSi mdebareobs.

samxreTi aziis qveynebis buneba Tvalwarmtaci da mravalferovania. aq

aris msoflios yvelaze maRali mTaTa sistema _ himalai (umaRlesi

wertili m. jomolungma _ 8848 m z/d), romelic mkveTrad maRldeba ind-

64

gangis dablobidan. mTebis samxreT kalTebze mkafiod gamokveTilia

musonuri hava. yvelaze meti naleqi modis gangis qvemo welSi (2500-3000 mm

weliwadSi) da Tanac perioduli Tavsxma wvimebis saxiT. magram indis

aRmosavleTiT hava mSralia. aq mdebareobs Taris udabno.

samxreT aziis mosaxleoba 1500 mln-mdea. aq sWarbobs indoevropuli

ojaxis induri jgufis xalxebi: bengalelebi, penjabelebi, biharelebi,

oreia, singalelebi da sxv. indoeTis samxreTiT _ draviduli ojaxis

xalxebi, himalaebSi _ Cinur-tibeturi ojaxis tibetur-birmanuli jgufis

xalxebi, pakistanSi indoevropuli ojaxis iranuli jgufis Zalian bevri

xalxi cxovrobs: puStunebi, belujebi da sxv. religiaTa Soris induizmi

sWarbobs indoeTsa da nepalSi, islami _ pakistanSi, bangladeSSi da

maldivebze, budizmi _ Sri-lankasa da butanSi.

regioni msoflio civilizaciis erT-erT akvans warmoadgens. yvelaze

adreuli saxelmwifoebi md. indis auzSi ax. w. me-2 aTaswleulSi gaCnda.

1947 wlamde TiTqmis mTeli es regioni didi britaneTis kolonia iyo.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. romeli qveynebi Sedian karibis zRvis turistul regionSi? (aCveneT

rukaze).

2. msoflios turistebis ra wili modis evropaze 2007 w. monacemebiT?

3. riTaa cnobili roterdami?

4. kunZuli grenlandia, daniis sakuTrebaa. romel turistul

makroregionSi Sedis igi?

5. romeli turistuli makroregionis maxlobladaa didi barieruli

rifi?

6. ra aris adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi?

7. erTi saudeli turistis interesis sagania geizerebi. romel qveyanaSi

unda Cavides igi maT sanaxavad?

8. ra ewodeba msoflioSi yvelaze maRla mdebare sastumros?

65

Tavi V. turizmis tipebi (nairsaxeobebi, mimarTulebebi)

turistuli motivebisa da resursebis Sesabamisad, turoperatorebi

(turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebi) sxvadasxva Sinaarsis turebs

qmnian. bunebrivia, olimpiuri TamaSebis daswrebis msurvelebs

gansxvavebuli marSruti, momsaxurebis saxeebi da momsaxurebis pirobebi

unda SesTavazo, vidre bunebaSi mogzaurobis moyvarulebs. Amogzaurobis

daniSnulebisa da turistuli paketebis Sinaarsis Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben

turizmis tipebs, anu nairsaxeobebs.

Cvens droSi turizmi aRmavlobis gzazea, sul ufro specifikuri xdeba

adamianebis motivacia dasvenebisa da mogzaurobisTvis da Sesabamisad,

axal-axali turproduqti Cndeba turistebis ufro da ufro daxvewili

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. ase Cndeba turizmis axali nairsaxeobebi

da izrdeba maTi raodenoba. CamovTvaloT turizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

tipebi.

samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi

samkurnalo turizmi _ dasveneba da janmrTelobis gakaJeba sakurorto

adgilebSi: zRvaze, mTebSi, mineralur wylebze, samkurnalo Tvisebebis

mqone adgilebSi (mag., wiwvovan tyeebSi, marilis maRaroebSi). turizmis es

nairsaxeoba geografiulad misadagebulia im adgilebTan, romlebic

janmrTelobisaTvis sasargeblo bunebrivi TvisebebiT gamoirCevian. am

adgilebSi iqmneba kurortebi _ samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli centrebi,

romelTa funqcias Camosuli adamianebis dasvenebisa da janmrTelobis

aRdgenis mizniT specialuri momsaxurebis gaweva Seadgens.

ZiriTadad, sami saxis kurortebs gamoyofen

1. klimaturi kurortebi im adgilebSi iqmneba, romlebic jansaRi haviT

gamoirCeva da samkurnalo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba: tyeebSi, mTebSi,

zRvis sanapiroze da a.S.;

2. balneologiur kurortebze mTavar samkurnalo faqtors bunebrivi

mineraluri wyali warmoadgens;

66

3. samkurnalo talaxis kurortebi geografiulad samkurnalo talaxis

sabadoebTanaa Seqmnili. zogjer samkurnalo talaxis kurortebs

balneologiuri kurortebis SemadgenlobaSi ganixilaven.

yvelaze Zveli da tradiciuli kurortebi evropaSi mdebareobs. bevri

maTgani jer kidev XX saukunemde Camoyalibda SeZlebuli fenebis

dasvenebisa da mkurnalobis modur centrebad da dResac inarCuneben am

funqcias. maTgan yvelaze cnobilebi da popularulebia centraluri

evropis balneologiuri kurortebi: baden-badeni, visbadeni, vildbadi, bad-

homburgi (germaniaSi), badgastaini (avstriaSi, _ Seqmnilia radonis

wyaroebTan), badeni, bag-ragaci (SveicariaSi), samToklimaturi kurortebi:

davosi, arozi, sankt-morici, cermati (SveicariaSi).

avstriaSi viTardeba samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi, romelic

yovelwliurad 1 milionamde turists izidavs.

sakmaod ganviTarebulia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli centrebi CexeTSi,

romlebsac aseve uZvelesi tradiciebi aqvs. am kurortebs yovelwliurad

asobiT aTasi adamiani stumrobs evropidan da mTeli msofliodan. bolo

aTwleulebSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda turistebis nakadi ruseTidan da

sxva postsabWoTa qveynebidan. yvelaze cnobili Cexuri kurortebia:

karlovi-vari, teplice _ evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi kurorti, msoflioSi

pirveli radonuli sanatoriumi kurort iaximovSi, kurorti ianske-lazne,

sadac aseve, msoflioSi pirveli sanatoriumia bavSvTa damblis

samkurnalod, marianske lazne, lugaCovice da sxv. amJamad CexeTis

xelisufleba Zalze dainteresebulia am kurortebis gaaqtiurebiT da

msofliosa da evropis bazarze winwaweviT, amisaTvis, igi xels uwyobs

kurortebis mier turistuli momsaxurebis axali formebis danergvas.

kerZod, kurortebi afarToeben TavianT SesaZleblobebs turistebis

aqtiuri dasvenebis, garTobisa da SemecnebiTi aqtiurobis organizebisaTvis.

CexeTis kurortebi atareben festivalebs, sxvadasxva konkursebs, gamofena-

gayidvebsa da sxv.

evropis sakurorto centrebs Soris Rirseuli adgili uWiravs

ungreTis kurortebs, romlebic, ZiriTadad wylis samkurnalo Tvisebebs

iyeneben. qveyanaSi ramdenime aTasi Termuli wyaroa. ungreTSi Casuli

67

turistebidan yoveli mesame wylebze samkurnalod miemarTeba. ZiriTadi

nakadebi mieSureba budapeStisa da balatonisken. budapeStma, jer kidev XIX

s. daimkvidra aRmosavluri abanoebis qalaqis statusi. aq dRemde moqmedeben

XVI-XVII ss. Turquli abanoebi. balatonis tba ki SesaniSnavi adgilia

saTevzaod, wylis TxilamurebiT sasrialod, curvisaTvis, niCbosnobisa da

saialqno sportisaTvis.

amerikis turistul makroregionSi samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli

turizmis sferoSi liderobs aSS.

SeerTebulma Statebma medicinisa da samedicino teqnikis Zalian maRal

dones miaRwia. sayovelTaod cnobilia maTi warmatebebi organoebis

gadanergvis dargSi, kardioqirurgiaSi, farmaciaSi, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa

mkurnalobaSi. amerikeli eqimebi da damxmare samedicino personali

msoflioSi erT-erT saukeTesod iTvlebian. klinikebi ultraTanamedrove

samedicino teqnikiTaa aRWurvili. magram samedicino daxmareba aSS-Si

Zalian Zviri Rirs, amitom sul ufro meti amerikeli cdilobs

pirveljeradi yuradReba miaqcios sakuTar janmrTelobis gakaJebas,

sxvadasxva daavadebaTa profilaqtikas. am mizniT isini aqtiurad dadian

kurortebze.

Crdiloamerikuli kurortebi ZiriTadad balneologiur tips

miekuTvneba. bevr Stats sakuTari sakurorto centri aqvs. aseTia

magaliTad, arkanzasis Statis cnobili mineraluri wylebis _ mamoT-

springsis, hiber-springsis, hot-springsis kurortebi aSS-s centraluri

nawilis samxreTSi. didi moTxovniT sargeblobs dasveneba zRvispira

klimatur kurortebze: long-biCze niu-iorkis gareubanSi, haterasze

(atlantis okeanis sanapiro, Stati CrdiloeTi karolina), maiami-biCze

floridaSi, san-diegosa da santa-kruzSi (kalifornia) da a.S.

popularulia, aseve tbispira kurortebi, Tumca amerikelebis ZiriTadi masa

upiratesobas aniWebs dasvenebasa da mkurnalobas centraluri amerikis,

barbadosis, kubisa da bahamis kunZulebis kurortebze.

axlo aRmosavleTSi turistebis nakadi, samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli

miznebiT, ZiriTadad mkvdari zRvisken miemarTeba. am zRvis wyali

68

marilebiTa da mineraluri nivTierebebiTaa gajerebuli da umartivesi

organizmebis arsebobisTvisac ki uvargisia. magram turistebma, romlebic

israelSi Camodian mkvdar zRvaze mdebare ein-bokekis, ein-gedis, neve-

zoxaris kurortebze dasasveneblad ician, rom iq saukeTeso Terapiul

mkurnalobas miiReben.

mkvdari zRvis raioni samkurnalo bunebrivi faqtorebis _ Termuli

mineraluri wylis, samkurnalo talaxis da gansakuTrebuli

biometeorologiuri pirobebis unikaluri SexamebiT gamoirCeva. cal-calke

da erTad es faqtorebi sasikeTo gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze.

Terapia mkvdari zRvis kurortebze Zirfesvianad cvlis warmodgenas

samkurnalo procesze. aq igi ufro nebier dasvenebasa da garTobas

mogagonebT, vidre raRac momabezrebel samkurnalo procedurebs.

samxreT aziis, aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziis qveynebSi

samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi, jerjerobiT sustadaa

ganviTarebuli. aratradiciuli medicina, fitoTerapia da akupunqtura,

romelic Zalian gavrcelebulia aRmosavleTSi, naklebad xiblavs ucxoel

turistebs.

avstralia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis ganviTarebisTvis

aucilebel yvela bunebriv resurss flobs. msxvili balneologiuri

kurortebi deilsfordi, morki, springvudi kontinentis samxreT-

aRmosavleT nawilSia Tavmoyrili. avstraliis zRvispira klimaturi

kurortebi, aseve farTodaa msoflioSi cnobili. ”oqros napiri”, deidrim-

ailendi, kernsi idealur adgilebad iTvleba dasvenebisa da

mkurnalobisaTvis. magram avstraliis siSore evropisa da amerikisagan _ im

regionebisagan, romlebic qmnian ZiriTad moTxovnas turistul

momsaxurebaze, xels uSlis Semosuli turistuli nakadebis zrdas. amitom

avstraliis kurortebi, iseve rogorc amerikisa, ZiriTadad Sida

turistebis miRebazea orientirebuli.

afrikaSi samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmi axla ikrebs Zalas.

izrdeba tunisis kurortebis popularoba. aTiode wlis win aq gaixsna

69

wyliTa da talaxiT mkurnalobis axali centri, romelic msoflios erT-

erT umsxviles centrad gadaiqca. igi aRWurvilia Tanamedrove

mowyobilobiT da uzrunvelyofilia maRalkvalificiuri kadrebiT.

centrSi mkurnaloba moicavs masaJis sxvadasxva saxes zRvis wylisa da

talaxis gamoyenebiT.

Crdilo afrikis sanapiroze zRvispira klimaturi kurortebia

gavrcelebuli. egviptis qalaqebi _ Sarm el-Seixi da hurgada, kunZuli el-

guna, _ wiTel zRvaze mdebare saxelganTqmuli kurortebia, asevea _ dahabi

da nuveiba. marokos kurortebidan cnobilia: agadiri, mohamedia, tanJeri,

el-hoseima da sxv. indoeTis okeanis sanapirozea ganlagebuli keniis

zRvispira kurortebi: mombasa, kipini, malindi, lamu, kilifi. ramdenime

kurorti aqvs samxreT afrikis respublikas. afrikis sxva qveynebs arc

bunebrivi resursebi aqvT da arc SesaZlebloba sakurorto saqmis

ganviTarebisTvis.

saTavgadasavlo turizmi gulisxmobs mogzaurobasa da kvlevas

moSorebul, egzotikur da SeZlebisdagvarad rTul garemoSi, sadac

mogzaurs bevri moulodneloba elis (Expect unexpected). rogorc wesi, es

ucnob garemoSi riskian mogzaurobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, saTavgadasavlo

turizmi maT izidavs, vinc moulodnelobiT savse Tavgadasavals eZebs. am

saTavgadasavlo mogzaurobis mizania axali SegrZnebebis, STabeWdilebebis

miReba da janmrTelobis gakaJeba. mogzaurobisas turistebs aucileblad

unda hyavdeT kvalificiuri instruqtorebi, gidebi da gamyolebi.

TavgadasavlebiT savse mogzauroba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva

garemoSi da sxvadasxva formiT: samTo, samdinaro, sacxenosno laSqrobebi,

traversebi, raftingi (mTis mdinareze tivebiT daSveba1) da a.S.

saTavgadasavlo turizmi Seicavs riskis da uCveulo satransporto

saSualebebis gamoyenebis ideas. ase rom, xisgan gamoTlili kanoeTi

mogzauroba md. amazonis auzSi (brazilia, samxreTi amerika), mTeli Tavisi

sirTuleebiT, udavod saTavgadasavlo turizms ganekuTvneba, maSin roca,

mag., qalaqis turi parizSi (safrangeTi), SeiZleba moulodnelobebsac

1 saqarTveloSi raftingisTvis ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia mdinareebi: mTiuleTis aragvi (fasanauri-meneso), fSavis aragvi (kopala-sof. Tvalivi), mtkvari (WiTaxevi-borjomi da miraSxani-aspinZa), rioni (sxvadasxva monakveTebi ambrolauridan).

70

Seicavdes, magram arsebiTi niSnebiT igi saTavgadasavlo turizmad ar

CaiTvleba.

saTavgadasavlo turizmTan axlo dgas egzotikuri1 turizmi.

egzotikurs vuwodebT Soreul (umetesad samxreTisa da aRmosavleTis)

qveynebs, maT bunebas, yofas, Cveulebebs, xelovnebas, aseve maTi yofiTi da

materialuri kulturis sagnebs, romelTac gaocebis momgvreli, ucnauri,

uCveulo Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs. Tanamedrove interpretaciiT

egzotikur turizmTan dakavSirebulia ara marto Semecneba, axlis

SecnobasTan dakavSirebuli emociebi, aramed uCveulo, avantiurizmis

elferis mqone mZafri SegrZnebebi.

egzotikuri adgilebi dedamiwaze Zalian bevria, magram turizmisTvis

saWiro infrastruqtura (gzebi, sastumroebi, kvebis obieqtebi da a.S.)

yvelgan ar aris ganviTarebuli. magaliTad, polineziis kunZulebze

mxolod erTi saerTaSoriso aeroportia _ papuete, romelic kunZul

taitize mdebareobs, saidanac turistebi adgilobrivi TviTmfrinavebiT

mogzauroben kunZulidan kunZulze. am gziT SegviZlia vewvioT

saxelganTqmul laguna bora-boras, Semdeg _ atol mureas da manihis,

sadac Savi marjnis uiSviaTesi plantaciebia gaSlili. franguli

polinezia, _ TavgadasavalTa da egzotikis moyvarulTaA namdvil samoTxes

warmoadgens da yovelwliurad naxevar milionamde turists izidavs.

kargadaa ganviTarebuli turistuli infrastruqtura k. fijizec,.

Zalian Taviseburi kunZulebia seiSelebi da mavrikia. bolo dros aq,

Tanamedrove arqiteqturuli teqnologiisa da masalebis gamoyenebiT,

ramdenime maRali klasis sastumro aSenda. aseTebia _ “lemuria” da “baniana

II”. axali sastumroebi kargad ewereba aqaur samoTxissadar garemoSi. aseTi

harmoniis SenarCuneba seiSelis xelisuflebis turistuli politikis erT-

erT umTavres amocanas warmoadgens. kerZod, am mizniT, ganzrax gaizarda

kunZulze dasvenebis fasebi imisTvis, rom Semcirdes turistebis nakadi da

SenarCunebul iqnes kunZulebis unikaluri buneba. Sedegad seiSelis

kunZulebi weliwadSi mxolod 100-120 aTas turists iRebs.

1 egzotikuri (berZ. Exōtikos, laTin. Exoticus, frang. Exotique) _ ucxo, ucxouri.

71

kunZuli mavrikia, msoflios sxva egzotikur mxareebs Soris, liderobs

didebuli da ZviradRirebuli sastumroebis raodenobiT. turistebis

momsaxurebis sistema kunZulze evropul donezea awyobili.

xuTvarskvlaviani sastumroebis servisi mTels frangul polineziaSia

ganTqmuli da xSirad, mavrikiidan, momsaxure personals sastumroebSi

samuSaod iwveven seiSelis kunZulebidanac. mavrikia indoeTis okeanis

talRebisgan daculia marjnis rifebiT, amitom wyali aq yovelTvis wynaria

da turistebs mSvenieri saSualeba aqvT, rom Seiswavlon marjnis

koloniebis, tropikuli Tevzebis, wyalmcenareebisa da aqtinias jadosnuri

wyalqveSa samyaro. wyalqveSa samyaros silamazes aZlierebs kunZulis

zRapruli peizaJebi: gamWvirvale lagunebi, qviSiani plaJebi, horizontze ki

_ mTis mwvervalebi, romelTa ferdobebi tyis masivebSi iZireba.

dabolos, maldivis ori aTasi cicqna kunZuli _ samoTxe daivingis1

moyvarulTaTvis. marjnebi, romlebic gars ertymis kunZulebs, qmnis

bunebriv auzebs, sadac yvinTva pirdapir bungalos ximinjebidanacaa

SesaZlebeli. maldivebi idealuri adgilia SeyvarebulTaTvis. SeiZleba

kunZulidan kunZulisken iaxtiT gadaadgileba, yovel maTganzea restorani

da sastumro.

ekologiuri turizmi, anu ekoturizmi _ “sufTa” mogzauroba bunebaSi

bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebiTa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturuli

da ekonomikuri interesebis dacviT, turizmis industriaSi SedarebiT

axali mimarTulebaa. farTo gagebiT igi bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan

dakavSirebuli turizmis yvela im saxeobas moicavs, romelTa mTavari

motivia bunebaze dakvirveba da bunebasTan kavSiris damyareba. Tumca,

klasikuri gagebiT es cneba sxva, ufro mniSvnelovan rames gulisxmobs.

ekoturizmis saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier ekoturizmi ganmartebulia,

rogorc:

“pasuxismgeblobiTi (Responsible) mogzauroba bunebaSi, romelsac

garemos SenarCuneba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis

gaumjobeseba moyveba.”

1 daivingi (Diving) _ wyalSi yvinTva akvalangiT wylis egzotikuri samyaroze dakvirvebis

mizniT.

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magaliTad, tropikul tyeebSi siaruli ekoturizmad ar iqceva manam,

sanam is rameTi ar daexmareba garemos da iq mcxovreb xalxs. aseve,

raftingi mxolod maSin iRebs ekoturizmis saxes, roca igi xels uwyobs

mdinaris xeobis ekosistemis SenarCunebas, problemis Secnobisa da misi

finansuri mxardaWeris gziT. ekoturizmis terminis araswori

interpretacia bevr kompanias saSualebas aZlevs iseTad warmoaCinos Tavi

(garemos damcvelad), rasac sinamdvileSi ar warmoadgens. mTavari

ekoturizmSi aris is, rom Tqvenma mogzaurobam “SeinarCunos da

gaaumjobesos” vizitis adgili.

ekoturizmi bunebis sxvadasxva landSaftebs moicavs – tyeebs,

udabnoebs, wyalsatevebs, maT Soris wyalqveSa florasa da faunas da a.S.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania igi daculi teritoriebisaTvis.

ekoturistuli saqmianoba moiTxovs landSafturi tevadobis mecnieruli

normativebis dacvas, kvalificiuri instruqtorebisa da gidebis

monawileobas.

saqarTvelos bunebas jerjerobiT SemorCenili aqvs pirveladi saxe.

veluri bunebis nimuSebi, _ alpuri landSaftebi, unikaluri tyeebi, veluri

mdinareebi, mdidari flora da fauna saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi

gvxvdeba. vizitorebs gansakuTrebiT xiblavT bunebrivi resursebis _

wylis, haeris, niadagis sisufTave. swored es aris Cveni simdidre da

ekologiuri turizmis, am metad mniSvnelovani dargis, umniSvnelovanesi

resursi.

ekoturizmis erT-erT mimarTulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mogzauroba

bunebriv rezervatebSi, _ dacul bunebriv teritoriebze. amaTSi Sedis

erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi, aRkveTilebi. es sakmaod aqtiuri

mimarTulebaa. ase, magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi Casuli turistebis 40%-

mde bunebriv rezervatebSi miemarTeba.

evropaSi daculi bunebrivi teritoriebis (dbt) sistema mWidrod

dasaxlebuli da mTlianad aTvisebuli landSaftis fonze ganviTarda. amis

gamo, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia teritoriuli gafantuloba da mcire

zomebi. es sistema warmodgenilia: daculi landSaftebiT, samecniero

rezervatebiTa da mkacrad daculi rezervatebiT, erovnuli parkebiT,

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bunebis ZeglebiT, bunebrivi marTuli rezervatebiT. ekologiuri

turizmisTvis yvelaze did interess warmoadgens CrdiloeTi evropis

qveynebi. swored aq, SveciaSi Seiqmna evropis kontinentze pirveli

erovnuli parki. laplandiaSi, romelic norvegiis, Sveciis, fineTisa da

ruseTis teritoriebs moicavs, Seqmnilia erovnuli parkebi, romelTa

saerTo farTobi 4 aTas km2-s moicavs. esaa evropaSi veluri bunebis

yvelaze didi rezervati, sadac gadamfreni wylis frinvelebis sabudeebia

ganlagebuli. fineTis zogierT parkebSi daculia saamebis, _ Crdilo

evropis mkvidri mosaxleobis dasaxlebebi. centraluri evropis qveynebs

Soris gamoirCeva germania, sadac 80-mde daculi bunebrivi teritoriaa

Seqmnili.

msoflios dacul teritoriebs Soris yvelaze cnobilia: CrdiloeT

amerikaSi _ aliaskis arqtikuli nacionaluri faunisturi rezervati (aSS,

78 aTasi km2), romelic icavs 135 saxeobis frinvels, daTv grizlis,

arqtikul melas, irmebis jogebs, dalis cxvrebs (iSviaTi saxeoba), mglebs,

amerikul cxenirems. amerikis kldovan mTebSi Seqmnilia saxelganTqmuli

ielousTounis erovnuli parki, romelic 900 aTas heqtarzea gadaSlili.

mis teritoriaze Tavmoyrilia 300 aTasi: cxeli wylis wyaro, geizeri,

orTqlis Wavli, talaxis vulkani da cxeli tba; erovnuli parki grand

titoni, romelsac yovelwliurad 3 mln adamiani stumrobs. aq 300 km-ze

meti sacalfexo da samTo bilikia gayvanili. kings-kanionisa da sekvoias

parkebSi daculia giganturi sekvoias tevrebi. es xe planetaze erT-erTi

yvelaze didxans mcxovrebia da 5-6 aTas weiliwads cxovrobs. iosemitis

parkSi daaxloebiT 750 marSrutia, erT-erTi biliki (jon miuris) 340 km

sigrZisaa; grand kanionis erovnuli parkis sigrZea 460 km, sigane 30 km,

xolo siRrme _ 1,6 km. aq, bilikebze gadaadgilebisaTvis gamoiyeneba

cxenebi, jorebi, samTo velosipedebi. samxreT amerikaSi _ manos da

pantanalis (brazilia) erovnuli parkebi pirveladi daculi tyeebis udides

masivs warmoadgens, romelic iuneskos biosferul nakrZaladaa

gamocxadebuli. pantanali _ amerikis kontinentze veluri cxovelebis

Tavmoyris udidesi adgilia, _ aq 600 saxeobis frinveli da cxoveli

Tanaarsebobs, maT Soris iseTi cxovelebis iSviaTi saxeebia, rogorebicaa:

Waobis iremi, giganturi WianWvela, vidra, puma, anakonda da sxv. afrikaSi _

74

leik nakurus erovnuli parki (kenia), romelic vardisferi flamingos

dasacavadaa Seqmnili; etoSas erovnuli perki (namibia) 22 aTas km2-s moicavs.

aq amravleben Sav martorqas. samxreT afrikis respublikis teritoriazea

ganlagebuli cnobili krugeris erovnuli parki; aziaSi yvelaze cnobilia:

roial-Citvanis erovnuli parki himalaebSi (nepali); avstraliaSi kakadus

erovnuli parki da sxv.

bevri erovnuli parkisa da nakrZalis xelmZRvaneloba ekologiur

mogzaurobas TavianT teritoriaze namdvil sanaxaobad aqceven. magaliTad

gamodgeba aSS-s ielosTounis erovnuli parki, sadac eqskursiis

xangrZlivoba wuTebiTaa gaTvlili da dakavSirebulia geizerebis

aqtivobis periodebTan. Zalian xSirad bunebrivi obieqtebis, gansakuTrebiT

mRvimeebis, Cvenebas Tan erTvis feradovani ganaTeba, musika,

Teatralizebuli warmodgenebi, romlebic mkvidri mosaxleobis cxovrebis

scenebs asaxavs. ekoturizmis aseTi forma gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebulia

avstraliaSi, amitom xSirad mas “ekoturizmis ganviTarebis avstraliur

modelsac uwodeben”.

saqarTveloSi TandaTan fexs ikidebs turizmis erTi saintereso

mimarTuleba _ frinvelebze dakvirveba (Birdwatching). rogorc cnobilia,

msoflioSi mas aTobiT milioni moyvaruli hyavs. sazRvargareT moqmedebs

da aqtiurad iqmneba “berdvoCerebis” klubebi, romelTa wevroba

prestiJulad iTvleba. frinvelebze dakvirvebisaTvis msoflios saukeTeso

regionebad iTvleba:

• evergleidsis subtropikuli Waobebi (aSS);

• kosta-rikis tropikuli tyeebi;

• galapagosis kunZulebis akvatoria (ekvadori);

• pantanalis regionis Waobis ekosistemebi (brazilia);

• dasavleT-estoneTis arqipelagis kunZulebi (estoneTi);

• estremaduris provinciis xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tyeebi da

buCqnari (espaneTi);

• didi riftuli xeoba (kenia);

• kakadus erovnuli parki (avstralia);

75

• antarqtikis naxevarkunZuli.

turistebi, iSviaTi frinvelebis sanaxavad sul ufro xSirad

stumroben Cvens qveyanasac. saqarTvelos frinvelTa endemur (Cveni

bunebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) saxeobebad iTvleba: kavkasiuri roWo, SurTxi

da WivWavi.

speleologiuri turizmi

speleoturizmi, esaa mogzauroba miwisqveSa samyaroSi.

speleoturizmisTvis ganviTarebisTvis bunebriv resursebs warmoadgens

sxvadasxva geologiuri agebulebis, reliefis, struqturis, hidrografiuli

qselis, faunis mqone mRvimeebi, romlebsac garkveuli turistul-

rekreaciuli Rirebuleba aqvs. turistebs mRvimeebSi izidavs ucxo,

gansxvavebuli, Taviseburad mimzidveli bunebrivi garemo: reliefis

mravalferovneba, didi miwisqveSa darbazebi, mineralebisgan

sxvadasxvafrad SeRebili karstuli formebi (stalagmitebi da

stalaqtitebi), miwisqveSa mdinareebi da tbebi, viwro gasasvlelebi,

unikaluri biologiuri saxeobebi da sxv.

mRvimuri landSaftis Tavisebureba da ucxo garemos atraqtuloba

ganapirobebs imas, rom mRvimeebi turistebis mier erT-erTi yvelaze

daTvalierebadi obieqtia. es kanonzomiereba msoflios yvela regionze

vrceldeba.

speleoresursebi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli msoflioSi da

yvela kontinentze gvxvdeba. Tumca, turistuli saqmianobis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT yvela qveyana saTanadod ver iyenebs maT. gansakuTrebiT

kargadaa ganviTarebuli speleoturistuli biznesi aSS-Si, dasavleT

evropaSi, avstraliaSi, CineTSi. TandaTanobiT es dargi Tanamedrove doneze

iwyebs ganviTarebas ruseTsa da ukrainaSi.

rogorc gamocdileba gviCvenebs, speleoturizmi, turizmis erT-erTi

yvelaze stabilurad maRalSemosavliani, Tumca sakmaod rTuli dargia.

bunebis sxva obieqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, mRvimeTa momzadeba da turistul-

rekreaciul obieqtad gadaqceva investorisgan mniSvnelovani pirobebis

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Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rogoricaa: didi pirveladi danaxarjebis gaweva,

usafrTxoebis maRal doneze organizeba, menejmentis Tanamedrove

meTodebis gamoyeneba da maRali ekologiuri standartebis uzrunvelyofa.

amitomaa, rom, miuxedavad msoflioSi speleoresursebis siuxvisa da

globaluri ganfenilobisa, yvelaze efeqtiani speleoturistuli

industria swored, maRalganviTarebul qveynebs da regionebs aqvT.

magaliTad, msoflioSi ugrZes – mamontis mRvimeTa – sistemas (Mammoth Cave,

aSS, Stati kentuki. miwisqveSa sivrcis saerTo sigrZe – 591 km), romelsac

aSS-s erovnuli parkis statusi aqvs miniWebuli, yovelwliurad 600

aTasamde (2006 wels - 597,934) turisti stumrobs. zogierTi cnobiT,

sxvadasxva wlebSi aq vizitorebis wliuri raodenoba 2 mln kacs aRwevda.

asobiT aTasi vizitori hyavs aSS-s meore did speleoturistul

obieqts – karlsbadis mRvimes (Carlsbad Cavern, aSS, Stati niu meqsiko),

romelic xasiaTdeba karstul mRvimeTa rTuli sistemiT, mimzidveli

karstuli formebiTa da Ramurebis umdidresi populaciiT, agreTve

alabasteris mRvimes _ saxelmwifo parks (Alabaster Cavern State Park, oklahoma),

Tavisi unikaluri TabaSiris mRvimeebiT. aseve, Zalze didia turistebis

nakadi evropis mRvimeebSi: grot de demuazelSi (Grotte des Demoiselles,

safrangeTi, langedokis provincia), dan ir ogofSi (Dan yr Ogof, didi

britaneTi, samxreT uelsi) da sxva cnobil mRvimeebSi.

blanCardis unikalur mRvimeebSi (Blanchard Springs Caverns, aSS, Stati

arkanzasi) misi gansakuTrebuli ekologiuri Rirebulebis gamo, vizitebis

raodenoba SezRudulia – mRvimeTa sami donidan turistebs mxolod orSi

uSveben. aq sami specialuri turi ewyoba (Dripstone Trail, Discovery Trail, Wild Cave

Tour). pirveli da meore turebi dReSi 30 mnaxveliT izRudeba, xolo mesame

– 12 kaciT. amitom vizitorebis raodenoba aq SedarebiT mcirea, magram,

Sesabamisad, erTi rigiT maRalia turebis Rirebuleba. magaliTad, Wild Cave

Tour-is fasi 2007 w. 1 ivlisidan 75 aSS dolaramde gaizarda.

turistuli motivaciis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove speleoturizmi 3

ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa: eqstremalur, sanaxaobriv da samkurnalo.

77

eqstremaluri speleoturizmi (Caving) rekreaciuli sportis saxeobaa,

romelic dakavSirebulia keTilmouwyobeli, pirvelsaxeSenarCunebuli

mRvimeebis aRmoCenasTan, dalaSqvrasTan, SeswavlasTan. Sesabamisad, am

mimarTulebis obieqts unda axasiaTebdes Seuswavleli, xSir SemTxvevaSi

garkveuli xifaTis Semcveli, eqstremaluri garemo, romlis dalaSqvrac

specialuri sportuli unaris gamovlenas moiTxovs. eqstremaluri

speleoturizmisTvis auTvisebeli mRvimeebi msoflioSi sul ufro naklebi

darCa, amitom Seuswavlelobis faqtori, Cveni ramdenime mRvimisTvis

SeiZleba xelsayrelic ki aRmoCndes.

sanaxaobiTi speleoturizmi (Show Cave Tourism) ewyoba yvelaze

mimzidvel da advilad misadgom mRvimeebSi, romlebSic SesaZlebelia

dauSvan mnaxvelebi da Sesabamisad keTilmowyobilia: gayvanilia eleqtroba,

mowyobilia savali bilikebi, moajirebi, zog SemTxvevebSi - eskalatorebi,

rkinigza. uzrunvelyofilia dacvis samsaxuris da gidebis momsaxurebiT,

specialuri aRWurvilobiT.

samkurnalo speleoturizmi (Speleotherapy) dakavSirebulia mRvimeebis

unikalur mikroklimatur pirobebTan: haeris gansakuTrebul simSralesTan

an sinotivesTan, mudmiv temperaturasTan, mineraluri marilebis

koncentraciasTan. speleoTerapia Tanamedrove aRdgeniTi medicinis,

kurortologiisa da fizioTerapiis nawilia. mRvimeebis samkurnalo

Tvisebebi didi xania gamoiyeneba bronqialuri asTmis, bronqitis,

alergiuli daavadebebis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis fuqcionaluri

daavadebebis, imunodeficituri mdgomareobis mkurnalobisas. dadgenilia.,

rom mRvimeebis mikrogaremo, mkurnalobis sworad warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi

organizmze dadebiT, - hiposensibilaciur, relaqsaciur da imunitetis

makoreqtirebel gavlenas axdens. ganviTarebuli speleoturizmis

regionebSi mRvimeTa samkurnalo Tvisebebi rekreantebis did raodenobas

izidavs. magaliTad, CexeTSi, karlovi varis (Karlovy Var) cnobil mRvimeebs

samkurnalod yovelwliurad 500 aTasamde kaci stumrobs.

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saqarTvelo Zalian mdidaria speleoresursebiT. karstul mRvimeTa

simravliT saqarTvelo erT-erT pirvel adgilzea msoflioSi.

gamovlenilia 1 300-ze meti miwisqveSa bunebrivi Zegli, romelTa saerTo

sigrZe 240 km-s, xolo jamuri siRrme (aRmoCenili da dafiqsirebuli) – 55

km-s aRwevs.

saqarTveloSi karstuli warmonaqmnebi umTavresad gvxvdeba kavkasionis

samxreT ferdobze, ZiriTadad saSualo da maRalmTian zonebSi,

dasavleTiT md. fsous xeobidan, aRmosavleTiT erwos tbis midamoebamde.

karsti gvxvdeba agreTve saqarTvelos mTaTaSorisi baris zonaSi da mcire

farTobze – saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTSi.

Cveni qveynis karstuli mRvimeebidan yvelaze metad aRsaniSnavia:

abrskilis, axali aTonis, kruberis (afxazeTSi), saTaflias, tobas

mRvimovani, uSolTas, wyaltubos (yumisTavis), wyaltubos (TeTra) da sxv.

saqarTvelos aqvs SesaZlebloba, rom samive speleoturistuli

mimarTuleba ganaviTaros.

eqstremaluri speleoturizmi SeiZleba ganviTardes im mRvimeebSi,

romlebsac rTuli da auTvisebeli sivrceebi aqvs da romelTa gadalaxva

specialur codnas, unar-Cvevebs da gambedaobas moiTxovs.

sanaxaobiTi speleoturizmi ufro metad Seesabameba sanaxaobrivad

mdidar mRvimeebs, romlebic ukve keTilmowyobilia an aseTebad SeiZleba

iqcnen.

samkurnalo speleoturizmi ki SeiZleba dainergos samkurnalo-

Terapiuli TvalsazrisiT Rirebuli Tvisebebis matarebel mRvimeebSi. am

Tvisebebis aRmoCena, dazusteba da mTeli potencialis gamovlineba

specialur kurortologiur kvlevas moiTxovs.

bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebul turizmis sxva nairsaxeobebs

SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT:

trekingi (Trecking) – safexosno laSqroba bunebaSi;

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sportuli turizmi _ mogzauroba sportul RonisZiebaSi monawileobis

mizniT. sportuli turebi mogzaurobis motivaciis Sesabamisad or ZiriTad

saxeobad iyofa: aqtiur da pasiur sportul turizmad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

motivi sportuli saqmianobaa: mekldeuroba, samTo Txilamurebi, serfingi,

samTo velosipedi (Mountain biking), sportuli speleoturizmi da a. S.), xolo

meore SemTxvevaSi _ monawileoba sportul SejibrSi mayureblis statusiT.

kulturuli turizmi mraval nairsaxeobas moicavs. Tumca, yvela

maTgani dakavSirebulia konkretuli qveynis an kuTxis kulturasTan.

turizmis es saxe maTTvisaa, vinc interesdeba msoflios xalxebis

xelovnebis, tradiciebis, zne-Cveulebebis da sazogadoebrivi yofis

unikaluri TaviseburebebiT. kulturuli turizmi moicavs mogzaurobas

istoriuli da didi qalaqebis kulturis dawesebulebebSi, rogorebicaa

muzeumebi da Teatrebi. is aseve moicavs mogzaurobas sasoflo regionebSi

mkvidri mosaxleobis tradiciul RonisZiebebze (mag.. festivalebze,

ritualebze) dasaswrebad da monawileobis misaRebad. roca Tqven uyurebT

Tu rogor qsoven xelosnebi xaliCas da usmenT maT monaTxrobs

tradiciuli Cacmulobis Sesaxeb, Tqven kulturul turizmSi monawileobT;

magram, roca mxolod xeliT nakeTobas iZenT da Tqveni urTierTgacvla

adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan mxolod valutis gacvliT Semoifargleba, es

ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos kulturul turizmad.

kulturuli turizmi mimRebi qveynisTvis sakmaod Semosavlianad

iTvleba _ cnobilia, rom kulturuli turistebi sxvebze gacilebiT mets

xarjaven. msoflios erebis kulturuli memkvidreoba turistuli

motivaciis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri Semqmnelia. turizmis es saxe sul

ufro popularuli xdeba msoflioSi.

kulturuli turizmi globalizaciis procesebis mniSvnelovani

Semadgenelia. igi did rols asrulebs xalxebis urTierTgacnobaSi,

urTierTpativiscemis gaCenaSi. Tumca, masac Tan sdevs uaryofiTi Sedegebis

safrTxe. kerZod, turistebis nakadebs vizitis adgilebSi Tan moaqvs ucxo

Cveulebebi, “civilizaciuri cdunebebi”, romlebic Zlier zemoqmedeben

adgilobriv sazogadoebaze, da SeiZleba tradiciuli kulturisa da

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erovnuli TviTmyobadobis krizisi da degradacia gamoiwvion.

gansakuTrebiT es saxifaToa centrebisgan moSorebuli kuTxeebisa da

eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli regionebisaTvis.

kulturuli turizmis erT-erTi saintereso da saqarTvelosaTvis

perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa _ arqeoturizmi an arqeologiuri turizmi. igi

iTvaliswinebs turistebis vizits arqeologiuri gaTxrebis adgilebSi,

muzeumebSi, kvleviT centrebSi, agreTve, _ siZveleTa preparaciisa da

aRdgenis procedurebis, gaTxrebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gacnobas da,

nawilobriv monawileobasac arqeologiur kvlevebSi msurvelebisaTvis.

idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom dakmayofildes interesi istoriis

gacocxlebuli naSTebis, saerTod msoflios istoriuli memkvidroebis

mimarT, gaizardos interesi TviT arqeologiis mimarT, ramac xeli unda

Seuwyos mis dafinansebas da arqeologiuri Zeglebis daculobas. aseTi

midgomis gamo, saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da mTavrobebi mas ukve

ganixilaven rogorc erT-erT sicocxlisunarian alternatiul saqmianobas,

romelmac unda uzrunvelyos qveynebisa da regionebis mdgradi socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTareba. zogierTma qveyanam ukve miiRo arqeologiuri

turizmis ganviTarebis programa, romelic ekonomikuri Semosavlebis

mozidvazea orientirebuli. maT Sorisaa iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa egvipte,

meqsika da peru.

turizmis Tavisebur, magram sakmaod popularul mimarTulebebs

warmoadgens soflis regionebTan dakavSirebuli saxeebi: agroturizmi da

sasoflo turizmi

sasoflo turizmi (Rural tourism) aris turistebis mcire jgufebis

mogzauroba saqalaqo arealebis gareT, sasoflo dasaxlebebSi dasvenebisa

da adgilobrivi yofis gacnobis mizniT. turistuli obieqtebis

mflobelebi da mmarTvelebi TviTon soflis mcxovreblebi arian. sasoflo

turebiT gaTvaliswinebulia turistTa ganTavseba adgilobrivi

tradiciebiT agebul da mowyobil saxlebSi, dasveneba mSvid, “pastoralur”

garemoSi, kveba adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebiT, adgilobrivi

81

nakeTobebis SeZena, soflis cxovrebis gacnoba da masSi monawileoba.

turizmis es mimarTuleba saqarTveloSi ukve seriozulad ikidebs fexs.

Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi ukve bevri mosaxlea CarTuli sasoflo

turebSi, isini aqtiurad axorcieleben turebiT gaTvaliswinebul

programas da sakmao anazRaurebasac iReben. bevri aseTi turistuli

minimeurneoba ukve aqtiurad moqmedebs kaxeTSi, svaneTSi da sxva mxareebSi.

agroturizmi (Agrotourism, Agritourism) Cveulebriv gulisxmobs Svebulebis

gatarebas fermebSi da sasoflosameurneo obieqtebze. agroturizmi

sasoflo turizmis elementebs Seicavs, magram masSi arsebiTia monawileoba

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi. rogorc wesi, es gulisxmobs adgilobrivi

glexebisa da fermerebis daxmarebas maTs saqmianobaSi. agroturizmi

yvelaze aqtiurad italiisa da espaneTis mevenaxeobis mxareebSia

ganviTarebuli. agroturistuli saqmianoba farTodaa gavrcelebuli aSS-s

sasoflo regionebis fermebSic, romlebic Riaa vizitorebisTvis mTeli

wlis manZilze an wlis garkveul periodSi. turistebi krefen xilsa da

bostneuls, dadian cxenebiT, agemovneben Tafls, ecnobian meRvineobis

saidumloebebs da a.S. agroturizmi swrafad viTardeba da male, rogorc

Cans, turizmis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier dargad gadaiqceva. saqarTveloSi

mis ganviTarebas kargi perspeqtiva aqvs kaxeTSi da mevenaxeobis sxva

regionebSi.

religiuri turizmi

mogzauroba religiuri motivebiT mogzaurobis erT-erTi uZvelesi da

uaRresad gavrcelebuli saxea. igi moicavs momlocvelobas, SemecnebiT

mogzaurobas religiuri da sakulto Zeglebis an religiis istoriis

gacnobis mizniT, agreTve religiur moRvaweTa da mecnier-

religiaTmcodneTa samecniero mgzavrobas.

yovelwliurad 200 mln kacze meti aRasrulebs momlocvelobis aqts.

am saqmianobaSi CarTulebi arian sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis mimdevrebi,

romlebic wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad mogzauroben _ e.w.

momlocvelebi (piligrimebi). maTgan 150 mln qristiania, 20-30 mln induisti,

40 mln budisti, muslimani da sxva religiaTa warmomadgeneli.

82

msoflios sakulto centrebs Soris gansakuTrebul adgils

ierusalimi ikavebs, rogorc sami sarwmunoebis, _ iudaizmis, qristianobisa

da islamis, mimdevarTa wminda adgili. ebraelebi, romlebic iudaizms

qadageben, wminda qalaqSi “godebis kedelTan” misaaxleblad miemgzavrebian.

qristianebisTvis ierusalimi ieso qristes miwier yofnasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. maTi samomlocvelo programis umniSvnelovanesi centria

amaRlebis taZari _ qristianuli samyaros mTavari siwminde. muslimanebi

miemarTebian Seix omaris meCeTis sanaxavad, romelic uZvelesia Cvenamde

moRweul islamur sakulto nagebobaTagan. mis centrSi aRmarTulia “wminda

klde”, saidanac, religiuri Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, cad amaRlda mohamedi.

magram momlocvelobis centrTagan umetesi erT romelime religiasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. qristianebis mier yvelaze saTayvanebeli wminda adgilebi

mdebareobs evropaSi. gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romlebic iesos jvarcmasa da

sikvdilTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, eklis gvirgvini. igi notr-damSi _

parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi inaxeba da TayvaniscemisTvis vnebis (wiTel)

paraskevs gamoefineba. mravali momlocveli Tavs iyris aq qristianuli

axalgazrdobis msoflio dReebSi, romelic romis yofili papis ioane

pavle meoris iniciativiT tardeba 1985 wlidan. meore siwminde _ ieso

qristes sisxlis wveTi belgiis qalaq briugeSi inaxeba. odesRac

ierusalimis patriarqma igi saCuqrad gadasca jvarosan graf tieri

elzasels, romelmac laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg briugeSi

specialurad aago kapela relikviis Sesanaxad da dasacavad. dRes, brolis

WurWelSi moTavsebuli wminda sisxlis xilva yovel paraskevs SeiZleba,

xolo “sisxlis dReebis” dResaswaulis dros _ SegiZliaT emTxvioT kidec

am siwmindes. weliwadSi erTxel vnebis kviris xuTSabaTs relikvia

vercxlisa da oqros lamazi zardaxSiT gamoaqvT kapelidan da zeimiT

daatareben qalaqis quCebSi.

qristianebis momlocvelobis umsxvilesi centri, sadac bevri

Tayvansacemi siwmindea Tavmoyrili, aris q. romi. yovelwliurad mas 8

milionamde qristiani stumrobs. wm. ioanes sakaTedro taZarSi (San Giovani in

Laterano) Tavmoyrilia iseTi relikviebi, rogoricaa wm. petresa da wm.

pavles Tavebi, magida, romlis garSemoc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, macxovarma

Caatara saidumlo seroba, wm. mariam RvTismSoblis mosasxami, “jvari

83

WeSmaritis” kadoni. Cvenamde moaRwia pilates ierusalimis sasaxlis

kibemac, romliTac jvarcmis win Camoiyvanes ieso.

marTmadidebeli samyaros erT-erT yvelaze did siwmindes aTonis

wminda mTa (saberZneTi) warmoadgens. gadmocemiT, es adgili RvTismSoblis

madliTaa mofenili. aq Tavmoyrilia mamaTa monastrebi, sadac mxolod

momlocveli mamakacebis yofnaa daSvebuli. aTonis mTis monastris

taZrebSi saswaulmoqmedi xatebi, mociqulTa da didmowameTa wminda

nawilebi da mravali sxva siwminde inaxeba.

kaTolikuri eklesiis centrisa da misi meTauris – romis papis

rezidencia mdebareobs vatikanSi, sadac milionobiT momlocveli Cadis

mTeli msofliodan. wesisamebr, aq miRebuli ritualis Sesabamisad,

vizitori unda emTxvios mociqulTa winamZRolis saxelganTqmuli

qandakebis terfs. gansakuTrebuli xalxmravloba aq kaTolikuri aRdgomis

dResaswaulzea, rodesac papi wm. petres moedanze Sekrebil xalxs

akurTxebs.

saqarTveloSi bevri religiuri siwmindea Tavmoyrili. bevri maTgani

momlocvelobis obieqtia rogorc adgilobrivi, ise mTeli qveynis

morwmuneTaTvis. aseTebad, pirvel yovlisa, SegviZlia miviCnioT:

sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZari mcxeTaSi (XI-X ss), sadac gadmocemiT,

inaxeba, erT-erTi udidesi siwminde _ uflis kvarTi, agreTve, asurel

mamaTa moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli adgilebi, bodbes dedaTa monasteri,

sadac wm. ninos dakrZalvis adgilia da sxv. marTalia, isini jer ar

qceulan saerToqristianuli, an msoflios marTmadidebelTa sayovelTao

momlocvelobis obieqtad, magram sakmaod dafasebulebi arian msoflioSi

am sferoSi garkveuli sasuliero pirebisa da mecnierebis wreSi. q. mcxeTa,

sveticxoveli da gelaTi UNESCO-s mier msoflios istoriisa da

kulturuli memkvidreobis nusxaSia Setanili.

muslimanTa mTavari religiuri centrebia qalaqebi meqa da medina

saudis arabeTSi. meqaSi daibada muhamedi _ islamis damaarsebeli. yurban-

bairamis dResaswaulis dReebSi aq, _ al-haramis meCeTSi, romelic uZvelesi

siwmindis, _ qaabas garSemoa agebuli, 2 milionamde adamiani ikribeba. es

meCeTi msoflios Ria cis qveS arsebul taZarTa Soris udidesia. medinas

84

meCeTi araCveulebrivi silamaziT gamoirCeva, igi vardisferi granitiTaa

agebuli da SorenkecebiT, mozaikiT, WedurobiTa da oqroTia morTuli.

meCeTis centrSi SemosazRvrulia adgili, sadac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

odesRac muhamedis TixiT nagebi qoxi idga. aqvea saflavi, sadac igi

dakrZales.

budistebis momlocvelobis adgilebi aziis qveynebSi mdebareobs.

CineTSi, tibetis avtonomiuri raionis administraciul centr lhasaSi,

zRvis donidan 3650 m-ze mdebareobs potalas sasaxle-monasteri _ dalai-

lamas, budistebis sulieri meTauris, rezidencia. sasaxlis kompleqsis

Tanamedrove saxe XVI-XVII ss. Camoyalibda. igi 1000-ze met saTavss,

Tayvaniscemis sul mcire 10 aTas sagansa da 20 aTas qandakebas moicavs.

budisturi samyaros sxva siwminde q. qandiSi (Sri-lanka) mdebareobs.

qalaqis centrSi xelovnuri tbis napirze dgas TxriliT garSemortymuli

dalid maligavis taZari (“budas kbilis” taZari), romelSic, rogorc

udidesi saganZuri, ise inaxeba budas marcxena eSvi. morwmuneebi

darwmunebulni arian, rom igi qveynis mTavari monapovari, misi

suverenitetis sawindari da garantiaa. TqmulebiT, budas miwieri sxeulis

kremaciis momentSi misma erT-erTma moswavlem dakrZalvis koconidan

gamoitaca kbili. rva saukunis manZilze kbili indoeTSi inaxeboda, Semdeg

ki indoelma princesam saidumlod (TmebSi damaluli) gaitana Sri-lankaSi.

momlocveloba konkretuli sarwmunoebis ritualebSi monawileobas

gulisxmobs, gansxvavebiT maTgan visi mogzaurobis motivic msoflios

religiebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli istoriuli da kulturuli

adgilebis gacnobaa. momlocvelobiT turebSi SedarebiT mcire moculobiT

Sedis gasarTobi programebi, dasvenebisa da SemecnebiTi RonisZiebebi.

sazRvao turizmi odiTganve romantikulad iTvleboda. masSi

ganasxvaveben uSualod sazRvao mgzavrobas, an seirnobas (Marine trip) da

sazRvao kruizs (Marine cruise). sazRvao mogzaurobisTvis iyeneben nebismier,

Tundac arasamgzavro mcurav saSualebebs, kerZod, saerTaSoriso sazRvao

wesebis Sesabamisad, nebismier savaWro gems, samgzavro regitraciis gareSec

SeuZlia bortze (gembanze) aiyvanos 12 mgzavramde.

85

kruizi, esaa sazRvao mogzauroba didi sazRvao an saokeano saxazo

gemiT, romelic did saporto qalaqebSi Sedis. turistebi Cveulebriv

xomaldze cxovroben da ikvebebian, xolo napirze Cadian gansazRvruli

droiT qalaqebis daTvalierebis, dasvenebis da garTobis mizniT. kruizi

prestiJul, ZviradRirebul mogzaurobas warmoadgens. turizmis es seqtori

erT-erTi yvelaze mzardia.

jer kidev 1822 w. ingliselma robert smartma Seqmna firma, romelic

agrovebda mgzavrebs bristolis arxSi sazRvao mogzaurobisaTvis. 1835 w.

inglisSi regularuli saseirno reisebi ewyoboda britaneTsa da

islandias Soris. Tanamedrove kruizi, rogorc wesi, Caketil wreze ewyoba,

erTi da imave gemiT, garkveuli marSrutiT da gaCerebebiT turistuli

TvalsazrisiT saintereso adgilebSi.

dRes, msoflios sakruizo bazarze muSaobs daaxloebiT 50-mde

kompania, romelTa didi umetesoba Crdiloamerikulia. pirvel sameulSi,

romlis wilad gayidvebis 80% modis, Sedian Carnival Cruises, P&O Princess Cruises

da Royal Caribbean. sxva msxvili kompaniebia _ Star Cruises, Norvegian Cruise Lines,

Holland America Line, Crystal da sxv. yvelaze masStaburi Tanamedrove proeqtia

laineri Carnival Legend, romelic 3850 adgilzea gansazRvruli.

samonadireo turizmi moicavs nadirobisa da Tevzaobis moyvarulTa

eqspediciebs.

yvelaze cnobili samonadireo mimarTulebaa safari (Safari) _ afrikuli

nadiroba egzotikur cxovelebze. es egzotikuri da saTavgadasavlo

turizmis saxeobaa, romelic mdidari adamianebisTvisaa gansazRvruli da

elitarul xasiaTs atarebs. samxreT afrikis respublikaSi, keniaSi,

tanzaniaSi sanadirod Camosul turistebs sTavazoben ganTavsebis sam saxes.

pirveli, esaa mcire stacionaruli sastumro (zogjer auziT), meore _

“karvis lojia”, romelic tyeSia gaSlili da ramdenime safexuriani

saZirkveli aqvs, rac junglebSi daupatiJebeli stumrebisgan Tavdacvis

Cveulebriv saSualebas warmoadgens. mtaceblebisgan safexurebi ver

dagixsniT, amitom maT specialuri CxarunebiT erekebian adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi. da mesame _ “sacxovrebeli xeebze”, anu maRal ximinjebze

Sedgmuli saxli.

86

turistuli kompaniebi saintereso programebs sTavazoben mogzaurebs

avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, didi barieruli rifis kunZulebze da

okeaniaSi. es programebi Seicavs avstraliisa da axali zelandiis

qalaqebis gacnobas, safaris jipebiT, nadirobas kenguruze an niangze

(nanadirevis Tan waRebac SeiZleba), wyalqveS yvinTvas giganturi Tevzebis

samyaroSi da Tevzaobas did barierul rifze, aseve sportis sxva

eqstremaluri saxeobiT garTobas.

bolo periodSi, gavrcelda samonadireo turizmis iseTi mSvidobiani

mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa veluri cxovelebis TvalTvali, bunebis

iSviaTobebis Tvaliereba (Sightseeng tours), da fotonadiroba. es turebi

ZiriTadad dacul teritoriebze (nakrZalebSi, aRkveTilebSi da erovnul

parkebSi) ewyoba.

Sop-turizmi (an Soping turizmi _ Shopping tourism) moicavs

mogzaurobas sayidlebis SeZenis mizniT. ra Tqma unda, Sopingi yovel

mogzaurobas Tan axlavs, magram turistebs Soris bevria iseTic, vinc

specialurad miemgzavreba sazRvargareT sadResaswaulo fasdaklebis

sezonebSi (Sales), an ubralod feSenebeluri maRaziebisa da moduri

butikebis mosanaxuleblad da sayidlebis SesarCevad. am saxis motivacia

sul ufro metad izrdeba da ixveweba. ase rom, turistul industriaSi

axali mimarTuleba Seiqmna. Sesabamisad izrdeba turistebis gemovnebaze

morgebuli specialuri maRaziebis da maRaziaTa qselebis ricxvi.

es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda postsabWoTa qveynebis Sop-

turistebis aqtiurobis xarjze, romlebmac ssrk-s rRvevis Semdeg swrafad

daiwyes sazRvargareT regularuli mimosvla farTo moxmarebis sagnebis

SeZenis mizniT: fexsacmlis, trikotaJis da sxva saqonlis SesaZenad _

TurqeTSi, italiaSi, portugaliaSi, siriaSi; msubuqi teqstilisa _

indoneziaSi; qurqebis _ saberZneTsa da argentinaSi; avejis _ poloneTSi

da italiaSi; tele- da radiosaqonlisa _ arabeTis gaerTianebul

saamiroebSi; avtomanqanebisa _ germaniaSi, SveciaSi, fineTsa da holandiaSi.

bolo dros gansakuTrebulad gaizarda Sop-turebis raodenoba CineTSi.

87

saswavlo turizmi. ZiriTadad igulisxmeba enis swavlebis mizniT

mowyobili mogzauroba, Tumca, maT garda, SeiZleba iyos sportis romelime

saxeobis Sesaswavli an kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli turebi.

hobi-turizmi. mogzauroba sayvareli saqmianobis (avtosamoyvarulo,

filatelia, gurmanebis) warmarTvis mizniT.

TaimSeringi (Timesharing) sityva-sityviT drois ganawilebas niSnavs da

gulisxmobs turistul regionebSi uZravi qonebis erTobliv flobas

sargeblobis uflebiT. mowileebs, maTi fuladi Senatanis proporciulad,

gamoeyofaT garkveuli dro am qonebiT sargeblobisaTvis.

TaimSeri saklubo momsaxurebaa da popularul arCevans warmoadgens im

adamianebisaTvis, visac surs uzrunvelyos dasvenebis ufleba sasurvel

adgilze xangrZlivi periodis manZilze.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. ramdeni saxis kurortebs gamoyofen?

2. riTaa cnobili mkvdari zRva?

3. ra aris ekoturizmi?

4. ra xiblavT berdvoCerebs saqarTveloSi?

5. ra gansxvavebaa stalagmitebsa da stalaqtitebs Soris?

6. saqarTvelos romel sofelSi urCevdiT Casvlas sasoflo turizmis

moyvarulebs?

7. sad inaxeba budas kbili?

8. CamoTvaleT daculi bunebrivi teritoriebis saxeebi.

9. ra aris kruizi?

10. CamoTvaleT bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli turizmis

saxeobebi.

88

Tavi VI. turizmis industria

turizmi adamianTa mogzaurobaa, rekreaciuli saqmianobaa, xalxebis

urTierTgacnobisa da urTierTdaaxloebis, sulieri da materialuri

urTierTgacvlis saSualebaa, magram, yvelaferTan erTad, turizmi

ekonomikis rTuli, magram kargad awyobili dargia anu, rogorc amboben

industriaa. am dargSi Zalian bevri adamiani monawileobs. dRevandeli

monacemebiT msoflioSi yoveli me-7 dasaqmebuli adamiani turizmis

biznesSi muSaobs. turizmis industria saqmianobis ramodenime jgufs

moicavs. ZiriTadad, _ turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebs, turistuli

momsaxurebis momwodeblebs da turizmis infrastruqturas.

turistuli saqmianobis organizatorebi

turistuli produqtis damuSavebiTa da realizaciiT dakavebulni

arian ori saxis turistuli organizaciebi, romlebic turistuli

industriis ZiriTad nawilebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT, esenia:

turoperatorebi da turagentebi.

turoperatori (saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini

“turorganizatori”) aris organizacia, romelic turebis kompleqtaciiTaa

dakavebuli da amas akeTebs momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebis da turistebis moTxovnebis safuZvelze. turoperatori

amuSavebs turistul marSruts, uzrunvelyofs mas momsaxurebiT, awyobs

reklamas, iTvlis da awesebs fasebs turebze, yidis turebs turagentebze

turistuli sagzurebis gamoSvebisa da realizaciisTvis. turoperatori

pasuxismgebelia turpaketebSi Setanili momsaxurebis miwodebaze. zogjer

igi am momsaxurebas TviTon awvdis momxmarebels, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

kontragentisgan miiRebs, an Tu sastumros, restornis da sxva obieqtis

mflobelia.

yvelaze xSirad turoperatorebi turebs adgenen sabiTumo

saagentosaTvis, romelic am paketebs ukve momxmarebels sTavazobs Tavisi

sacalo saagentoebis an aviakompaniebis meSveobiT.

turagenti aris organizacia, romelic iZens turoperatoris mier

damuSavebul turebs, am turebze uSvebs sagzurebs da yidis maT

momxmarebelze (turistebze).

89

turagenti or mTavar funqcias asrulebs:

1) sainformacio momsaxureba (atyobineben momxmarebels turistuli

raionebis Sesaxeb, sTavazoben ganTavsebis variantebs, exmarebian

mogzaurobis xarjTaRricxvis SedgenaSi);

2) turistuli momsaxurebis gayidva.

msoflioSi turistuli saagentoebis ricxvis dadgena Znelia qveynebs

Soris terminologiuri gansxvavebebis gamo. tursaagentoebi, ZiriTadad,

warmoadgenen mcire kompaniebs umniSvnelo kapitaliTa da SezRuduli

bazriT. amasTan, sawarmo erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos tursaagentoca da

turoperatoric. magaliTad, turistuli biuro amuSavebs marSrutebs

rogorc turoperatori da yidis maT tursaagentoebze, da imavdroulad,

rogorc turagenti iZens turebs sxva biurosagan da yidis maT turistebze.

turoperatori da turagenti erTmaneTisgan principulad ori ramiT

gansxvavdeba: Semosavlebis sistemiTa da turproduqtis kuTvnilebiT.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi turoperatori iZens gansazRvrul turproduqts.

misi Semosavali iqmneba SeZenis fassa da gayidvis fass Soris gansxvavebis

safuZvelze. Zalian xSirad turoperatori iZens calkeul momsaxurebebs

(transportireba, ganTavseba, kveba da a.S.), romelTagan Semdeg ayalibebs

turpakets. faswarmoqmnis sakuTari meqanizmiT. turagenti ki moqmedebs,

rogorc sacalo gamyidveli da misi mogeba sxvisi turistuli produqtis

gayidvisTvis miRebuli sakomisio gasamrjeloTi iqmneba.

gansxvaveba meore niSniT ufro naklebad gamokveTilia da imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom turoperators yovelTvis aqvs gasayidad gamzadebuli

turproduqtebis maragi, xolo turagenti garkveul turproduqts iTxovs

mxolod maSin, roca mas mimarTavs klienti.

turoperatorebi turizmSi wamyvan rols asruleben, radgan swored

isini ayalibeben (kraven) mTlian turistul produqtad ZiriTad da

damatebiT momsaxurebas. saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebulia

turoperatorebis dajgufeba sxvadasxva niSniT.

saqmianobis tipis mixedviT, turoperatorebi iyofa:

masobrivi bazris operatorebad, romlebic yidian turpaketebs

masobrivi turizmis adgilebis (destinaciebis) mimarTulebebiT, Cveulebriv

90

Carteruli aviareisebis gamoyenebiT (amJamad masobriv operatorebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalon kompaniebi, romlebic turistebs agzavnian egvipteSi,

TurqeTSi, bulgareTSi);

specializebul turoperatorebad, romlebic dakavebulni arian

konkretuli produqtiTa da bazris segmentiT (gansazRvruli qveyniT,

turizmis garkveuli saxeobiT da a.S.).

Tavis mxriv, specializebuli turoperatori SeiZleba iyos:

a) konkretuli destinaciis (daniSnulebis adgilis) turoperatori

(magaliTad, romelic awyobs turebs espaneTSi);

b) specialuri interesis turoperatori (mag., romelic religiur

turizmzea daspecialebuli);

c) gansazRvruli klienturis turoperatori (mag., axalgazrdebTan, an

daojaxebuli wyvilebTan momuSave);

d) ganTavsebis gansazRvruli adgilis turoperatori (mag., romelic

turistebs ganaTavsebs pansionatebSi, turbazebSi, elitur vilebze);

e) turoperatori, romelic transportis garkveul saxes (mag.,

TviTmfrinavebs, Tbomavlebs, matareblebs) iyenebs.

saqmianobis adgiliT ganasxvaveben:

• Sida turoperatorebs, romlebic adgenen turpaketebs sakuTari qveynis

farglebSi arsebul marSrutebze;

• gamyvan turoperatorebs, romlebic ucxoeTSi mogzaurobis turpaketebs

qmnian. aseT turoperatorebs xSirad, iniciatiur turoperatorebs

uwodeben. saerTaSoriso iniciatiuri turoperatorebi arian

turoperatorebi, romlebic turistebs sazRvargareT agzavnian mimReb

(receptiul) turoperatorebTan xelSekrulebis safuZvelze, an

pirdapir, turistul sawarmoebTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze. klasikuri iniciatiuri turoperatori turebs rTul

marSrutebze qmnis, akompleqtebs maT vizitis adgilze (marSrutze)

momuSave adgilobrivi turoperatorebis momsaxurebebisgan,

uzrunvelyofs mgzavrobas mogzaurobis sawyis punqtamde da ukan, da

organizebas ukeTebs SidasamarSruto transportis miwodebas da a.S.;

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• mimReb turoperatorebs, romlebic mogzaurobis daniSnulebis

(estinaciis) qveyanaSi arian da emsaxurebian Camosul turistebs. aseTi

firmebi SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rogorc receptiuli turoperatorebi.

receptiuli turoperatoruli kompaniebi akompleqteben turebs da

momsaxurebis programebs turistebis miRebisa da momsaxurebis

adgilebSi, iyeneben ra pirdapir xelSekrulebebs momsaxurebis

mimwodeblebTan (sastumroebTan, restornebTan da a.S.), es

turopereitingis sufTa formaa.

nax. 2. iniciatiuri da receptiuli turoperatoris muSaobis sqema

iniciatiuri da receptiuli turoperatorebis muSaobis sqema sakmaod

martivia (nax. 1). am sqemis mixedviT, iniciatiuri turoperatoruli kompania:

a) yidis partnioris mier Seqmnil turpaketebs, b) turistebs uformebs

dazRvevas, savizo dokumentebs da javSnis aviabileTebs da g) yidis

calkeul momsaxurebas Tavisi paketebidan, risTvisac sakomisio

anazRaurebas uxdis tursaagentoebs. receptiuli turoperatori

urTierTobs momsaxurebis momwodebelTan, agrovebs da akontrolebs ra

calkeul momsaxurebas erT turpaketSi. momsaxurebis paketis es nawili,

Cveulebriv, Sedgeba ganTavsebis adgilis, kvebis da saeqskursio

sastumro saeqskursio programa

transporti kvebis sawarmo

damatebiTi momsaxureba

receptiuli turoperatori _ momsaxurebis paketis Seqmna

receptiuli turoperatori _ sabiTumo dileris calkeuli momsaxurebani

iniciatiuri turoperatori (momsaxurebis paketi + dazRveva + viza + gadaadgoleba sawyis punqtamde

tursaagentoebi momxmarebeli

sazRvargareTuli qveyana

sakuTari qveyana

pirdapiri gasaReba

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programebisagan (danarCens umatebs iniciatiuri turoperatori). aseTi sqema

ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis - saqarTvelos,

ruseTis, ukrainisTvis da sxv.

marTalia, iniciatiuri turoperatoris samuSao tursaagentos samuSaos

magvaria, magram igi mainc turoperatiulad iTvleba, radgan firma qmnis

sakuTar produqts, romelic msoflio turistuli organizaciis1 normebiT

aranakleb sami aucilebeli momsaxurebisgan unda Sedgebodes: ganTavseba,

turistebis transportireba da sxva nebismieri momsaxureba, romelic

pirvel orTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. iniciatiuri turoperatori am

turproduqtze sagzurs an vauCers uSvebs.

turistul bazarze muSaobisas turoperatoruli kompania Semdeg

funqciebs asrulebs:

• turebis mimarT potenciuri momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebis Seswavla

da momsaxurebis perspeqtiuli programebis Sedgena, maTi survilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT;

• turistuli paketis kompleqtacia, sadac SeiZleba Sediodes viza,

dazRveva, transferi, cxovreba ganTavsebis garkveul adgilze,

saeqskursio programa;

• urTierToba momsaxurebis momwodeblebTan turebTan dakavSirebiT

saxelSekrulebo safuZvelze. maT Soris: a) sastumroebTan; b) kvebis

obieqtebTan; g) satransporto sawarmoebTan; d) saeqskursio firmebTan,

muzeumebTan, parkebTan _ saeqskursio momsaxurebis mowodebaze; e)

sportul nagebobaTa, fitnes-centrebis, SPA-salonebis, samonadireo da

saTevzao meurneobebis da sxva obieqtebis administraciebTan;

• sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianoba bazarze turistuli produqtis win

wawevis (gavrcelebis da gasaRebis) mizniT;

• turistuli produqtis Rirebulebis gaangariSeba, turis fasis dadgena

sabazro situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT;

1 msoflios turistuli organizacia (United Nations World Tourism Organization - UNWTO) _ gaerosTan arsebuli wamyvani saerTaSoriso organizaciaa turizmis sferoSi. mso-s Stab-bina madridSi (espaneTi) aqvs. igi dakavebulia mdgradi da sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi turizmis ganviTarebiT. generaluri mdivania franCesko franjiali.

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• turistebis uzrunvelyofa aucilebeli sareklamo da sainformacio

masalebiT, specialuri aRWurvilobiT;

• turebis winwaweva da realizacia tursaagentoebis sistemis meSveobiT

an sakuTari ZalebiT;

• turistebis momsaxurebis saimedoobisa da xarisxis kontroli.

turoperatorebs SeiZleba funqciebis gansxvavebuli nakrebi hqondeT.

magaliTad, arian turoperatorebi, romlebic pirdapir turistebze ar

hyidian turpaketebs, aramed amas tursaagentoebis meSveobiT akeTeben.

amdagvarad, turoperatoruli kompania bazarze pozicias ikavebs or

mxares Soris. erTi mxriv, esenia momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebi, xolo meore

mxriv _ an tursaagentoebi, romlebic turistul paketebs yidian

klientebze, an turistebi, romlebic turoperatorTan yiduloben

sagzurebs. turoperatoris amocanaa, win waswios, momxmareblebs Soris

gaasaRos calkeuli mwarmoeblis momsaxureba ukve turproduqtis saxiT,

amasTan es exeba rogorc ZiriTad momsaxurebas (ganTavseba, kveba), aseve

damatebiTs.

tursaagentoebi Suamavlis funqciebs asruleben _ yidian

turoperatoris mier Seqmnil turistul produqts.

urTierToba turoperatorsa da turagents Soris zogadad moicavs:

• turoperatoris sajaro ofertas1;

• xelSekrulebis dadebas turoperatorsa da turagents Soris;

• turoperatoris mier winadadebebis dagzavnas prais listebisa da

sareklamo masalebis saSualebiT;

• turagentis ganacxads turproduqtis dajavSnis Sesaxeb;

• turoperatoris mier ganacxadis dadasturebas da angariSis wardgenas;

• turagentis mier angariSis ganaRdebasa da turoperatorisaTvis

turistis sazRvargareTuli dokumentebis gadacemas.

1 oferta _ gamyidvelis werilobiTi winadadeba, SeTavazemuli savaraudo myidvelisadmi, saqonlis an momsaxurebis miyidvis Sesaxeb, gamyidvelis mier gansazRvrul pirobebze.

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tursaagentoebi turebs yidian turoperatorebis mier dadgenil da maT

prospeqtebSi miTiTebul fasebad.

turistuli produqtis gasaRebasTan erTad tursaagentoebis

mniSvnelovan funqcias Seadgens sainformacio momsaxurebis miwodeba.

rogorc mecnierTa kvlevebi gviCvenebs, klientebis mxolod 48%-ma Tu icis

sad surs gamgzavreba, 35%-s amis Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs, xolo

17%-s _ saerTod ara aqvs igi. turagentebi potenciur myidvels awvdian

cnobebs destinaciebisa da turistuli raionebis, transportis moZraobis

ganrigis, ganTavsebis variantebis, arsebuli fasebis Sesaxeb, exmarebian mas

mogzaurobis xarjTaRricxvis SedgenaSi. klientebTan urTierTobas da

moTxovnili winadadebebis Zebnas daxarjuli drois naxevarze meti miaqvs.

Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis tursaagentoebi iReben sakomisio gasamrjelos,

romelic turis Rirebulebis 7-15%-s Seadgens. zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi

SeiZleba gaizardos, magaliTad, SeTanxmebulze meti turistuli

momsaxurebis gasaRebis SemTxvevaSi.

turoperatorebis mier SeTavazebuli turebis realizaciis garda,

tursaagentoebi calkeuli turistuli sawarmoebis momsaxurebis sacalo

gayidvebiTac arian dakavebulni. isini SeiZleba yiddnen sxvadasxva

transportis bileTebs, javSnidnen adgilebs sastumroebSi da ganTavsebis

sxva bazebze, ijariT gascemdnen avtomanqanebs, ukveTavdnen eqskursiebs,

aformebdnen gasamgzavrebel dokumentebs, azRvevdnen turistebs, cvlidnen

valutas, gascemdnen diskontur1 baraTebs, yiddnen turistul literaturas

da suvenirebs, asrulebdnen fotosTan dakavSirebul samuSaoebs (firebis

gamJRavneba, dabeWdva) da sxv.

kontragentebis2 farTod gantotvili qseli turoperatorebs

saSualebas aZlevs, rom gazardos gayiduli turistuli mgzavrobebis

raodenoba, gavides gamsvleli turizmis axal, maT Soris provinciul

bazrebze; gaswios ekonomia personalis Senaxvis, Senobisa da mowyobilobis

ijaris xarjebze da a.S. magram am pirobebSi turoperators uWirs sakuTari

marketinguli koncefciis ganxorcieleba, radgan tursaagento, romelic

aTeulobiT firmis turebs yidis, ver SeZlebs yvela maTganis marketinguli

1 diskonti (Discount) _ fasCamokleba, fasdakleba. 2 kontragenti (Contractor, counteragent) _ xelSekrulebis meore monawile mxare.

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koncefciis realizacias. amitom turoperatorebi eZeben gasaRebis arxebis

marTvis xarisxis gaumjobesebis gzebs vertikaluri TanamSromlobis

meSveobiT, _ tursaagentoebis aqciebis SesyidviT, aseve franCaizinguli

SeTanxmebebis dadebiT.

franCaizinguli sqema naklebdanaxarjiania da farTodaa gavrcelebuli

turistul biznesSi. igi damyarebulia xelSekrulebis safuZvelze

turoperatoris mier, romelic am SemTxvevaSi franCaizeria (Franchiser),

turagentis, _ franCaizis mimRebisaTvis (Franchisee) muSaobis sakuTari

meTodebis, maT Soris nou-hau-s1 da savaWro niSnis (markis) gadacemaze,

aseve sakonsultacio mxardaWerasa da personalis swavlebaze.

franCaizinguli xelSekrulebis dadebisas turagents Seaqvs winaswari

Senatani, da Semdeg ixdis yovelTviur roialTis2 savaWro brunvidan

(Cveulebriv brunvis 0,5-dan 6%-mde).

franCaizingul qselSi CarTuli tursaagentoebi erTiani marketinguli

koncefciis farglebSi moqmedeben, raSic Sedis SemuSavebuli midgoma

bazris Seswavlisadmi da moqnili programa reklamisa da savaWro niSnis

win wawevis sferoSi. franCaizinguli tursaagentoebi turoperatorisgan

iReben gazrdil sakomisioebsa da bonusebs (premiebs). saqmiani urTierTobis

aseTi forma saSualebas iZleva, erTi mxriv, mkafiod gancalkevdes

operatorisa da agentis funqciebi, xolo, meore mxriv, _ kargad iqnes

danaxuli produqtis mTeli sasicocxlo cikli _ Seqmnidan gayidvamde,

agreTve, droulad daregulirdes moTxovna da miwodeba. msxvili

turoperatorebis mier Seqmnili qselebi, tursaagentoebis gayidvebsac

akontroleben: mag., Sveicariuli turoperatori “Cuoni” Tavisi

franCaizinguli firmebisgan iTxovs, rom maT mier gayiduli turebis 60%

modiodes “Cuoni”-ze da mxolod 40% _ sxva operatorebis turebze.

saagentoebis sakuTari qselebi aqvT umsxviles evropul operatorebs

“Thomas Coock”-s, “Tui”-s, “Neckermann”-s.

1 nou-hau (Know-how) _ teqnikuri, administraciuli, komerciuli, finansuri an sxva saxis codna da gamocdileba, romelic konkretuli kompaniis inteleqtualur sakuTrebas da korporaciul saidumloebas warmoadgens. 2 roialTi (Royalty) _ licenziuri gadasaxadi Semosavlidan perioduli fiqsirebuli procentuli gadaricxvebis saxiT.

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turistuli produqtis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT,

turoperatorebi sakuTar sastumroebs (da ganTavsebis sxva saSualebebs)

iZenen, an ganTavsebis sawarmoebSi wilobriv monawileobas iReben. imave

mizniT, isini aZliereben vertikalur integracias partnior-

turoperatorebTan turistul centrebSi (Sin da sazRvargareT), romlebic

destinaciebSi turistebis miRebaze arian pasuxismgeblebi (mag., am

sawarmoTa aqciebis Sesyidvis formiT) da qmnian strategiul aliansebs.

momsaxurebis momwodeblebi

mogzaurobis dros turistebis momsaxurebaSi mravali sxvadasxva

sawarmo da organizacia monawileobs. isini turizmis industriis

Semadgeneli nawilebi arian. maT ganekuTvneba: sawarmoebi, romlebic

ganTavsebis momsaxurebas awarmoeben (sastumroebi, pansionatebi, turbazebi

da sxv.); sazkvebis sawarmoebi (restornebi, kafeebi da sxv.); saeqkursio

firmebi; satransporto kompaniebi; Sou-, kino_, videoorganizaciebi;

sportuli sawarmoebi; savaWro organizaciebi da mravali sxva. am

organizaciebs turistul praqtikaSi, turistuli momsaxurebis

momwodeblebs uwodeben.

ganTavsebis seqtori

turistuli industriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani blokia turistebis

ganTavsebis saSualebebi. maT ganekuTvneba: sastumroebi, sastumro saxlebi

(Guesthouse), motelebi, kempingebi, turistuli bazebi, pansionatebi,

turistuli saerTo sacxovreblebi, rodtelebi, botelebi, flotelebi da

sxv.

standartebis saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganTavsebis yvela

saSualeba or kategoriad iyofa _ koleqtiur: sastumroebi, gesThauzebi,

pansionatebi da individualur: binebi, vilebi, oTaxebi, romlebsac kerZo

pirebi aqiraveben.

sastumroebi turistebis ganTavsebis mTavari, klasikuri saxea. maTi

erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania nomrebis raodenobis dasaSvebi minimumi.

safrangeTSi sastumros unda hqondes 5 da meti nomeri, italiaSi _ 7 da

meti, germaniaSi _ 10 da meti. sastumroebi sTavazoben momsaxurebis

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aucilebel nakrebs: loginebis yoveldRiur gasworebas, nomrebis da

sankvanZebis dalagebas, agreTve damatebiTi da Tanmdevi momsaxurebis

farTo CamonaTvals: kondicirebas, xmis izolacias, “beibi-siTings”, serviss

nomerSi, fitnes-centrs, saparikmaxeros, baRs, masaJs, suvenirebis maRazias,

sacurao auzsi, restorans, bars, samrecxaos, kazinos, plaJs, parkings,

avtomanqanebis da velosipedebis gaqiravebas, minimarkets, turistul

biuros da sxv.

dRevandeli mdgomareobiT msoflioSi 39 mln sastumro adgilia, 360

aTasze meti komfortuli sastumro. amasTan, bolo 20 wlis manZilze

msoflios sastumro meurneobaSi nomrebis raodenoba yovelwliurad 3-4%

izrdeba.

sastumro nomrebis yvelaze didi fondi aqvs evropis regions

(msoflios sastumroebis fondis daaxlovebiT 45% _ 10 mln adgilze meti),

pirvel yovlisa, italias _ 2 mln adgilze meti, germanias, safrangeTs,

espaneTsa da britaneTs (TiToeuls 1 mln sastumro adgilze meti). Tumca,

sastumro fondis zrdis tempebiT (weliwadSi 2-2,5%) evropa CamorCeba sxva

regionebs.

meore adgilzea amerikis kontinenti (37% _ 9 mln adgilze meti). aq

gamoirCeva aSS (TiTqmis 3,5 mln nomeri), meqsika da karibis zRvis regioni.

samxreT-aRmosavleTi aziisa da wynari okeanis regioni flobs 3 mln

nomerze mets (msoflio fondis 11%). am regionis sastumro industriis

zrdis tempebi 3-jer aRemateba saSualomsofliosas.

dRes, sastumroebis Tanamedrove qsels nebismieri gemovnebis

dakmayofileba SeuZlia.

msoflios yvelaze didi sastumroa MGM Grand-i las-vegasSi (aSS),

romelic oTxi ocdaaTsarTuliani koSkisgan Sedgeba (sul 5005 nomeri) da

45,3 ha farTobs ikavebs.

msoflios yvelaze maRalmTiani sastumroa “xedi everestze”, romelic

nepalSi, patara sofel naCmesTan mdebareobs. karg amindSi misi

fanjrebidan everestis didebuli xedi ixsneba.

msoflioSi yvelaze Zviri nomrebia sastumro Royal Towers (q. atlantisi,

bahamis kunZulebi). esaa aToTaxiani apartamentebi, romelic dReRameSi 25

aTasi dolari Rirs.

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msoflioSi yvelaze didi nomeri sastumro “eqselsiorSia” (Excelsior) q.

romSi. misi farTobi 1100 km-s aRwevs. am nomerSi ori saZinebelia, eqvsi

oTaxi stumrebisTvis, samuSao kabineti, saloni TaRovani WeriT, sasadilo,

sami gadaxuruli terasa, trenaJorebis darbazi, sacurao auzi, sauna,

kinodarbazi, Rvinis marani.

las vegasSi (aSS) Tavmoyrilia 16 Tematuri sastumro, maT garegnul

saxesa da interierSi aRdgenilia sxvadasxva adgili da epoqa, “ganZTa

kunZuliT” dawyebuli da “Suasaukunebis veneciiT” damTavrebuli.

erT-erT yvelaze feSenebelurad da amasTan erTad, uCveulod iTvleba

sastumro “Jumeirah Beach Hotel” (dubai, arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi),

romelic Ria zRvaSia Seqmnili. gansakuTrebul gaocebas iwvevs misi

mTavari korpusi _ “arabuli koSki” anu ”ialqani”, rogorc mas sxvanairad

uwodeben. igi 56 sarTuliania, Sedgeba202 nomrisgan, romlebic mTeli

mdidrulobiTaa mowyobili. sastumros mTavari Sesasvleli 200 m simaRleze

mdebareobs, xolo holisa da restornebis nawili _ wyalqveSaa agebuli.

sastumros amorCeva sakmaod rTuli saqmea, gansakuTrebiT _ mogzaurTa

didi jgufisTvis, magram avstraliur sastumro Panhas-s nebismieri

gemovnebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia. aq nomrebi xeebis wverzea moTavsebuli.

amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs. jer-erTi, am adgilebSi wyaldidobis dros

wylis done 20-25 m aRwevs. meore, aq bevri saxifaTo cxovelia.

gansakuTrebuli interesiT sargeblobs saimperatoro nomeri (yvelaze didi

da mdidruli) da nomeri “tarzanis saxli” (35 m simaRleze). damsveneblebs

sTavazoben samsaxuris standartul nakrebs: nomrebi abazanebiTa da

kondicionerebiT, gidebi, romlebic ramodenime enaze metyveleben, ori auzi,

romlebic miwidan 4 m-iTaa aweuli.

niderlandebis dedaqalaqSi mdebareobs msoflioSi yvelaze didi

mcuravi sastumro. es komfortabeluri xuTsarTuliani “xomaldi”

amsterdamis erTi navmisadgomidan meorisken dasrialebs da sazRvao

mogzaurobis srul iluzias qmnis.

bahreinSi arsebobs wyalqveSa sastumro, romelic sparseTis yuris

fskerze mdebareobs. igi Sedgeba eqvsi korpusisgan, romlebic originaluri

gadasasvlelebiT aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. SigniT moxvedra

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SesaZlebelia mxolod specialuri gamWvirvale liftebis meSveobiT,

romlebsac egzotikis moyvarulebi zRvis siRrmeSi Cahyavs.

trinidadisa da tobagos dedaqalaq port-of-speinSi ki aages patara

sastumro mZafri SegrZnebebis moyvarulTaTvis. igi kldeze, flates Tavze

hkidia da iq moxvedra mxolod saxuravidan SeiZleba.

sastumroebis klasifikaciisaTvis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuli

sistema gamoiyeneba. dReisTvis ocdaaTze meti aseTi sistema arsebobs.

saerTo klasifikaciis SemoRebas xels uSlis mTeli rigi faqtorebisa,

romlebic dakavSirebulni arian qveynebis istoriul-kulturul

ganviTarebasTan, erovnul TaviseburebebTan, momsaxurebis xarisxis

Sefasebis gansxvavebul kriteriumebTan da sxv.

sastumro meurneobis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia

sastumroebis dajgufeba yofiTi pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis

mixedviT. klasifikaciis mizania momsaxurebis miRebul standartebTan

sastumroebis Seabamisobis dadgena. atestaciis Sedegebis mixedviT,

TiToeul sastumros Sesabamisi Tanrigi miekuTvneba. igi damokidebulia

Senobis raodenobriv da xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze, nomrebis fondze,

infrastruqturaze, sastumros usafrTxoebis (sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis)

sistemaze, agreTve komfortis doneze, ZiriTadi, damatebiTi da Tanamdevi

momsaxurebis asortimentze, personalis kvalifikaciaze, servisis

kulturaze da a.S.

Tanrigi aisaxeba prestiJze, klienturis Semadgenlobasa da sastumros

fasebze. mogzaurs da turoperatorul kompanias igi saSualebas aZlevs

Tavisuflad gaerkvnen turistuli momsaxurebis bazarze, _ Tanrigi

warmodgenas gviqmnis sastumroebis momsaxurebis xarisxsa da iq arsebul

fasebze, rac Sesaferisi sastumros SerCevis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

evropis umetes qveyanaSi sastumroebis klasifikacia sayofacxovrebo

pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo struqturebis

kompetenciaSi Sedis (centraluri organoebisa, magaliTad, rogorc

safrangeTSia, an _ adgilobrivis, magaliTad, rogorc espaneTSia) da

specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebis sagans warmoadgens. sxvagan, magaliTad,

SveicariaSi mas (sastumroebis klasifikacias) oficialuri xasiaTi ara

100

aqvs da sastumro biznesis warmomadgenlebis iniciativiT an sastumroebis

mflobelebis erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebiT aris SemoRebuli.

kategoriisgan damoukideblad, yvela sastumro unda pasuxobdes Semdeg

sawyis moTxovnebs.

1. unda hqondes: xelsayreli misasvleli gza, romelsac eqneba

aucilebeli sagzao niSnebi, keTilmowyobili da ganaTebuli teritoria,

magarsafariani moednebi avtomanqanebis (maT Soris avtobusebis)

moklevadiani dgomisa da manevrirebisaTvis, abra saxelwodebisa da

kategoriis aRniSvniT, Tu restorans calke Sesasvleli aqvs _ abra

saxelwodebiT masac unda hqondes. sastumros, romelic Senobis nawils

ikavebs unda hqondes calke Sesasvleli;

2. arqiteqturul-gegmarebiTi da saamSeneblo elementebi da

gamoyenebuli teqnikuri aRWurviloba unda Seesabamebodes saamSeneblo

normebsa da wesebs;

3. uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sicocxlis usafrTxoeba, turistebis

janmrTeloba da maTi qonebis daculoba. Senobas unda hqondes saavario

gasasvlelebi, kibeebi, kargad SesamCnevi sainformacio maCveneblebi,

romlebic Tavisufali orientirebis saSualebas iZleva rogorc

Cveulebriv, ise sagangebo situaciaSi.

4. unda hqondes saxanZro dacvis da Setyobinebis sistema, xanZrisgan

Tavdacvis saSualebebi, romlebic sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da

sastumroebis usafrTxoebis wesebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.

5. daculi unda iyos sanitarul-higienuri normebi da wesebi, romlebic

sanitarul-epidemiologiuri zedamxedvelobis organoebis mieraa

dadgenili, kerZod, is nawili, romelic exeba Senobebis sisufTaves,

santeqnikur mowyobilobaTa mdgomareobas, narCenebis moSorebasa da

mwerebisa da mRrRnelebisagan efeqtur dacvas;

6. aRWurvili unda iyos sainJinro sistemebiTa da mowyobilobiT,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen:

• cxel da civ wyalmomaragebas dReRamis ganmavlobaSi. raionebSi,

sadac wyalmomaragebas Seferxebebi axasiaTebs, aucilebelia wylis

rezervuarebis arseboba wylis aranakleb erTdRiani maragiT;

• kanalizacias;

101

• gaTbobas, romelic sacxovrebel da sazogadoebriv saTavsebSi haeris

temperaturas inarCunebs ara nakleb 18,5OC;

• ventilacias (bunebrivs da iZulebiTs), romelic haeris normalur

cirkulacias uzrunvelyofs, aRkveTs nomrebsa da sazogadoebriv

saTavsebSi ucxo surnelis SeRwevas;

• radios da televizias (Seyvanili unda iyos yvela nomerSi);

• satelefono kavSirs;

• nomrebis ganaTebas: bunebrivs (ara nakleb erTi fanjrisa) da

xelovnurs, romelic uzrunvelyofs ganaTebas, _ varvarebis

naTurebis SemTxvevaSi _ 100 luqsis raodenobiT, xolo

liuminescenciuri naTurebis SemTxvevaSi _ 200 l; derefnebSi

dReRamuri bunebriv an xelovnur ganaTebas.

sastumroebis klasifikaciaTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia evropuli

anu varskvlavebis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba safrangeTSi, avstriaSi,

ungreTSi, egvipteSi, CineTSi, saqarTveloSi, ruseTsa da mTel rig

qveyanebSi, romlebic saerTaSoriso gacvlaSi monawileoben. am

klasifikaciis Sesabamisad, sastumroebi komfortulobis Sesabamisad

jgufdebian kategoriebad, romlebic pirobiTad varskvlavebiTaa aRniSnuli.

mTlianobaSi, ori umaRlesi kategoriis sastumroebi TavianT maRal

kategoriulobas amarTleben farTo nomrebisa da SeTavazebuli

momsaxurebis didi CamonaTvalis wyalobiT. xuTvarskvlaviani sastumroebi

oTxvarskvlavianebisgan gansxvavdebian damatebiTi sistemuri erTeulebiT

(sacurao auzi da sxv.) da momsaxurebis ufro maRali doniT. magram

xandaxan samvarskvlaviani sastumroebi ukeTaa aRWurvili, vidre

oTxvarskvlaviani (mag., aqvs auzi).

egvipteSi, evropul sistemasTan SedarebiT, Sefasebis kriteriumebi

erTi-ori varskvlaviT momatebulia.

CineTSi evropul klasifikaciasTan erTad arsebobs sakuTari skala,

romlis Sesabamisad stumris miRebis yvelaze primitiul bazas ganekuTvneba

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“sastumro saxli” (Zhaodaisu): fundukebi an hosTelebi1, romlebic

studentur saerTo sacxovreblebs hgavs. ufro komfortulad iTvleba

“saxlebi stumrebisaTvis” (Binguan). faqtiurad, es or da sam varskvlaviani

donis sastumroebia. ganTavsebis yvelaze prestiJul saSualebebs,

romlebic sam da oTx varskvlaviani kategoriis sastumroebis moTxovnebs

pasuxobs SeiZleba miekuTvnos turistuli sastumroebi, xolo oTx da xuT

varskvlavian sastumroebs _ “Rvinis saxlebi” (Jindian). amasTan, Cinuri

standartebi sulac ar Camouvardeba evropuls.

saberZneTi sastumroebis klasifikaciaSi asoTa sistemas iyenebs.

yvela berZnuli sastumro oTx kategoriad iyofa: A, B, C, D. A

kategoriis sastumroebi Seesabameba oTxvarskvlavian dones, B _

samvarskvlavians, C _ orvarskvlavians. umaRlesi klasis sastumroebs

xSirad eniWeba kategoria “De Luxe”. magram, miuxedavad motanili

klasifikaciisa, erTsa da imave kategorias mikuTvnebuli ganTavsebis

saSualebebi saberZneTSi erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.

britaneTis sastumroebis klasifikacia sakmaod rTulia. zogierTi

katalogi sruliad tradiciuli varskvlavebis kategoriebs sTavazobs,

magram, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba gvirgvinebis sistema (Sesabamisad,

sastumroTa fasadze gamosaxulia ara varskvlavebi, aramed gvirgvinebi).

sastumroTa kategoriis gvirgvinebis sistemidan varskvlavurze

gadasayvanad saWiroa gvirgvinebis saerTo raodenobas gamoakldes erTi.

ase, magaliTad londonis Royal Norfolk Hotel-i SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas

rogorc samvarskvlaviani, an rogorc oTxgvirgviniani sastumro.

gvirgvinebis sistemasTan erTad, did britaneTSi gavrcelebulia

britaneTis tursaagentoebis asociaciis _ “British Travel Authoritity” (BTA) mier

SemoTavazebuli klasifikacia, romlis Sesabamisad gamoyofen:

• biujetur sastumroebs (*), romlebic ganlagebulni arian qalaqis

centralur nawilSi da minimaluradaa keTilmowyobili;

1 hosTeli (ing. Hostel) _ axalgazrduli sastumro an dasasvenebeli baza. sxvadasxva qveynis stdentebisaTvis hosTeli ucxoeTSi cxovrebis yvelaze popularul da iaf saSualebas warmoadgens.

103

• turistuli klasis sastumroebs (**). aseTi sastumroebi aucileblad

unda flobdes restoransa da bars;

• saSualo klasis sastumroebs (***), romlebSiac momsaxurebis done

sakmaod maRalia;

• pirveli klasis sastumroebs (****). es sastumroebi uzrunvelyofen

cxovrebis Zalian maRal xarixs da momsaxurebis Cinebul dones;

• umaRlesi klasis sastumroebs (*****). uzrunvelyofilia eqstraklasis

momsaxureba da cxovreba.

inglisuri sastumroebi ucxourisgan mTeli rigi TaviseburebiT

gansxvavdeba. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli, rom zogierTi londonuri

sastumro mTlianad kerZo mflobelobaSia, zogi _ saaqcio sazogadoebas,

kompanias an sxva amdagvar iuridiul pirs ekuTvnis. sxva Tanabari

garemoebebis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba eZleva sastumroebs, romlebic erTi

patronis xelSia moqceuli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom britanuli sastumroebis mniSvnelovani nawili

adgilobrivi menejerebis mier imarTeba, bevri maTgani sastumroebis msxvil

saerTaSoriso jaWvSia gaerTianebuli. amasTan, interesi britanuli

sakuTrebis mimarT am jaWvebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan wlidan wlamde

izrdeba.

italiaSi, israelSi, espaneTsa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba

kategoriebis sistema.

italiuri sastumroebis klasifikacia sakmaod daxlarTulia.

marTalia, mogzaurebs sastumroTa karis Tavze xSirad nacnobi

varskvlavebi SeuZliaT SeamCnion, magram, oficialurad, varskvlavebis

sistema qveyanas ar miuRia. italiaSi miRebuli normebis Tanaxmad,

sastumroebi sam kategoriad jgufdeba. pirveli kategoria ufro Seesabameba

oTxi varskvlavis dones, meore _ samis, mesame _ oris. garda amisa,

TviToeuli kategoriis farglebSi arsebobs sakuTari Tavisufali

gradacia.1

1 gradacia _ Tanmimdevruli sistemiT dayofa.

104

italiuri sastumroebis yvelaze SesamCnev Taviseburebas SegviZlia

mivakuTvnoT is, rom umetesoba maTgani mcire zomebisaa (50-80 adgili).

rogorc wesi, aseTi patara sastumroebi pretenzias ar acxadeben maRal

kategoriaze da ZiriTadad orvarskvlavian dones Seesabamebian, Tumca

alpiur kurortebze SeiZleba SegvxvdeT mcire zomis sastumroebi,

romelTa aRWurviloba da momsaxurebis done yvelaze maRal moTxovnebsac

ki pasuxobs.

marTalia, italiur sastumroebs SeiZleba esa Tu is nakli SeniSnoT,

magram, maT garkveuli upiratesobebic axasiaTebT. magaliTad, aqvT kargad

aRWurvili sakonferencio darbazebi.

israelSi varskvlavuri klasifikacia, romelic jer kidev 10 wlis win

moqmedebda, gauqmebulia. mis magivrad iyeneben sastumroebis sam-kategorian

dajgufebas. miuxedavad amisa, turistuli firmebi, klientebisaTvis rom

mosaxerxebeli iyos, agrZeleben sastumroebis Sefasebas varskvlavuri

skalis Sesabamisad.

espaneTSi aseve arsebobs ganTavsebis adgilebis gradacia kategoriebis

mixedviT:

• sastumroebi (Hoteles), dayofili xuT kategoriad: erTidan xuT

varskvlavamde;

• sastumros tipis saxlebi (Hoteles-apartamentes), bungaloebi da a.S.

dayofili oTx kategoriad: erTidan oTx varskvlavamde;

• fundukebi (Hostales), dayofili sam kategoriad: erTidan sam

varskvlamde;

• pansionebi (Pansiones), dayofili sam kategoriad.

garda amisa, turistebis mimRebi bevri obieqti (Paradores) turizmis

saxelmwifo saministros daqvemdebarebaSia. ZiriTadad, igi yvelaze lamazi

bunebrivi garemos mqone raionebSia ganlagebuli, sadac Camosulebis

miRebis sxva saSualeba TiTqmis ar arsebobs. aseT pradoresebs

ganekuTvneba Zveli cixe-simagreebi, cixe-darbazebi, sasaxleebi, romlebic

“sastumro-luqsebiviTaa” mowyobili.

105

sastumroebis klasifikaciis mimarT Tavisi midgoma aqvs sastumroTa

qselebsac. Cveulebriv, am klasifikaciebSi gamoyofen ara kategoriebs,

aramed markebs, romlebic konkretuli qselis yvela sastumroze

vrceldeba. magaliTad, umsxvilesi evropuli qseli Accor (safrangeTi)

sastumroTa ramdenime markas moicavs, romlebic stumrebs momsaxurebisa da

fasebis sxvadasxva nairgvarobas sTavazobs. aseTebia: “Sofitel”, “Novotel”,

“Merkury” (romelic komfortis donisa da fasebis mixedviT, kidev sam

jgufad iyofa); “Relais/Inn” (standartuli nomrebi, xarisxiani momsaxureba

zomier fasad); “Hotell/Mercury” (SedarebiT maRali donis momsaxureba,

individualuri midgoma, komfortuli ganTavseba); “Grand/Hotell” (sastumros

saukeTeso mdebareoba, daxvewili komforti da momsxurebis maRali done

dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi); “Ibis”; “Etap”; “Formule 1”.

amdagvarad, TiToeul qveyanas sastumroebis sakuTari klasifikacia

aqvs ise, rom sastumroebi, romlebic erT kategorias miekuTvneba, magram

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi mdebareobs, garkveulwilad gansxvavdebian

erTmaneTisgan. magram, miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa erTi kategoriis

sastumroebi stumrebs sayofacxovrebo pirobebisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis

daaxloebiT erTnair dones sTavazoben. ase, magaliTad, maRali Tanrigis

sastumroebs, keTilmowyobili nomrebis garda, Cveulebriv aqvT farTo

holebi, barebi, restornebi, variete, klubebi, sauna, sacurao auzebi,

konferenc-darbazebi da sxv. garda amisa, sastumroebis klasifikacia,

romelic sawarmoTa materialuri bazisisa da misi saeqspluatacio

mdgomareobis mimarT moTxovnebzea damyarebuli, amdagvaradve

iTvaliswinebs servisis xarisxsa da momsaxurebis kulturas. rac ufro

ukeTaa organizebuli stumrebis miReba, miT ufro maRalia ganTavsebis

saSualebis kategoria.

klasifikaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo, turistul katalogebSi

turistebisTvis mosaxerxebeli rom iyos pirobiTi niSnebis, _ iyeneben

piqtogramebis sistemas, romlebic samsaxuris ama Tu im saxes aRniSnaven da

Tan or-sam enaze Sedgenili mokle ganmarteba erTvis. Cveulebriv,

damatebiT motanilia kidev sxva, magaliTad, varskvlavebis sistemis,

klasifikacia.

106

bolo 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi sastumroebis kidev erTi, _ ekonomikuri

klasis, kategoria ganviTarda. am SedarebiT iafma, magram komfortulma

sastumroebma kargad gamoavlines Tavi dasavleTis bevri qveynis turistul

bazarze, pirvel yovlisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, did britaneTsa da

safrangeTSi. isini sTavazoben momsaxurebis maRal standarts,

uzrunvelyofen ra komfortul ganTavsebas Tanamedrove, funqciurad

gaazrebul nomrebSi, zomier fasebad. ganTavsebis dabali Rirebuleba aseT

sastumroebSi miiRweva mokrZalebuli dizainis, samsaxurebis SezRuduli

CamonaTvaliTa da naklebad xelsayreli mdebareobis (centridan

moSorebiT) wyalobiT.

turistul biznesSi bolo periodis siaxled Resort1 klasis

sastumroebis qselis ganviTareba iqca. am klasis sastumroebi, rogorc

wesi, sanapiros Tvalwarmtac adgilebSi arian ganlagebuli,

garSemortymulni arian tropikuli baRebisa da parkebis mwvane sartyliT,

aq Seqmnilia turistebis dasvenebisa da garTobis programebi, ase rom,

resorTebi dasvenebis saucxoo oaziss warmoadgens, rac ase izidavs

sxvadasxva qveynis turistebs. am kategoriis sastumroebs komerciuli

warmateba “ol-inqluzivis”2 sistemam moutana.

msoflios turizmis industriaSi sastumroebs ganasxvaveben agreTve,

sastumros mepatronesa da menejmentis rgols Soris urTierTobis xasiaTis

mixedviT.

damoukidebeli sastumroebs mepatroneebi gankargaven da

damoukideblad, an daqiravebuli specialistebis, an specializebuli

menejeruli kompaniebis meSveobiT marTaven. damoukidebeli kompaniebi ufro

Tavisuflebi arian xarisxis kontrolis, sakuTrebis gankargvisa da

sastumros marTvis saqmeSi. Cveulebriv, isini finansurad sakmaod myarad

dganan, rac maT damoukideblobis saSualebas aZlevT. damoukidebeli

sastumroebi ZiriTadad mcire qalaqebsa da sakurorto dasaxlebebSia

ganlagebuli, sadac naklebia konkurencia sastumro qselebis (jaWvebis)

1 Resort (ing) _ kurorti. 2 All-incluzive (ing) _ “moicavs yvelafers”. sastumroebis kompleqsuri momsaxurebis sistema, romlis drosac klientis mier gadaxdil TanxaSi yvela ZiriTadi saxis momsaxureba Sedis.

107

mxridan. maTi wliuri brunva, rogorc wesi, ar aRemateba 5 mln dolars,

xolo tevadoba _ 300 adgils. konkurentunarianobis gazrdisaTvis

damoukidebeli sastumroebi qmnian konsorciumebs, romlebic erToblivad

atareben marketingul kampanias, arCeven kadrebs da uZRvebian maT

profesiul momzadebas. garda amisa, saqmianobis aseTi formis wyalobiT

danaxarjebi erToblivi centralizebuli Sesyidvebis dros gacilebiT

naklebia. dRes, aseT umsxviles konsorciums warmoadgens Juptel International

(didi britaneTi), romelic msoflios 137 qveynis 6,5 aTas sastumros

aerTianebs.

msoflios sastumro sawarmoebis umetesoba romelime sastumro

qselSi Sedis. qselSi igulisxmeba sastumroTa jgufi, romelic koleqtiur

bizness axorcielebs da qselis xelmZRvanelobis uSualo kontrolis

qveSaa moqceuli.

sastumro qselebi msoflio bazarze momsaxurebis maRali

standartebis gatanisa da dawinaurebis saSualebas iZleva, agreTve,

turistebis sastumro momsaxurebis miRweuli donis SenarCunebas

uzrunvelyofs. mogzauri, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi misi nacnobi

korporaciis sastumros Sexvdeba, Tavs TiTqmis Sinaurad, Cveul

komfortul garemoSi grZnobs.

msoflioSi daaxloebiT 300 sastumro qseli Camoyalibda. maT wilad

sastumro nomrebis fondis 90% da msoflios sastumroebis Semosavlis 98%

modis.

yvelaze cnobili is qselebia, romlebic bevr saxelmwifos moicavs.

magaliTad, Bass Hotels sastumroebi 98 qveyanaSi aqvs, Best Western-s 84-Si,

Accor-s _ 81-Si, Starwood Hotels _ 80-Si.

saerTaSoriso sastumro qselebis umetesoba aSS-s aqvs. esaa “luqsis”

klasis qselebi, magaliTad, Bass Totels, Hilton, West Inn, da aseve _ saSualo

klasis sastumroTa qselebi _ Holiday Inn, Marriott, Sheraton, Ramada.

popularobiT sargeblobs iseTi qselebi, rogoricaa Accor da Club

Meditrans (safrangeTi), Transtours Forte (didi britaneTi), Sol Melia (espaneTi).

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qselSi Sesvlis pirobebis mixedviT, sastumroebi Semdegi niSnebiT

SegviZlia davajgufoT:

a) sastumroebi, romlebic qselis sruluflebiani wevrebad iTvlebian

da gaerTianebulni arian mflobelis saerTo sakuTrebis safuZvelze.

qselis xelmZRvaneloba srul pasuxismgeblobas iRebs biznesis Sedegebze

da sruli ufleba aqvs mogebis miRebisa;

b) sastumroebi, romlebic qselis asocirebuli wevrebi arian da

biznesSi monawileobas iReben franCaizingis safuZvelze. es nairsaxeoba

gansakuTrebiT aSS-Sia gavrcelebuli, sadac franCaizinguli urTierTobebi

ama Tu im saxiT sastumro biznesis bazris 90%-s moicavs. umsxvilesi

franCaizinguli sastumro qselebia: Holiday Inn, Marriott, Choice International.

evropaSi ki franCaizinguli strategia ar aris wamyvani da bevri sastumro

damoukidebel statuss inarCunebs;

g) sastumroebi, romlebsac sastumroTa profesiuli marTvis

kompaniebTan (specializebul menejerul kompaniebTan) dadebuli kontraqti

aerTianebs. aseTi kompaniebi sastumroTa da profesiuli marTvisaTvis

mflobelisgan gasamrjelos iReben, magram, sawarmos qonebaze araviTar

uflebas ar floben, Cveulebriv, SezRudul finansur pasuxismgeblobas

kisruloben, Semosavals ki sastumros momgebianobis Sesabamisad iReben.

yvela kompania, romelic “luqsis” da, aseve, saSualo klasis

sastumroebs flobs, sastumros marTvis Sesaxeb kontraqtebs debs

profesiuli marTvis kompaniebTan. msoflios umsxvilesi korporacia Holiday

Inn marTavs 1600-ze met sastumro sawarmos aSS-Si, kanadaSi, evropis, aziisa

da samxreT amerikis qveynebSi. korporacia Hilton Hotels marTavs 270

sastumros aSS-s 220 qalaqSi.

1980-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi sastumroebis mSeneblobaSi,

rekonstruqciasa da marTvaSi ucxouri kompaniebi monawileoben: Sheraton,

Marriott, Intercontinental (aSS), Marco Polo (avstria) da sxv.

kveba turistuli momsaxurebis sistemaSi

kvebis organizacia turistuli momsaxurebis teqnologiaSi erT-erT

ZiriTad samsaxurs warmoadgens. aSS-Si mewarmeobis am saxis aqtivebs meoTxe

adgili uWiravs da 200 mlrd dolars Seadgens. masSi ufro meti adamiania

109

dasaqmebuli, vidre ekonomikis sxva nebismier dargSi _ daaxloebiT 8 mln

muSa da mosamsaxure. Jurnal Newsweek-is monacemebiT, restornebis qsel

MacDonalds-is sawarmoebSi ufro meti adamiani muSaobs, vidre umsxviles

foladsamsxmelo kompaniis United States Steel-is sawarmoebSi, xolo

”makdonaldsis” savaWro niSani, _ oqros TaRi, xSirad amerikuli

ekonomikis simbolodac ki aRiqmeba.

kvebis samsaxuri moicavs kulinaruli produqciis damzadebas,

realizacias da moxmarebis pirobebis Seqmnas sawarmos klasis Sesabamisad.

Cveulebrivi da aucilebeli moTxovnilebis garda, kveba turizmSi

garTobisa da adgilobrivi kulturis Secnobis mniSvnelovan saSualebad

ganixileba. erovnuli samzareulo xalxis kulturis mniSvnelovani

elementia da mkafiod gamokveTil TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.

garda amisa, kvebis sawarmoebi sxva amocanebsac emsaxurebian,

rogoricaa: klientis Tavisufali drois organizacia (magaliTad,

koncertebis Catareba, restornis varietes mowyoba), sainformacio-

sakonsultacio momsaxureba (Sef-mzareulis konsultacia originaluri da

rCeuli kerZebis damzadebis dargSi), agreTve iseTi samsaxuris gawevas,

rogoricaa: kvebis sawarmoSi SeZenili nawarmis SefuTva,

momxmareblebisTvis satelefono da faqsis kavSiris saSualebis micema,

piradi nivTebis (zeda tansacmlis, CanTebis, Zvirfaseulobis)

garantirebuli Senaxva, taqsis gamoZaxeba SekveTiT, piradi avtomanqanebis

dayeneba am kvebis obieqtTan mowyobil sadgomze da sxv.

kvebis sawarmos tipi ganisazRvreba momsaxurebis damaxasiaTebeli

TaviseburebebiT, kulinaruli produqciis asortimentiT da

momxmareblebisTvis SeTavazebuli samsaxuris nomenklaturiT. gamoyofen:

restornebs, kafeebs, barebs, sasadiloebs, bistros, piceriebs, samwvadeebs,

kulinarul jixurebs da sxv.

es sawarmoebi turistul firmebs SeiZleba sakuTrebaSi hqondeT, an

ijariT amuSavebdnen. umetesi maTgani, turistul-sasastumro blokis

nawils warmoadgens, ufro iSviaTad ki damoukideblad muSaobs.

garda amisa, teqnikuri aRWurvilobis donis, momsaxurebis xarisxisa da

moculobis, ganlagebis adgilis, fasebis, Senobis arqiteqturul-mxatvruli

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gaformebis, kerZebis asortimentis, avtomatizaciis xarisxis da sxva

maCveneblebis mixedviT, kvebis sawarmoebi kategoriebad iyofa.

kvebis sawarmoTa (obieqtTa) klasifikaciaTa Soris yvelaze miRebulia

msoflio turistuli organizaciis mier rekomendebuli klasifikacia,

romelic sastumroebisa da restornebis evrokavSiris qveynebis erovnul

asociaciaTa konfederaciis mier Sedgenil “TeTr wignSia” Camoyalibebuli.

kategoria varskvlaviT aRiniSneba. umaRles kategorias Seesabameba xuTi

varskvlavi, umdabless _ erTi. sawarmoebi, romlebic ver gaivlian

sertifikacias, unarCundebaT Zveli klasifikaciiT miRebuli kategoria:

umaRlesi, pirveli an meore.

turistebs Soris yvelaze metad popularulia restornebi. isini or

did jgufad iyofa: klasikur da swrafi momsaxurebis restornebad.

saxelganTqmuli klasikuri restorani xelovnebis nawarmoebs

utoldeba. igi unikaluria, esTetur siamovnebas iwvevs da TanamesufresTan

xangrZlivi urTierTobisaTvis ganawyobs adamians. klasikuri restornebi

Zalze Zviria, _ maTze moTxovna maRalia mxolod VIP-klasiT mogzaur

turistebs Sorisa.

sastumroebTan arsebuli msoflios saukeTeso restornebis sias

yovelwliurad aqveynebs cnobili Jurnali Hotels. bolos gamoqveynebul

siaSi, pirvel adgils ikavebs restorani Truffe (toronto, kanada), romelic

sastumroTa qsels Four Seasons ekuTvnis, meore adgilzea _ Le Chanteclair

sastumro Negresco (nica, safrangeTi).

restornebis meore jgufs Seadgens swrafi momsaxurebis restornebi.

pirvelad isini amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gamoCndnen, magram Semdeg

restornis es tipi mTels msoflioSi gavrcelda.

bolo aTwleulSi msoflioSi sazogadoebrivi kvebis sferos ZiriTadi

Tavisebureba gaxda restornebis qselebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba. amaSi,

mowinave udavod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. amerikuli restornebis

qselebi Tavisi qveynis gareT aqtiur eqpansionistur1 politikas atareben.

1 eqspansia (laT. Expansio, gafarToeba, gavrceleba) ekonomikaSi niSnavs ekonomikuri saqmianobis gafarToebas, axali bazrebis dapyrobas, gavlenis sferos gavrcelebas, ZiriTadad didi, transnacionaluri kompaniebis mier.

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maTi warmateba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia mTel msoflioSi amerikeli

turistebisa da sazRvargareT mcxovrebi amerikelebis did raodenobasTan,

agreTve, bevr ucxoelTan, romlebic sxvadasxva dros muSaobdnen da

swavlobdnen aSS-Si. swrafi kvebis restornebi gansakuTrebuli

popularobiT sargeblobs am kategoriis adamianebs Soris. gansakuTrebiT

swrafad is sarestorno qselebi izrdeba, romlebic hamburgerebze da

picaze arian specializebulebi.

restoranebis qselebis mTeli gayidvebidan, 40%-ze mets sendviCi1

Seadgens. amasTan, NRN Research-is mier Sedgenili klasifikaciis mixedviT,

sendviCis kategoriaSi Sedis, “makdonaldsis” hamburgerebi, franguli

sendviCebi Subway-s restoranTa qselSi da Taco Bell-is teqs/meqsi (Tex Mex).

restornebis raodenobiT liderobs qseli 7-Eleven, romelSic 13760

restorani Sedis, Semdeg modis “makdonaldsi” 13093 restorniT.

bolo dros msoflioSi swrafad viTardeba msxvil savaWro centrebSi

ganlagebuli restornebis koncefcia, magaliTad, did britaneTSi 1000-ze

meti aseTi restorania. amgvari momsaxurebis wyalobiT izrdeba rogorc

centris klientebis raodenoba, ise centrSi maTi yofnis drois

xangrZlivoba, rac kidev ufro zrdis gayidvebis moculobas. sxvadasxva

SefasebiT am gziT savaWro centris navaWri 10-30%-iT izrdeba.

am koncefciis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens savaWro centrebSi arsebuli

“Sida ezoebis” koncefcia. aseT ezoebSi Tavmoyrilia ramdenime kafe da

swrafi momsaxurebis restorani. magaliTad, moskovis savaWro centr

Атриум-Si aseT “ezoSi” Semomsvlelebs erTdroulad rva patara restorani

emsaxureba.

saerTaSoriso turistul praqtikaSi kveba, rogorc wesi,

dakavSirebulia ganTavsebasTan. misi Rirebuleba, binadrobasTan erTad

Sedis sastumros tarifSi. turists SeuZlia airCios nomeri samjerad

(sruli pansioni, anu “amerikuli gegma”), orjerad (naxevarpansioni, anu

kontinenturi gegma”), an erTjerad (sawoli da sauzme) kvebasTan

kompleqtSi. bevri sastumro “evropuli gegmiT” muSaobs. es gegma

1 sendviCi (ing. Sandwich) _ buterbrodis nairsaxeoba. es saxeli ewoda lordi sendviCis gamo, romelmac igi gamoigona.

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warmoadgens sastumros tarifs, romelic ganisazRvreba ganTavsebis

RirebulebiT kvebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi, turistebi TviTon irCeven

kvebis obieqts, samzareulosa da kerZebs.

turoperatorebi xSirad cdiloben turpaketis fasis Semcirebas

kvebaze gasawevi xarjebis Semcirebis gziT. Cveulebriv, gansakuTrebiT

saeqkursio turebis SemTxvevaSi, turistebs sTavazoben “sawolsa da

sauzmes”. aseTi variantis dros turisti ar aris “mibmuli” sastumroze da

turis fasic mcirdeba. turistebisTvis, romlebsac mxolod dasveneba,

plaJze wamowola da mzeze garujva swadiaT, ufro xelsayrelia

naxevarpansionis an, ufro iSviaTad, sruli pansionis varianti.

gansxavebulia momsaxurebis formebic. sistema “Á la carte” klients

restornis meniudan kerZis Tavisufali arCevis saSualebas aZlevs, “Table

dot”, esaa yvela klientisTvis saerTo momsaxureba kerZis arCevanis gareSe,

xolo “Sveduri magida” _ saerTo magidaze gamofenili kerZebis

Tavisufali arCevis saSualeba da TviTmomsaxureba.

kvebis bevri sawarmo ara marto gemriel sakvebs sTavazobs klientebs,

aramed garTobisa da dauviwyari STabeWdilebis miRebis saSualebasac

uqmnis.

zogi mogzauri specialur gastronomiul da sasmelebis turSi

miemgzavreba, raTa sxvadasxva qveynis erovnul samzareulos gaecnos. aseTi

mogzaurobis dros turistebi adgilobriv tradiciebsa da Cveulebebs

eziarebian, xSirad TviTon monawileoben foklorul zeimebSi. germaniasa

da CexeTSi mogzauroba, magaliTad, iSviaTad Tu Caivlis ludis

dawesebulebis monaxulebis gareSe, sadac Tqven ara marto

gagimaspinZldebian ludiT, aramed, suvenirsac mogarTmeven ludis kaTxis

saxiT. Znelia warmoidgino espaneTi “paseosa” da “tapeos”, anu barebSi

gaseirnebisa da msubuqi waxemsebis, gareSe, romlis drosac Tqven

aucileblad SemogTavazeben Rvinosa da luds.

turistebSi didad popularulia eTnografiuli restornebi da kafeebi.

maTSi erovnuli tradiciebi vlindeba ara marto interierSi, aramed

oficiantebis tansacmelSi, orkestrebis repertuarSi da SemoTavazebuli

kerZebisa da sasmelebis asortimentSic.

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kvebis sawarmos xelmZRvanelebi cdiloben, klientisaTvis brZolaSi

axal-axali sixleebi SemoiRon momsaxurebis formebSi, kerZebSi, interierSi

da sxv. bevri turoperatoruli kompania restornebisa da kafeebisgan

xelsayrel winadadebebs iRebs turistebis momsaxurebis dargSi. magram,

miuxedavad amisa, turistuli firma mudmivad unda akontrolebdes

momsaxurebis xarisxsa da dadgenil fasebTan mis Sesabamisobas, radgan amis

gareSe warmatebuli TanamSromloba ar Sedgeba.

satransporto gadazidvebi turizmSi

satransporto gadazidvebi kidev erTi mniSvelovani samsaxuria

turizmSi. maTze modis turis fasis ZiriTadi nawili, romelic

mogzaurobis xangrZlivobisa da siSoris mixedviT 20-dan 60%-mde meryeobs.

mogzaurobis dros turists SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis transporti

gamoiyenos, maT Soris:

• sahaero;

• sawylosno;

• saxmeleTo.

saerTaSoriso turistuli gadazidvebis 44% sahaero transportze

modis. amJamad msoflioSi 1300-ze meti aviakompaniaa, maT yovelwliurad 1,5

miliardamde adamiani gadahyavT. saerTaSoriso sahaero kavSirs 470-ze meti

gadamyvani axorcielebs, amaTgan 250-mde regularul reisebs awyobs.

saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis qseli msoflios 150 saxelmwifos moicavs.

saerTaSoriso sahaero kavSirs msoflios 1 000-mde aeroporti emsaxureba.

msoflios umsxviles aviakompaniebad gadazidvebis raodenobis mixedviT,

iTvleba: Delta Airlines, Pan American, American da United (aSS), O New Men

(iaponia), Air France (safrangeTi), Lufthansa (germania) da sxv. kompaniaTa

pozicia turistul bazarze ganisazRvreba agreTve, momsaxurebis xarisxiT.

am niSniT saukeTesod iTvleba Lufthanza, Singapore Airlines (singapuri), Swissair

(Sveicaria).

praqtikaSi sahaero transportze, fasdaklebebisa da zogierTi sxva

maCveneblis mixedviT, momsaxurebis klasis daaxloebiT 20-mde nairsaxeoba

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arsebobs _ Carteruli reisebiT dawyebuli daDzebgeriTi TviTmfrinaviT

gadafrenebiT damTavrebuli.

frenis xangrZlivobis mixedviT icvleba TviTmfrinavSi SeTavazebuli

kvebis formebi: sauzme, sadili, vaxSami, msubuqi kveba, mravaljeradi kveba,

magram yvela reisze aucileblad, sTavazoben sasmelis sxvadasxva saxeobas.

aviagadafrenis fasi damokidebulia aviakompaniis saxeobaze, frenis

siSoresa da marSrutze, destinaciaze (qveyanaze, sadac mivfrinavT) da

masSi yofnis vadaze, momsaxurebis klasze, dajavSnis pirobebsa da bileTis

dabrunebis SesaZleblobaze, aseve mgzavrebis socialur mdgomareobasa da

asakze. momsaxurebis klasi ganisazRvreba registraciis gavlis wesiT,

TviTmfrinavSi kvebis tipiT da tvirTis ufaso gatanis normiT.

msoflios yvela aviakompaniaSi aris sami ZiriTadi klasi: pirveli,

biznes-klasi da ekonom-klasi. rac ufro maRalia klasi, miT ufro Zviria

bileTi. masobrivi turistebi Cveulebriv ekonom-klasiT sargebloben.

pirvel or klass ki ufro avseben SeZlebuli mgzavrebi, romelTaTvis

fasze metad komfortia mniSvnelovani.

aviabileTis klasi aseve damokidebulia tarifze. ganasxvaveben

normalur da specialur tarifebs. sabazo tarifi iTvaliswinebs win da

ukan gadafrenas. sabazo tarifidan iwyeba sxvadasxva fasdaklebis aTvla.

Tanamedrove aviakompaniebs ramdenime tarifi aqvT. magaliTad: saeqkursio,

PEX (bileTis moqmedebis vada 2 an 3 Tvea, gafrenisa da mofrenis TariRi

aRiniSneba dajavSnis momentSi), APEX (sxvadasxva mimarTulebaze bileTs

sxvadasxva vada aqvT), axalgazrduli, sapensio, ojaxuri da sxv.

bileTis calke kategoriaa ojaxuri. es tarifi specialurad

gankuTvnilia organizebuli turistuli jgufebisaTvis da didi

popularobiT sargeblobs. am SemTxvevaSi wesdeba SezRudva ucxo qveyanaSi

(destinaciaze) turistebis yofnis vadebisa da jgufSi adamianebis

raodenobis Sesabamisad.

arsebobs: a) regularuli reisebi, romlebic sruldeba konkretuli

marSrutiT garkveul dReebSi ganrigis mixedviT mgzavrebis raodenobisgan

damoukideblad, da b) Carteruli, anu ganrigis gareSe, reisebi. regularul

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reisze bileTis aReba gafrenamde erTi wliT adrec ki SeiZleba.

Carteruli ki konkretuli turfirmis an turfirmebis mier aris

organizebuli turistebis konkretuli jgufis gadasayvanad. rogorc wesi,

Carteruli aviagadafrenebis bileTebi ufro iafia vidre regularuli

reisebisa.

msxvili turoperatorebi xSirad mWidrod TanamSromloben

avakompaniebTan, aqvT sakuTari Carteruli reisebi da ufro wvrili

turoperatorebisaTvis saaviacio brokeris (Suamavlis) funqcias asruleben.

Tu erT turoperators sxvebic SeuerTdebian, Seiqmneba e.w. puli1. es

xelsayrelia rogorc pulis organizatorisTvis, romelic am SemTxvevaSi

TviTmfrinavis sruli datvirTvis garantias iRebs, aseve SemoerTebuli

kompaniebisTvisac, radgan momsaxurebis paketze fasis Semcirebis Sedegad

ufro meti turistis mozidva xdeba SesaZlebeli.

magaliTad, zamTrobiT Cndeba moTxovna Carterebze samTosaTxilamuro

kurortebis mimarTulebiT. avstriaze momuSave turoperatorebma

moilaparakes pulis Seqmnaze 2002/2003 ww. samTosaTxilamuro sezonisTvis.

am pulma Tavis Tavze aiRo mTeli sezonis manZilze zalcburgSi ori

Carteruli jaWvis mowyoba (Transaero, Boeing-737, KrasAir, Boeing-767). pulSi

turoperatorul kompania “Accent Travel”-Tan erTad Sevidnen “Jet Travel”, “UTE

Megapolus” da kidev ramdenime kompania. Sedegad, danaxarjebi bileTebze

Semcirda, xolo mogeba _ gaizarda.

zogjer, aviagadamzidavebi qmnian sakuTar turoperatorul kompanias,

romelic saxsrebs turistul biznesSi abandebs da bileTebis gasaRebis

dros sakuTari pirobebis karnaxic SeuZlia.

aviacia ar aris transportis erTaderTi Tanamedrove saxeoba,

romelsac turoperatoruli kompaniebi iyeneben. sarkinigzo, sanaosno da

saavtobuso kompaniebi aqtiurad iWrebian turistul biznesSi. sanaosno

kompaniebi awyoben kruizebsa da eqskursiebs, rkinigza axorcielebs

turistul mgzavrobebs SeRavaTiani tarifebiT, xolo saavtobuso

1 puli (ing. Pool) _ kompaniebis droebiTi gaerTianeba romelime specialuri amocanis gadasawyvetad, romlis drosac mogeba Semodis saerTo fondSi da pulis monawileebs winaswar molaparakebuli qvotebis mixedviT urigdeba.

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kompaniebi damoukideblad awyoben eqskursiebsa da mogzaurobebs.

saavtomobilo kompaniebi aseve, iWrebian turizmis sferoSi, isini

turistebs ZiriTadad avtomanqanebis gaqiravebas sTavazoben maspinZel

qveyanaSi (destinaciaSi).

saavtomobilo transportiT msoflioSi turistebis 42 % mogzaurobs.

saavtomobilo samsaxuri, romelic turistul momsaxurebaSi, Sedis sam

ZiriTad mimarTulebad iyofa:

• avtobusebiT mogzaurobis organizeba;

• turistebis piradi manqaniT mogzaurobis organizacia;

• avtomanqanebis gaqiraveba.

saavtobuso turizmi SedarebiT axalgazrda saxeobaa. man ganviTareba

1970-ian wlebSi daiwyo. 1986 w. evropaSi Seiqmna avtobusebiT gadamyvanTa

gaerTianeba, romelSic 33 evropeli partniori Sevida. axla igi erT-erT

mowinave saavtobuso kompaniad gadaiqca, romelic 36 evropel gadamyvans

aerTianebs.

gadazidvis daniSnulebis mixedviT, avtobusebi ramdenime jgufad

SeiZleba daiyos:

• saqalaqo da sagareubno, romlebic mgzavrebisa da turistebis

qalaqis farglebSi da sagareubno zonaSi gadasayvanadaa

gamiznuli;

• satransfero _ turistebis gadasayvanad aeroportidan

sastumroebSi da ukan;

• specialuri _ gansakuTrebuli miznebisTvis;

• saeqskursio _ turistebis gadasayvanad turistul obieqtebze;

• Sori marSrutebis avtobusebi, sareiso da Carteruli;

• kemperebad1 da qaravnebad mowyobili avtobusebi;

• avtobusebi safarisa da saTavgadasavlo turebisTvis.

1 kemperi (ing Camper) _ saxli-avtomisabmeli.

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turistebis gadazidvaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sarkinigzo

transporti. yvelaze metad igi gamoiyeneba evropis turistul centrebs

Soris mogzaurobisas da, agreTve, sasazRvro turistuli

gadazidvebisaTvis.

amJamad, bevri kompania, romelic rkinigzis xazebs flobs, did

Zalisxmevas andomebs turistuli samgzavro nakadebis gazrdas: ageben

maRalsiCqarian magistralebs, sastumros doneze ahyavT momsaxurebis

komfortuloba, awyoben specialur Tematur turistul matareblebs da a.S.

sawylosno transportze, jerjerobiT turistuli gadazidebis mcire

wili modis. magram XXI s. turizmis xuT yvelaze perspeqtiul

mimarTulebaTa ricxvSi turizmis saerTaSoriso organizaciis eqspertebs

sakruizo mogzaurobebic SeaqvT. specialistebis prognoziT 2010 w. wyalze

imogzaurebs 14 mln turisti. yvelaze metad sawylosno mogzaurobebi

sargebloben aSS-Si, did britaneTsa da germaniaSi. sazRvao kruizebis

yvelaze popularuli raionebia karibis zRvis auzi, xmelTaSua zRva, aSS-s

dasavleTi sanapiro, Crdilo evropa da azia.

amJamad, msoflio sakruizo bazarze 170-mde samgzavro gemi muSaobs.

mTels msoflioSi moqmedebs ramdenime aTeuli specializebuli sakruizo

kompania, romlebic 1-2-dan 15-20 gems amuSaveben. kruizebze momuSave

operatorebis umetesoba gaerTianebulia profesiul saerTaSoriso

asociaciaSi Cruise Line International Association (CLIA).

teqnikuri aRWurvilobis, gemebis komfortulobis, gembanze servisis

donis mixedviT sakruizo kompaniebi oTx kategoriad iyofa: standartuli,

pirveli klasis, prestiJuli da superluqsi.

turizmis infrastruqtura

turistuli infrastruqtura ewodeba im materialur obieqtebsa da

sistemebs, romlebic uSualod turistul saqmianobas ar ganekuTvnebian,

magram mas aucilebeli materialur-teqnikuri baziT uzrunvelyofen.

infrastruqturaSi Sedis: Senoba-nagebobebi, sainJinro da sakomunikacio

qselebi, saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo gzebi, sadgurebi, terminalebi,

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haerSi, mdinareze, zRvaze gadaadgilebis maregulirebeli sistemebi

(dispetCeruli samsaxurebi da sxv.), wylis, gazis da Tbomomaragebis

sistemebi, eleqtro- da telesakomunikacio qselebi, sawvavisa da kvebis

produqtebis momwodebeli da gamanawilebeli sistemebi.

infrastruqturis mdgomareoba turizmis industriis warmatebuli

muSaobis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. magaliTad, rogori mimzidvelic ar unda

iyos turistuli resursi, Tu turists uWirs masTan misvla, is ver gaxdeba

masobrivi turizmis obieqti. xSirad moaqvT aseTi magaliTi, _ samxreT

amerikaSi, venesuelaSi mdebareobs msoflios yvelaze maRali CanCqeri

anxeli (saerTo simaRle, sxvadaxva monacemebiT _ 979-dan 1059 m-mde, wylis

pirdapiri vardnis simaRle _ 807 m). miuxedavad misi naxvis uamravi

msurvelisa igi Zalze iSviaTad iRebs turistebs. amis mizezia problemuri

satransporto komunikacia, _ faqtiurad ar arsebobs masTan misadgomi

gzebi. aq aris TviTmfrinavebis patara dasajdomi moedani, sadac mxolod

mcire safren aparatebs SeuZlia daSveba. am unikalur bunebriv obieqtTan

midgoma, didi gaWirvebiT, mxolod naviT da Cqari mdinaris koronas

gadalaxviT SeiZleba.

garda satransporto saSualebebisa, turistebis srulyofil

momsaxurebas infrastruqturis materialuri bazisa da sxvadasxva uamravi

samsaxurebis efeqturi muSaoba sWirdeba. amdenad, turistuli industriis

es nawili mTeli am dargis sicocxlisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.

turistuli industriis mniSvneloba

arsebobs Tu ara turistuli industria? ekonomist-mecnierTa nawili

turizms industriis calke dargad arc miiCnevs, radgan igi moicavs Zalian

bevr damoukidebeli saqmianobas, romelTa umetesoba arsebiTad arc aris

damokidebuli turistebsa da maT mogzaurobaze.

magram, turizmis Sefasebisas mTavaria is, rom turistul industriaSi

Semavali saqmianobis sferoebi saboloo jamSi, turistis moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebas emsaxurebian, xolo turistis mier qveyanaSi datovebuli

danaxarjebi momsaxurebiTi saqmianobis farTo speqtrze nawildeba da

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis Semosavlis wyaros

warmoadgens. qvemoT motanil sqemaze (nax. 3) naCvenebia turizmis

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industriaSi Semavali saqmianobebis urTierTdamokidebuleba pirveli,

meore da mesame rigis komerciuli saqmianobebis mixedviT.

nax. 3. komerciuli saqmianobis saxeebi turizmSi

turistis danaxarjebi misi marSrutis SemadgenlobaSi myofi

dasasvenebeli da savaWro obiqtebis socialur da ekonomikur struqturaze

axdens gavlenas. turistebis kvebisa da dabinavebis aucilebloba axali

komerciuli saqmianobis wamowyebis saWiroebas badebs, calobiT movaWreni

safosto baraTebsa da suvenirebs imarageben, sabolood ki saqmeSi erTveba

adgilobrivi xelisufleba, romelic avtosadgomebis, garTobis servisisa

turizmis industria

transporti mogzaurobis gayidva

ganTavseba da momarageba

turistuli sanaxaobebi

sacalo vaWroba (suvenirebi nakeTobebi)

bankebi, dazRveva

garToba, dasveneba

eqskursiebi, sazeimo saRamoebi

piradi momsaxureba (axali ambebis saagento, samrecxao, saparikmaxero

saxelmwifo seqtoris momsxureba

gamomce-mloba, stamba

sakvebi, sawvavi

warmoeba da sabiTumo vaWroba

turistuli industriis infrastruqt-ura da aRWurviloba

a) janmrTelobis dacva, usafrTxoeba, garemos dacva da a.S.

b) RonisZiebebi, sporti, momsaxureba da a.S.

tansacmeli, foto, video da sportuli saqoneli da a.S.

destinacia

pirveladi

meoreuli

mesame rigis

(turizmis

industriis

uzrunvelyofis

samsaxurebi)

120

da sxva infrastruqturis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs, rac xels uwyobs axali

gamocdilebis dagrovebas da aumjobesebs momsaxurebis xarisxs.

warmatebul turistul regionSi turistis danaxarji sazogadoebis

ufro farTo speqtrze nawildeba, rac regionis ekonomikur maCvenebels

zrdis. aseTi adgili ufro met momuSave personals izidavs, rac, Tavis

mxriv, maTTvis met saxls, maRaziasa da serviss moiTxovs, maTi

SvilebisTvis ki – met maswavlebels. Sedegad, mravldeba maRaziebisa da

benzingasamarTi sadgurebis ricxvi, imatebs taqsebisa da sazogadoebrivi

transportis raodenoba. aseTi zrda xels uwyobs turistuli

infrastruqturis gaumjobesebas, momxmareblebs eZleva arCevanis ufro

didi saSualeba da sabolood, turistuli regionis mimzidveloba erTi-

orad imatebs, umjobesdeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis materialuri baza da

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

ukukavSiri ormxrivi da Tanabaria – Tu turistebis ricxvma da

danaxarjma iklo, turistuli regionic zaraldeba, maRaziebi ixureba,

satransporto momsaxureba izRudeba, umuSevrobis ricxvi ki matulobs.

magaliTad, ucxoel turistebs londonis monaxuleba rom aukrZalon,

sastumroebisa da Teatrebis mepatroneebis naxevars maTi daxurva mouwevda,

rac qalaqs gaaRatakebda da turistebisTvisac gacilebiT nakleb

mimzidveli gaxdeboda.

saerTaSoriso turistuli biznesi eqsportis saxeobaa, Tumca

eqsportis yvela danarCeni saxeobisagan gansxvavebiT, turizmis produqti

ki ar gadis sazRvargareT, aramed Tavad ucxoeli momxmarebeli Camodis mis

SesaZenad. miuxedavad imisa, rom saerTaSoriso turizms “uxilavi

Semosavlis wyaros” uwodeben, misi nebismieri mniSvnelovani

warumateblobis kvali ekonomikaze metad TvalsaCinod aisaxeba.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. ra gansxvavebaa turoperatorebsa da turagentebs Soris?

2. ras iTvaliswinebs franCaizinguli xelSekruleba turizmSi?

3. CamoTvaleT turistebis ganTavsebis saSualebebi.

121

4. ramdeni varskvlaviT aRiniSneba yvelaze maRali donis

sastumroebi klasifikaciis evropul sistemaSi?

5. ra axasiaTebs klasikur restorans?

6. ra klasis bileTebs sTavazoben mgzavrebs msoflios

aviakompaniebi?

7. ra gansxvavebaa regularul da Carterul reisebs Soris?

8. ra aris puli?

9. ra Sedis infrastruqturaSi?

10. saerTaSoriso turistuli biznesi eqsportis saxeobaa, Tu

importis? ratom?

122

Tavi VII. turizmis marketingis safuZvlebi

marketingi, tradiciuli gagebiT aris saqmianoba warmoebuli

produqciis, momsaxurebis an ideebis ukeT gasaRebis mizniT. marketingi

moicavs Seswavlas (bazris, momxmareblis), dagegmvasa da marketinguli

strategiis realizacias.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi, romelsac momxmareblisa da gasaRebis

bazrebisaTvis mwvave konkurentuli brZola axasiaTebs, efeqtiani

marketingi biznesis strategiis sakvanZo nawils warmoadgens. es,

gansakuTrebiT marTebulia turizmisTvis, radgan, jer-erTi, es dargi

momsaxurebis sferos warmomadgenelia, amitom, masSi warmatebis miRweva da

SenarCuneba uSualodaa damokidebuli adamianebis rTuli rekreaciuli

moTxovnilebebis, interesebis, ganwyobilebebis swor Sefasebasa da

marTvaze; garda amisa, turizmis bazari WeSmaritad planetarul masStabebs

moicavs, Sesabamisad misi Seswavla da marketinguli strategiis warmoeba

aseve planetarul masStabebs unda moicavdes; dabolos, turizmSi

konkurencia ukve didi xania Zalian mZafria, _ swori marketingis gareSe aq

warmatebis miRwevaze fiqric ki zedmetia.

saqarTvelos turistuli industria msoflio bazarze axalbeda

monawilea da amitom, jer kidev, naklebadaa adaptirebuli msoflio bazris

moTxovnebTan. marketingi, Tavisi funqciuri Taviseburebebis gamo, aaxloebs

bazarsa da warmoebas, xels uwyobs adaptaciis process. amitom, msoflio

bazarze Cveni monawileobis gafarToebisa da konkurentunariani

turistuli industriis SeqmnisaTvis, aucilebelia aqtiuri marketinguli

saqmianobis warmoeba. mniSvnelovania marketingis yvela etapi, _ bazris

Seswavla, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba, turizmis ganviTarebis

xangrZlivvadiani strategiis ageba, da bolos, _ qarTuli turistuli

industriis turizmis msoflio bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad organizeba.

turistuli industriis efeqtiani marketingiT uzrunvelyofis amocana

kerZo seqtorTan erTad, seriozul zrunvas moiTxovs Sesabamisi

saxelmwifo organoebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mxridan.

123

Tanamedrove marketingi Zalian ganviTarebuli da daxvewilia. igi

myisierad pasuxobs bazris moTxovnebs, iTvaliswinebs tendenciebs da

prognozs. es gansakuTrebiT exeba turizms, rogorc momsaxurebis sferos

yvelaze dinamikurad ganviTarebad dargs; gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi,

roca Tanamedrove turistul bazars samomxmareblo moTxovnis

individualizaciis, diversifikaciis tendenciebi axasiaTebs, rac adekvatur

marketings moiTxovs.

saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom marketingSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda

momxmareblis faqtori. turizmisa da sastumro industriis marketingis

cnobili specialistebi f. kotleri, j, bueni da j. meikenzi Tavis cnobil

wignSi1 marketingis bunebis kvlevas iwyeben mtkicebiT, rom marketingi

biznesis erT-erTi funqcia ki ar aris, romelsac Sesabamisi, _ marketingis,

ganyofileba asrulebs, aramed klientze fokusirebuli biznesis

filosofiaa. klientze orientacia unda ganmsWvalavdes mTels

organizacias. am filosofiis mTavari idea klientis saWiroebaTa

dakmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs. es unda iyos turizmSi dasaqmebuli

kompaniisa da misi yvela samsaxuris mTavari amocana. amisaTvis avtorebs

SemoaqvT marketing-miqsis (Marketing-mix), - marketinguli RonisZiebebis

kompleqsis, cneba. marketing-miqsi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisgan:

• kompaniis mier iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobs

warmoebul produqciasa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdasa da

gasaRebas;

• sasaqonlo politika;

• safaso politika;

• gasaRebis arxebis Camoyalibebis politika.

Tu marketingi sworadaa warmarTuli anu, Tu sworad ganvsazRvravT

klientis moTxovnilebebsa da saWiroebebs, Tu vawarmoebT saWiro saqonels,

Tu Sesabamis fass davadebT, Tu SevqmniT saqonlis gasaRebis xelsayrel

pirobebs da avawyobT misi ganawilebis efeqtian sistemas, Sedegad,

mimzidvel saqonelsa da kmayofil klients miviRebT.

1 Kotler P., Bowen J., Makens J. Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism. Prentice Haal Int., 2005.

124

rogorc vnaxeT, marketingSi sxvadasxva ekonomikuri elementia

gadajaWvuli, esaa: moTxovnilebebi, survilebi, moTxovna, saqoneli,

Rirebuleba, fasi, momxmareblis kmayofileba, gacvla, garigeba, urTierToba

da bazari. modiT, CamovayaliboT am elementebis ganmsazRvreli cnebebi da

ganvmartoT isini.

moTxovnilebebi marketingis safuZvelSi Cadebuli yvelaze mTavari

cnebaa. rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, es aris

is, rac sWirdeba adamians, anu, risi arqonac mas gacnobierebuli aqvs.

adamianuri moTxovnilebebi mravalnairi da rTulia. es aris sakvebis,

tansacmlis, siTbos da sacxovrebeli adgilis saWiroeba. garda amisa, esaa

socialuri saWiroebebi: daculobis, siyvarulis, sixarulis, garTobis

moTxovnileba, esaa aRiarebisa da pativiscemis moTxovnileba; esaa codnisa

da TviTgamoxatvisa piraduli saWiroebebi. rogorc amboben, marTalia, am

moTxovnilebebs modis Jurnalebi ar ayalibeben, magram, maT saWiroebas

adamiani iseve ganicdis, rogorc Tanamedrove qali _ kosmetikisas.

rodesac moTxovnileba ar aris dakmayofilebuli, adamianis sulSi

sicariele isadgurebs da raRaciT Sevsebas moiTxovs. am sicarielis

Sevseba ori saSualebiT SeiZleba: moinaxos _ is, rac gvWirdeba da

SeizRudos TviTon moTxovnileba. ganviTarebuli industriuli

sazogadoebis adamianebi, ZiriTadad, cdiloben im sagnis moZiebas an

gamogonebas, romelic daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs. Rarib qveynebSi

mcxovrebi adamianebi cdiloben SezRudon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da

dakmayofildnen imiT, rac aqvT.

zogierTi restorani TavianT bizness adamianTa prestiJisa da

aRiarebis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaze awyobs. restorani Tony’s erT-

erTi saukeTeso da ZviradRirebuli restorania hiustonSi (aSS, texasis

Stati). aq sadiloba (miT umetes, xSirad stumroba) materialuri

warmatebulobis niSania. zogierTi momsvleli moiTxovs, rom darbazis

centrSi dasvan, raTa darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom meti adamiani SeniSnavs

maT. es ki saWiroa, rom dakmayofildes sakuTari mniSvnelovanobis

SegrZnebis maTi moTxovnileba.

125

sxva restornebi, iseTebi, rogoricaa Bennigan’s, Tavis bizness

socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze ageben. aseTebia: sxva

adamianebTan urTierTobis, mxiarulebis, relaqsaciis saWiroebebi. es

restornebi SeuboWvel, uSualo atmosferos qmnian. baris Ria

konfiguraciac ki xels uwyobs imas, rom adamianebma restorani gamoiyenon

gverdiT myof adamianebTan Sexvedrisa da urTierTobisaTvis.

survilebi. adamianTa survilebi marketingis meore ZiriTadi cnebaa. es

aris is konkretuli formebi, romlebsac adamianis moTxovnilebebi iRebs

sazogadoebis kulturisa da konkretuli pirovnebis individualuri

Tvisebebis zegavleniT. survilebi isaa, riTac adamianebi sxvebs TavianTi

moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb atyobineben. mSieri avstralieli aborigenis

survilebi xoWos, xvlikis kvercxebis, sakvebad vargisi fesvebis iqiT ar

midis. mSier amerikels ki sxva survili uCndeba _ miirTvas hamburgeri

Semwvari kartofiliT da daayolos koka-kola. survilebis aRwerisas maT

imas ukavSireben, rac daakmayofilebs am moTxovnilebebs. sazogadoebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad, sul ufro farTovdeba misi wevrebis

moTxovnilebaTa wre. rac ufro met cdunebas ganicdian adamianebi,

romlebic maTSi sul axal da axal moTxovnilebebs aRZraven, miT metad

cdiloben mwarmoeblebi Seqmnan produqti maTi survilebis

dasakmayofilebelad, anu Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sul ufro

meti raodenobisa da nairsaxeobis miwodebas cdiloben. odesRac,

restoranSi Sesvlisas momsvleli ubralod TeTr Rvinos ukveTavda, axla

restornis meniuSi Rvinis sxvadasxva nairsaxeobaa aRniSnuli: Sardone,

sovinioni, rislingi da a.S. restornis stumari ukeTaa garkveuli da elis,

rom mas misi sayvareli jiSis Rvinos miarTmeven.

bevri gamyidveli survilebs da moTxovnilebebs erTmaneTSi urevs.

saburRi manqanebis mwarmoebels SeiZleba egonos, rom myidvels misi

saburRi manqanis moTxovnileba aqvs, maSin roca mas mxolod, WaburRilis

gaburRva sWirdeba, rasac saburRi manqanebis meSveobiT miaRwevs. aseTi

gamyidvelebi “marketinguli sibeciT” arian daavadebulni. saqonels imdenad

moucavT maTi goneba, rom TavianT saqonelze isini mxolod myidvelis mier

maTi SeZenis survilis terminebiT Tu fiqroben da mxedvelobidan uSveben

126

myidvelis moTxovnilebebs. da Sedegad, am gamyidvelebs sastiki

imedgacrueba eliT, rodesac bazarze gamoCndeba axali saqoneli, romelic

meti warmatebiT daakmayofilebs momxmareblis moTxovnilebebs da, amasTan,

ufro iafic eRireba. maSin myidveli am saqonlis SeZenas swored sxva

gamyidvelTan isurvebs, Tumca misi moTxovnilebebi igive darCeba.

moTxovna. adamianTa survilebi TiTqmis usazRvroa, magram maTi

resursebi SezRudulia; maT SeuZliaT mxolod im saqonlis SeZena,

romelic sxvebze metad daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs im Tanxad,

romlis daxarjvis saSualebac eqnebaT am SenaZenze. rodesac adamianTa

survilebi maTi msyidvelunarianobiTaa gamagrebuli, maTi survilebi maTive

samomxmareblo moTxovnad gardaiqmneba.

yvelaze advilia adamianTa sazogadoebaSi garkveuli periodis

manZilze arsebuli samomxmareblo moTxovnis gansazRvra. mxolod erTi

wlis manZilze 230 mln amerikels SeuZlia gaanaRdos restornis 45 mlrd

sadilis, 675 mln sastumro nomris da Sida samgzavro aviaxazebze moZravi

TviTmfrinavis 1133 mlrd adgilis safasuri. stumarTmiRebisa da turizmis

industriis mier SeTavazebuli esa da sxva amdagvari produqti (saqoneli

da momsaxureba), erovnuli ekonomikis mxolod nawils Seadgens.

momxmareblebi saqonels garkveuli sikeTeebis raRac nakrebad

warmoidgenen da maTgan iseTebs arCeven, romlebic maT met sikeTes miscems

maT mier gadaxdil fulSi. magaliTad, Motel-6-is nomeri, niSnavs adgils,

romelic sacxovreblad vargisia, aqvs pirobebis mxolod minimumi, magram

dabali fasi adevs. nomeri Four Seasos-Si, esaa komforti, fufuneba da

statusi. adamianebi TavisTvis im saqonels irCeven, romlebic maqsimalurad

daakmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs maTi survilebisa da SesaZleblobebis

diapazonSi.

saqoneli

radgan arsebobs adamianuri moTxovnilebebi, survilebi da

samomxmareblo moTxovna, Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes saqonelic,

romelic rogorc erTis, aseve meorisa da mesamis, dakmayofilebas SeZlebs.

saqoneli ewodeba yvelafers, rac bazarze momxmareblis yuradRebas

127

miipyrobs, rasac SeiZens igi Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis an moxmarebisaTvis

romelime misi moTxovnilebis an survilis dasakmayofileblad.

davuSvaT, ekonomikis romelime dargis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli muSaki,

romelic mZime konkurentul brZolas ganicdis, grZnobs, rom saWiroa

moixsnas daZabuloba, stresi, romelic misma daZabulma samsaxurebrivma

saqmianobam gamoiwvia. arsebobs saqoneli, romelsac SeuZlia

daakmayofilos misi es moTxovnileba, modiT, maT asarCevad gamzadebuli

saqonlis kompleqti davarqvaT. am kompleqtma SeiZleba moicvas klasikuri

musikis koncerti, sadili restoranSi, oTxdRiani dasveneba karibis zRvaSi,

sportuli garToba. am saqonlidan yvela erTnairad sasurveli ar aris.

ufro iolad misaReb da naklebad ZviradRirebuls, rogoricaa koncerti,

an sadili restoranSi, yvelaze ufro xSirad mimarTaven da pirvel

yovlisa, isini moagondebaT xolme. rac ufro metad Seesabameba saqoneli

momxmareblis survilebs, miT met sargebels miiRebs mwarmoebeli.. amgvarad,

mwarmoebelma unda icodes momxmareblis moTxovnilebebi da is saqoneli

SesTavazos, romelic yvelaze metad daakmayofilebs mis moTxovnilebebs an

survilebs.

“saqonlis” cneba ar Semoifargleba materialuri sagnebiT. yvelafers,

rasac moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis unari Seswevs, SeiZleba ewodos

saqoneli. materialuri sagnebisa da sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebasTan

erTad es cneba, aseve moicavs adamianebs, adgilebs, organizaciebs,

saqmianobis saxeebs da ideebs. momxmarebeli iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis

Sesaxeb, Tu romel restoranSi wavides, romel adgils ewvios, romel

aviaxazebs misces upiratesoba, rom im adgilamde miaRwios; romel

organizaciaSi gawevriandes, romel ideebs dauWiros mxari. momxmareblis

TvalsazrisiT, es yvelaferi saqonelia. Tu sxvadasxva saganTan mimarTebiT

termini “saqoneli” Seufereblad migvaCnia, Cven yovelTvis SegviZlia mis

magivrad gamoviyenoT iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa: “moTxovnilebis

damkmayofilebeli”, “miwodeba”, saSualeba”. yvela es termini aRwers imas,

ramac unda SeZlos Cveni survilebis dakmayofileba.

128

faseuloba, Rirebuleba da samomxmareblo kmayofileba

filip kotlers Tavis wignSi moyavs jein beris magaliTi, romelic niu

iorkidan vaSingtonSi miemgzavreba da amisaTvis Sesabamisi transporti

unda SearCios. mas SeuZlia dajdes TviTmfrinavze, matarebelze, avtobusze

an iqiraos avtomanqana. es alternativebi1 misTvis asarCevad gamzadebuli

saqonlis kompleqts Seadgens. davuSvaT, mogzaurobis mimarT mas Semdegi

moTxovnebi aqvs: mogzauroba unda iyos usafrTxo, ar iyos Zviri, iyos

swrafi da ar daRalos. am yvelafers survilebis kompleqti vuwodoT.

iolad SeniSnavT, rom zemoT aRniSnuli “sasaqonlo kompleqtis” TiToeul

saqonels misi “survilebis kompleqtidan” raRacis srulad dakmayofileba

SeuZlia. TviTmfrinavi yvelaze swraf mgzavrobas sTavazobs, avtobusi _

yvelaze iafs, xolo avtomanqaniT mgzavroba yvelaze komfortulia.

miuxedavad amisa, jein berma unda gadawyvitos, SemoTavazebuli saqonlidan,

saboloo jamSi, romeli saqoneli daakmayofilebs mas maqsimalurad.

am situaciaSi sakvanZo cnebaa faseuloba. jeinma TiToeuli saqoneli

maTi faseulobis TvalsazrisiT unda Seafasos, anu, misi moTxovnilebebis

dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. mas SeuZlia daalagos saqoneli

“rangis mixedviT”: dawyebuli im saqonliT, romelic yvelaze ukeT

daakmayofilebs mis moTxovnebs da damTavrebuli imiT, romelic yvelaze

naklebad SeZlebs amas.

faseulobis gansazRvriT Cven winaswar vaanalizebT imas, Tu ramdenad

SeuZlia saqonels momxmareblis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.

Cven SegviZlia vTxovoT jeins, rom daaxasiaTos idealuri saqoneli.

SeiZleba man gviTxras, rom idealurma saqonelma igi vaSingtonamde

xmeleTiT unda Caiyvanos, SeaCeros moZraoba marSrutis yvelaze lamaz

adgilebSi da swrafad Cauqrolos uintereso adgilebs. es transporti

unda iyos sruliad usafrTxo, da Tanac jeins unda, rom igi Tavis

gankargulebaSi TiTqmis muqTad miiRos. am SemTxvevaSi, saqonlis

SeTavazebuli realuri saxeebidan TiToeulis Sefaseba damokidebuli

iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad axlo dgas igi idealur saqonelTan. faseulobis

1 alternativa (frang Alternative, laT. Alter – oridan erTi) _ ekonomikuri qmedebis erT-erTi varianti, romelic sxva variantebidan unda iqnes arCeuli.

129

gansazRvra myidvelis winaswari daskvnaa saqonlis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb,

daakmayofilos misi moTxovnileba.

davuSvaT, rom jeini yvelaze metad siCqareSia dainteresebuli. misi

Cayvana daniSnulebis adgilze sxva satransporto saSualebebTan

SedarebiT, ufro swrafad TviTmfrinavs SeuZlia. magram, es Sesabamisad

yvelaze Zviric dajdeba. radgan saqonlis Sefaseba mis RirebulebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli, jeini, maincadamainc TviTmfrinavs ar airCevs.

TviTmfrinavis bileTi gacilebiT Zviri Rirs, vidre avtobusisa.

Rirebulebas ara marto fuladi gamoxatuleba aqvs, aramed Seicavs

yvelafers imas, rac unda davTmoT saqonlis SesaZenad. biznesmeni albaT im

dros, romelsac igi garigebis dadebaSi an saqonlis SeZenaSi daxarjavs,

dolarebad Seafasebs. amitom igi momsaxurebisa da mogzaurobis sferos im

saqonelSi gadaixdis mets, romelic ufro met dros dauzogavs. jeinsac,

arCevanis gakeTebamde, saqonlis faseulobis gansazRvra mouwevs. is im

saqonels airCevs, romelic ufro met sargebels moutans im fulad,

romelsac igi mis SeZenaze daxarjavs, anu romlis faseulobac meti

aRmoCndeba.

samomxmareblo kmayofileba ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad

gaamarTla saqonelma myidvelis molodini. Tu saqoneli gaamarTlebs

jeinis molodins, is misiT kmayofili darCeba, Tu ar gaamarTlebs _

ukmayofilo. magaliTad, Tu jeinma drois dazogvis mizniT TviTmfrinavi

airCia, magram, teqnikuri sakiTxebis mougvareblobis gamo, TviTmfrinavis

gafrena ramdenime saaTiT gadaido _ is Zalian ukmayofilo darCeba.

gacvla, garigeba da urTierToba

gacvliT marketings adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca adamianebi

gadawyveten TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da survilebi gacvlis meSveobiT

daikmayofilon. gacvla ewodeba process, romlis drosac Tqven vinmesgan

TqvenTvis saWiro sagans iZenT da sanacvlodac raime sxvas sTavazobT.

gacvla mxolod erT-erTi saSualebaTagania, romliTac adamianebi imas

iZenen, ris saWiroebasac grZnoben. magaliTad, mSier adamians sakvebi

SeuZlia nadirobiT, TevzaobiT an bunebis nobaTis SegrovebiT moipovos.

130

mas SeuZlia sakvebi maTxovrobiT iSovos, an sxvas waarTvas; anda, mas

SeuZlia mimarTos gacvlas da adamianebs sakvebis sanacvlod SesTavazos

fuli, raime sxva produqti an momsaxureba.

rogorc moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba, gacvlas bevri

upiratesoba aqvs: ar aris saWiro vinmes gaZarcva an sxvisi wyalobis

imedad yofnis aucilebloba. da, arc imis saWiroebaa, rom TviTon

vawarmooT yvelaferi, rac gvWirdeba. adamians SeuZlia mxolod imas

dauTmos dro da Zalisxmeva, rac kargad gamosdis, da es gacvalos saWiro

nivTebSi, romlebsac sxvebi daamzadeben. Sromis danawilebisa da

specializaciis meSveobiT, adamianTa sazogadoeba imaze mets awarmoebs,

vidre sxva nebismieri saSualebiT awarmoebda.

gacvla marketingis mTavari cnebaa. gacvla rom Sedges saWiroa

ramdenime aucilebeli pirobis dacva. masSi unda monawileobdes, sul

mcire, ori SemTanxmebeli mxare, romelTagan TiToeuli flobs raRacas,

rac meoris TvalSi faseulobas warmoadgens, da TiToeuli mxaris nebaSi

unda iyos meore mxaris winadadebis miReba an uaryofa. dabolos, orive

mxares erTmaneTTan urTierTobisa da saWiro nivTebis miwodebis saSualeba

unda hqondes.

es pirobebi gacvlas gaxdis SesaZlebels. Sedgeba Tu ara igi,

sinamdvileSi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad SeTanxmdebian mxareebi. Tu

SeTanxmdebian, aqedan Cven SegviZlia im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom gacvlis

dros TiToeulma raRac sargebeli miiRo (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, araferi

dakarga), radgan TiToeuli sakuTari nebiT wyvetda winadadebis miRebisa an

uaryofis sakiTxs. garkveuli azriT, gacvla iseve qmnis Rirebulebas,

rogorc warmoeba; is adamianebs damatebiT samomxmareblo saSualebebs

aZlevs.

garigeba. garigeba marketinguli zomis erTeulia. igi mxareebs Soris

faseulobaTa gacvlaSi aisaxeba. vinme “A” vinme “B”-s raRac “X”-s gadascems

da amaSi sanacvlod raRac “Y”-s iRebs gansazRvrul adgilze, gansazRvrul

drosa da gansazRvruli pirobebis dacviT. korporacia IBM sastumro Hilton-

s 2000 dolars uricxavs da Tavis gankargulebaSi iRebs darbazs

konferenciis Casatareblad. es klasikuri fuladi garigebaa. magram yvela

131

garigeba fulTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. restoran Anchorage-s SeuZlia

ufaso sadiliT uzrunvelyos radiosadguri WBUC da sanacvlod ufaso

reklama miiRos. aseT garigebas barteruli ewodeba. magram yvela

SemTxvevaSi garigeba sul mcire ori faseulobis, SeTanxmebis pirobebis,

SeTanxmebis adgilisa da SeTanxmebis drois arsebobasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

farTo gagebiT marketingi gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom Cvens garkveul

winadadebaze garkveuli reaqcia gamoviwvioT. es reaqcia ki ufro met

rameSi gamoixateba, vidre, ubralod saqonlis SeZena an gacvlaa.

parlamentis wevrobis kandidats esaWiroeba reaqcia, romelsac

“amomrCevelTa xmebi” ewodeba, eklesias sWirdeba sakuTari mrevlis

“gazrda”, sazogadoebrivi organizaciis aqtivistebs sWirdebaT “masebis

mxardaWera”. marketingi aris Cveni moqmedeba, romelic CavatareT raTa

sasurveli reaqcia gamogvewvia imaTi mxridan, vinc CvenTvis sasurvel

saqonels, momsaxurebas, ideas an raime sxvas flobs.

saqmiani marketingi ufro farTo cnebis _ urTierTobebis marketingis

nawils warmoadgens. marketingis kargi specialistebi gamudmebiT muSaoben

sasurvel klientebTan, distributorebTan, dilerebTan da momwodeblebTan

kargi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. isini myar ekonomikur kavSirebs

qmnian, risTvisac uzrunvelyofen gonivrul fasebs, iZlevian

maRalxarisxovani saqonlis miwodebis pirobas da yovelTvis asruleben

amas, kargad emsaxurebian klientebs.

marketingi sul ufro Sordeba TiToeuli garigebidan maqsimaluri

mogebis “gamowurvis” miswrafebas da momxmareblebTan da biznes-

partniorebTan maqsimaluri urTierTxelsayreli urTierTobis

damyarebisken miiltvis. Cveni gansjis sawyisi gzavnili SegviZlia ase

CamovayaliboT: aawyve kargi urTierTobebi da xelsayreli garigeba maT

TavisiT moyveba.

urTierTobebis marketingi gansakuTrebiT gamarTlebulia, roca saqme

gvaqvs iseT klientTan, romelsac firmis bedze Zlieri gavlenis moxdena

SeuZlia. bevri firma Semosavlis did nawils klientebis SedarebiT mcire

jgufisagan iRebs. mosamsaxureebi, romlebic aseT “sakvanZo” klientebTan

muSaoben, ara marto TviTon unda urekavdnen klients, rodesac mas

132

SekveTis mocema SeuZlia. isini, mudam, TiToeuli soliduri klientis

saqmeebis kursSi unda iyvnen, unda icnobdnen mis problemebs da yovelTvis

mzad iyvnen “samsaxurisaTvis”. isini regularulad unda urekavdnen maT,

midiodnen vizitebiT, ecadon rCevebiT gauwion daxmareba, drodadro

restoranSic dapatiJon da saerTod, cocxali interesi gamoavlinon

klientisa da misi pirovnebis mimarT.

urTierTobebis marketingis mniSvneloba, momavalSi, udavod gaizrdeba.

kompaniaTa umetesoba im daskvnamde midis, rom maT ufro meti mogebis

miReba SeuZliaT im resursebidan, romelTac mudmiv klientebTan

garigebaSi Cadeben, vidre imave saxsrebis axali klientis moZiebaze

daxarjviT. sul ufro meti da meti kompania amyarebs strategiul

partniorobas mudmiv klientebTan, risTvisac unarianad iyenebs

urTierTobebis marketings. Tavis mxriv, im klientebisaTvis, romlebic

ZviradRirebul, rTul saqonels iZenen, iseTs, rogoricaa konferenciisa da

didi sxdomebis mosawyobi darbazi da mowyobiloba, maT mier gakeTebuli

SenaZeni urTierTxelsayreli urTierTobebis mxolod dasawyiss

warmoadgens. amgvarad, urTierTobebis marketingis mniSvneloba sul ufro

izrdeba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, igi yovel saqmian situaciaSi ar aris

SesaZlebeli.

turizmis industriis sferoSi urTierTobebis marketingi

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdeg situaciebSi:

• erTi mxriv, turizmis industriis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,

sastumroebi da aviaxazebi) distributorebsa da, meore mxriv,

bazris Suamavlebs (magaliTad, turistuli sagzurebis sabiTumo

gamsaReblebi da turistul saagentoebi) Soris;

• erTi mxriv, turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da,

meore mxriv, “sakvanZo” klientebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo

saagentoebi da msxvili korporaciebi, Soris;

• erTi mxriv, sazogadoebrivi kvebis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,

makdonaldsis) distributorebsa da, meore mxriv, im organizaciebs

Soris, romlebsac igi sakvebs awvdis (magaliTad, universitetebi,

avtosadgurebi, msxvili korporaciebi);

133

• turizmis industriaSi erTi saxis momsaxurebis (magaliTad,

motelebisa da restornebis qselis) distributorebs Soris. es

qselebi erTmaneTze arian damokidebulebi;

• turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da “sakvanZo”

momwodeblebs Soris;

• turizmis industriis momsaxurebis distributorebsa da maT

mosamsaxureebs Soris;

• turizmis industriis sawarmoebsa da maT marketingis agentebs, aseve

bankebs, iuridiul firmebs Soris.

marketingi

garigebis cneba bazris cnebasTan gvaaxloebs. bazari, esaa arsebuli an

potenciuri myidvelebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebsac gamyidvelTan

garigebis dadeba SeuZliaT. bazris sidide im adamianTa raodenobazea

damokidebuli, romlebic saerTo moTxovnilebebs avlenen, aqvT fuli an

sxva resursi, romliTac sxva adamianebis daintereseba SeuZliaT da undaT

rom es resursebi SesTavazon sxvebs, imis sanacvlod, rac maT esaWiroebaT.

Tavdapirvelad “bazari” aRniSnavda (CvenSi, da sxva ganviTarebad

qveynebSi _ axlac aRniSnavs) fizikur sivrces, _ adgils, sadac adamianebi

saqonlis gacvlisTvis midian. dasavleTis qveynebSi aseT funqcias qalaqis

moedani asrulebda. Tanamedrove gagebiT bazarSi, romelic ara fizikur

sivrces, aramed ekonomikur kategorias warmoadgens, gamyidvelebi im mxares

Seadgenen, romelsac sabazro industria ewodeba, xolo myidvelebi ki _

TviTon bazars. gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs oTxi mimarTuleba aerTianebs.

es oTxi mimarTuleba marTavs bazars. gamyidvelebs bazarze gamoaqvT

saqoneli, aseve amarageben bazars informaciiT am saqonlis Sesaxeb. amis

sapasuxod bazrisgan isini iReben fuls da informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogor SeiZleba misi daxarjva. faqtiurad, bazari Tanamedrove ekonomikis

kvintesenciaa1, ekonomikisa, romelic moqmedebs Sromis danawilebis

principiT, romlis Sesabamisad, TiToeuli adamiani daspecializebulia

1 kvintesencia _ raime movlenis mTavari arsi an mTavari Semadgeneli elementi.

134

raRacis warmoebaze, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia, iRebs xelfass da am fuliT

iZens imas, rac surs.

bazrebi

bazris cneba kvlav marketingis cnebasTan dagvabrunebs. marketingi

niSnavs bazarTan muSaobas, ramac unda Seqmnas pirobebi gacvlis meSveobiT,

adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis dasakmayofileblad. amgvarad,

Cven vubrundebiT marketingis Cveneul ganmartebas, romlis mixedviTac, esaa

saqmianoba mimarTuli adamianebis moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis

dakmayofilebaze, saqonlis gacvlis gziT.

gacvlis procesi did samuSaosTanaa dakavSirebuli. gamyidvelebma

unda gamoTvalon TavianTi myidveli, gansazRvron maTi moTxovnilebebi,

SeimuSaon momxmareblisTvis momxiblavi saqoneli, gauwion mas reklama,

miawodon bazars da daadon fasi. marketinguli saqmianobisaTvis ZiriTad

amocanebs warmoadgens bazris Seswavla, saqonlis SemuSaveba, misi

reklamireba da stimulireba, gasaRebis qselis ageba, faswarmoqmna da

momsaxureba.

Cveulebriv, marketings Cven mxolod saqonlis gamyidvelis saqmed

miviCnevT; magram myidvelebic xom monawileoben am saqmianobaSi, rodesac

maTTvis saWiro saqonels eZeben im fasad, romlis gadaxdac SeuZliaT.

konferenciis organizatorebi swored marketingiT arian dakavebulni,

rodesac molaparakebas awarmoeben sastumros gasaRebis menejerTan da

cdiloben vaWrobiT TavisTvis ukeTesi pirobebi miiRon.

egreT wodebuli “gamyidvelis bazari”, esaa situacia, romelsac

axasiaTebs moTxovnis gadaWarbeba miwodebasTan SedarebiT, romelSic

gamyidveli myidvelze ufro “Zlieria” da amis gamo ukve myidveli

mimarTavs marketings. “myidvelis bazarze” myidvelebi ufro Zlierebi arian

da amitom marketings ukve gamyidvelebi mimarTaven. 1950-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi bazris saqonliT momaragebam moTxovnis gadaWarbeba daiwyo.

maSin marketingi ukve gamyidvelTan gaigivda.

135

marketinguli marTva

is, vinc gacvliTi operaciebiTaa dakavebuli, droTa ganmavlobaSi amis

keTebas sul ukeT da ukeT swavlobs. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara

marketinguli marTva, romelic Cven SegviZlia ganvmartoT Semdegnairad:

marketinguli marTva aris im programebis analizi, dagegmva,

realizacia da kontroli, romelTa amocanaa mizandasaxulad

SemuSavdes, aewyos da xeli Seewyos urTierTgacvliT operaciebs

miznobrivi bazrebis myidvelebTan, kompaniis strategiuli miznebis

misaRwevad.

adamianebis umetesoba Tvlis, rom marketingis menejeris samuSao

Tavisi kompaniis mimdinare produqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis myidvelis

moZiebaSi mdgomareobs. es warmodgena zedmetad aviwroebs marketingis

menejeris saqmianobis sferos, romlis interesebi SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,

rogorc kompaniis produqciasa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis donisa da

struqturis Camoyalibeba, agreTve im drois gansazRvra, roca unda gaCndes

igi (moTxovna). drois yovel konkretul monakveTs axasiaTebs moTxovnis

uqonloba, arasakmarisi moTxovna, uTanabro an Warbi moTxovna. magaliTad,

sastumro, romelic saSualod 75%-iT ivseba, SeiZleba sruliad kargad

momuSaved CaiTvalos. magram es 75% SeiZleba Sedgebodes 90%-isgan samuSao

dReebSi da 30%-isgan _ uqmeebze. bevri restorani 11 sT 30 wT-ze

praqtikulad carielia, 12:30-ze maT win rigi Cndeba, xolo dRis 2

saaTisTvis isini kvlav carieldeba. es faqti marketingis menejeris erT-

erT gadasawyvet problebad SeiZleba iqces.

amgvarad, marketingis menejeris interesebi moTxovnis marto aRmoCenasa

da gazrdaze ki ar vrceldeba, aramed, xandaxan mis dawevazec. martivad

rom vTqvaT, marketingis marTva esaa moTxovnis marTva.

marketingis menejerebs Cven vuwodebT kompaniis im TanamSromlebs,

romlebic analizis, dagegmvis, realizaciisa da kontrolis sakiTxebiT

136

arian dakavebulni. maT ricxvSi Sedian generaluri menejerebi, gasaRebis

menejerebi da gamyidvelebi, reklamisa da gasaRebis stimulirebis

ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelebi, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis samsaxuris

koleqtivi da konsultantebi.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. ra komponentebisgan Sedgeba marketing-miqsi?

2. ramdeni mxare monawileobs garigebaSi?

3. ganmarteT bazari, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria.

4. ratom moiTxovs restoran Tony’s zogierTi klienti, rom

maincdamainc darbazis centrSi dasvan?

5. ardadegebze Tqven samogzaurod wasvla gadawyviteT. CamoTvaleT

Tqveni, rogorc momxmareblis survilebis kompleqti.

6. moitaneT barteruli gacvlis magaliTi turizmis industriaSi.

7. CamoayalibeT urTierTobebis marketingis mTavari devizi.

8. ra situaciebSia mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis marketingi

turizmis industriaSi?

137

Tavi VIII. saqarTvelos turizmi

bolo periodSi Cvenma qveyanam, mniSvnelovan winsvlas miaRwia

turizmis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca, am mxriv, jerjerobiT, sagrZnoblad

CamovrCebiT sxva qveynebs. miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

saqarTvelos turizms ganviTarebis sakmaod kargi perspeqtivebi aqvs.

kerZod, _ Cveni qveyana mdidaria turistuli resursebiT, qveyanaSi

viTardeba ekonomika, Semodis investiciebi da, rac mTavaria, turizmi

saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi erT-erT prioritetul adgils

ikavebs.

bolo wlebSi daZleul iqna sameurneo potencialis ngrevisa da

ekonomikuri stagnaciis viTareba. qveyanaSi aqtiurad iqmneba turistuli

infrastruqtura _ aSenda da kvlav Sendeba axali, Tanamedrove

sastumroebi, igeba gzebi, iqmneba mTeli turistuli qalaqebi da ubnebi

(siRnaRi, Tbilisis, baTumisa da sxva qalaqebis calkeuli ubnebi da quCebi),

gamarTulad amuSavda eleqtroenergetika, gazmomarageba, transporti.

amis Sedegad, qveyanaSi ukve aqtiurad moqmedeben Sida turizmze

momuSave turoperatorebi da saagentoebi, Tanamimdevrulad izrdeba

Camosuli turistebis ricxvi. turistuli infrastruqtura da

stumarTmiRebis biznesi swrafad viTardeba qveynis regionebSic _ yvelaze

intensiur turistul mimarTulebebze (svaneTi, kaxeTi, gudauri, bakuriani,

Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli da sxv.).

saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis bedi mniSvnelovnadaa

damokidebuli investiciebis mozidvaze, infrastruqturis ganviTarebaze da

profesiuli kadrebis momzadebaze. magram yvelaze metad Cvens turistul

industrias saqmianobis profesiuli gaZRola sWirdeba.

turistuli resursebi

rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovan

resursebs flobs. wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, rom turistuli resursebi

geografiuli obieqtebia, romlebic turizmisTvis aucilebel rekreaciul

Tvisebebs Seicavs. rogorc viciT, turistuli resursebi or ZiriTad

138

jgufad iyofa: bunebasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi da

istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebuli rekreaciuli resursebi.

saqarTvelos bunebrivi turistuli resursebi moicavs klimatur,

balneologiur, zRvis, Tovl-myinvarebis, speleologiur, Sida wylebis,

tyis resursebs da bunebis sxva komponentebs, romlebic turistebisaTvis,

ama Tu im niSniT, sainteresoa.

samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli miznebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli

klimaturi pirobebia dabal- (500-1000 m zR/d) da saSualomTian (1000-1500 m

zR/d) sakurorto zonebSi, sadac ganlagebulia popularuli klimaturi

kurortebi: bakuriani, qviSxeTi, riwa, baxmaro, beSumi, likani, cemi, patara

cemi. aseve, Tbilisis sagareubno dasasvenebeli adgilebi _ wyneTi, wavkisi,

kikeTi, kojori, sioni, manglisi, oqroyana da sxv. sul saqarTveloSi 43

klimaturi kurortia.

balneologiur resursebs warmoadgens rogorc sxvadasxva

Semadgenlobis, mineralizaciisa da temperaturis mqone wylebi, ise

samkurnalo talaxebi. swored am resursebis bazaze Seiqmna daavadebaTa

farTo speqtris mkurnalobaze orientirebuli pirveli samkurnalo-

balneologiuri kurortebi. saqarTveloSi gamovlenilia 2 aTas 400-mde

mineraluri wyaro, romelTa saerTo dReRamuri debiti 130 mln litrs

aRemateba. mineraluri wylebis simdidriT gamoirCeva yazbegis, wyaltubos,

javis, borjomis raionebi. CvenSi arsebuli 103 kurortidan 59-is

funqcionireba met-naklebad dakavSirebulia samkurnalo wylebTan, maTgan

28 mxolod balneologiuria, 31 ki Sereuli: 17 _ balneo-klimaturi da 14

klimato-balneologiuri mimarTulebisaa. cnobili balneologiuri

kurortebia: menji, nabeRlavi, java, sairme, nunisi, squri, wyaltubo, caiSi,

xolo Sereuli tipis kurortebidan yvelaze popularulia: borjomi,

abasTumani, zvare, avadhara, axaldaba, varZia, kvereTi, lebarde, uwera,

fasanauri, Sovi da sxv.

mineraluri wylebis garda, saqarTveloSi samkurnalo talaxebicaa

gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia gomboris qedis mTiswineTis talaxis borcvebi,

e.w. “sopkebi”, magram isini naklebadaa Seswavlili da mxolod epizodurad

139

gamoiyeneba. amJamad funqcionirebs mxolod ori talaxsamkurnalo kurorti

axtala da kumisi.

zRvis sanapiro. zRvis sakurorto adgilebi Zalian bevr turists

izidavs. saqarTvelos sanapiro xazis sigrZe 300 km-s aRemateba. Cvens

sanapiroze dasvenebisaTvis xelsayreli dReebis raodenoba 130-s aWarbebs,

roca, magaliTad, baltiispireTSi igive maCvenebeli 60-90 farglebSia,

yirimSi ki 120 dRea. Cveni sanapiros mTel sigrZeze sakmao siganis qviSian-

xreSiani plaJebia. amas emateba mimdebare teritoriebis landSaftebis

silamaze. zRvispira kurortebis umetesoba afxazeTis (leseliZe, ganTiadi,

gagra, biWvinTa, oqros napiri, miusera, gudauTa, axali aToni, eSera,

gumisTa, soxumi, besleTi, gulrifSi, aguZera, kindRi, oCamCire) da aWaris

(qobuleTi, cixisZiri, mwvane koncxi, maxinjauri, baTumi, gonio, kvariaTi,

sarfi) teritoriazea ganlagebuli. zRvispireTis centraluri nawilis

Warbteniani teritoriebi xels uSlis dasvenebis industriis srulfasovan

ganviTarebas, ris gamoc, aq mxolod ramdenime kurorti funqcionirebs

(anaklia, malTayva, grigoleTi, ureki, SekveTili). urekis plaJebs

xelsayreli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs magnituri qviSebis saxiT, romlebic

mniSvnelovan samkurnalo Tvisebebs floben. es qviSebi 4%-mde magnetitsa

da titano-magnetits Seicaven, rac maT mudmiv magnitur vels uqmnis. es

Tvisebebi dadebiTad moqmedebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemaze da bavSvTa

organizmze, aseve gamoiyeneba menj-barZayisa da adamianis samoZrao aparatis

daavadebaTa mkurnalobaSi.

XX s-is meore naxevridan mTels msoflioSi gaZlierda dasvenebisa da

sportis zamTris saxeobebiT gataceba. maTi ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia

Tovlis mdgradi safaris (30 sm da meti) arseboba garkveuli periodis (3

Tve da meti) ganmavlobaSi da aseve, xelsayreli reliefuri pirobebi

(ferdobis garkveuli sigrZe da daxriloba). am moTxovnebs saqarTveloSi

pasuxobs svaneTis, TuSeTis, abasTumnis, bakurianis, gudauris, baxmaros

midamoebi. maTgan samTo-sportuli kompleqsebi mxolod bakuriansa da

gudaurSia Seqmnili.

saqarTvelo mdidaria speleoresursebiT, razec zemoT gvqonda saubari.

140

Sida wylebidan saqarTveloSi rekreaciuli miznebisaTvis SeiZleba

aqtiurad iyos gamoyenebuli mdinareebi Savi zRvis SesarTavis siaxloves,

aseve, mtkvari, aragvi, alazani da tbebi _ riwa, paliastomi, bazaleTi,

tabawyuri, kaxisis, kus da lisis tbebi da wyalsacavebi _ Jinvalis, sionisa

da Tbilisis.

qveyanaSi tyeebis saerTo farTobia 2,7 mln ha. tyeTa sididiTa da

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva gagris, borjomis, adigenis, baRdaTis,

xaragaulis, qedis, Suaxevis, soxumis, xelvaCauris, ambrolauris,

qobuleTis, walenjixis, cagerisa da tyibulis raionebi. 90-iani wlebidan

saqarTveloSi daiwyo daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTareba, kerZod,

Seiqmna ramdenime erovnuli parki _ borjom-xaragaulis, vaSlovanis,

kolxeTisa da lagodexis. daculi teritoria, romlebic garemos dacvasTan

erTad, rekreaciul funqciasac asruleben da saqarTveloSi ekologiuri

turizmis ganviTarebis safuZveli unda gaxdnen. Cveni buneba mdidaria

fauniT (frinvelebiTa da cxovelebiT), rac samonadireo turizmisa da

berdvoCingisaTvis xelsayrel safuZvels warmoadgens.

saqarTvelo mdidaria bunebis ZeglebiTa da unikaluri landSaftebiT

(CanCqerebiT, kanionisebri xeobebiT, myinvarebiT, karstuli da

fsevdokarstuli formebiT, mwvervalebiT), romlebic ara marto mecnierul,

aramed, iSviaT esTetikur Rirebulebasac Seicavs.

saqarTvelo rTuli da mdidari istoriisa da kulturis qveyanaa, ramac

ganapiroba Cvens teritoriaze istoriul-kulturuli resursebis simravle.

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva epoqis arqiteqturuli, religiuri, TavdacviTi,

arqeologiuri Zeglia SemorCenili da daculi. qristianuli religiis

Zeglebidan aRsaniSnavia: bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, mcxeTis jvari,

sveticxoveli, samTavro, nikorwminda, samTavisi, qvaTaxevi, alaverdi,

yinwvisi, gelaTi, bagrati, gurjaanis yvelawminda, gergetis sameba, Sio-

mRvime, varZia, daviT-gareja. sxva istoriuli da arqiteqtoruli Zeglebidan

_ ufliscixe, igive varZia, goris da qsnis cixeebi, al. WabWavaZis saxl-

muzeumi winandalSi da dadianebis sasaxle zugdidSi, svaneTisa da

xevsureTis arqiteqtoruli ansamblebi da sxv.

141

turistul marSrutebSi aseve Sesulia antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi:

armazis cixe, cixe-goji (arqeopolisi, noqalaqevi, senaki), vani, antikuri

xanis kolxeTis centri, nastakisi, Zalisi da sxv.

saqarTveloSi aRricxulia 35 aTasi istoriuli Zegli, romelTagan 5

aTasi saxelmwifos dacvis qveSaa moqceuli, sami ki _ Sesulia iuneskos1

msoflios kulturuli memkvidreobis siaSi.

dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, iq aRmoCenili adreuli adamianis, _

hominidis naSTebis wyalobiT, turistuli interesis sruliad unikalur

obieqts warmoadgens. STambeWdavia am naSTebis asaki _ 1,7-1,8 mln weli, rac

am adgils Zalian mniSvnelovan turistul obieqtad aqcevs. “homo

ereqtusis” naSTebis garda, aq aRmoCenilia im epoqis cxovelebis

(xmalkbila vefxvis, martorqis, Jirafis da sxvaTa _ sul 30 saxeobis)

naSTebi.

garda amisa, mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens saqarTvelos mxareebis

erTmaneTisgan gasaocrad gansxvavebuli kultura da yofa, tradiciebi,

erovnuli samzareulo da sxv.

anTropogenur (adamianis xelqmnil) resursebs Soris unda

movixsenioT Teatrebi, muzeumebi, sakoncerto darbazebi, sportuli

kompleqsebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva masobrivi, maT Soris

saerTaSoriso kulturuli, gasarTobi da sportuli RonisZiebis mowyobis

saSualebas iZleva. aseve aRsaniSnavia _ Tbilisisa da baTumis botanikuri

baRebi, zooparki, Rvinisa da koniakis qarxnebi da maTi sardafebi, venaxebi

da sxva kulturaTa plantaciebi, romlebic aseve turistebis interess

iwvevs (SemecnebiTi, agro- da sasoflo turizmisTvis).

saqarTvelos turizmis praqtika

saqarTveloSi, oficialurad, turizmis saxelmwifo departamentis

monacemebiT, 103 kurorti, 30 sakurorto zona da raionia. Zalian bevria

turistuli obieqtebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSia gabneuli da bevri

maTgani ukve turistul aqtiur marSrutebSic zis.

1 iunesko (UNESCO) _ gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis specializebuli organo.

142

kurortebis Seneba saqarTveloSi XIX s-is pirveli naxevridan daiwyo.

Semdgom periodSi aTvisebul iqna borjomi, abasTumani, agarakad iqca

kojori. XIX s. bolodan iwyeba SavizRvispireTis resursebis aTviseba.

sabWoTa periodSi sakurorto da turistuli meurneobis ganviTarebam

sakmaod maRal dones miaRwia. ssrk-Si saqarTvelo Tavisi turistul-

sakurorto potencialiT ruseTisa da ukrainis Semdeg, mesame adgils

ikavebda. sabWoTa respublikebsa da evropis socialistur saxelmwifoTa

Soris saqarTvelo TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic subtropikul

klimatur zonaSi iyo moqceuli da sadac masobrivi turizmis, dasvenebisa

da samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli saqmianobisTvis Sesabamisi obieqtebis

farTo qseli Seiqmna (sanatoriumebi, dasasvenebeli saxlebi, pansionatebi,

turbazebi da sxv.).

1990 wlamde saqarTvelos turizmis mTavari safuZveli iyo mineraluri

wylebi, romlebsac sabWoTa mSromelebi aqtiurad iTvisebdnen Svebulebis

periodSi. am periodSi saqarTvelo weliwadSi saSualod 4 milionamde

turists iRebda. im epoqaSi ganTavsebis saSualebebi ZiriTadad

saxelmwifos da profkavSirebis sakuTrebaSi iyo. turistebis nakadis

ganawileba da organizeba, centralizebuli dagegmvis wyalobiT mTeli

wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanabrad xdeboda rogorc drois TvalsazrisiT, ise

kurortebis Tanabari datvirTulobis TvalsazrisiTac. saqarTveloSi

turizmis tipebs Soris gabatonebuli adgili eWira kurortebze

dasvenebasa da garTobas. sxva saxeobebidan aRsaniSnavia kulturuli

turizmi. teritoriulad yvelaze mravalricxovani kurorti Tavmoyrili

iyo Savi zRvis sanapiroze da erTdroulad janmrTelobis gakaJebisa da

kulturul-SemecnebiT funqcias asrulebdnen.

saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebaze negatiuri gavlena iqonia 1990-

iani wlebis dasawyisis movlenebma. kerZod, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma

konfliqtebma. am periodSi saxifaTo gaxda saqarTveloSi mogzauroba da

saerTaSoriso asparezze Seilaxa qveynis imiji, ris gamoc saqarTveloSi

ucxoel turistTa Camosvla sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

1990-iani wlebis bolodan turizms erTgvari gamococxleba daetyo.

amis ZiriTadi mizezebi gaxda: qveyanaSi miRweuli stabiluroba, kerZo

sakuTrebis legalizacia da saerTaSoriso kavSirebis gaaqtiureba.

143

saqarTveloSi damkvidrda e.w. momsaxureba kombinirebuli marSrutiT.

turis xangrZlivoba 7-dan 21 dRemde grZeldeba, xolo kombinirebulia

imitom, rom igi iTvaliswinebs, rogorc didi qalaqebis _ Tbilisis,

quTaisis, Telavis, baTumisa da sxvaTa daTvalierebas, ise sakurorto

centrebSi _ borjomSi, wyaltuboSi, qobuleTSi, bakuriansa da gudaurSi

dasvenebas. aseTi turebi Seicavs saintereso kulturul programebs,

mimoxilviT da Tematur eqskursiebs, muzeumebisa da RirSesaniSnaobebis

daTvalierebas.

maRalia zamTris kurortebis ganviTarebis potenciali. turistul

bazarze am segments zrdis tendencia axasiaTebs. bevri ucxouri

turistuli kompania interesdeba saqarTvelos samTo-turistuli

centrebiT.

turistuli aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi mkveTrad sezonuria: Sida

turizmis pikuri sezonebia _ ivlisi-agvisto da dekemberi-ianvari-

Tebervali, xolo saerTaSoriso saTavgadasavlo turebisa _ aprili-maisi

da seqtember-oqtomberi. es sxvadasxva saxis turizmis periodebis Serwymis

problemas qmnis. rogorc specialistebi Tvlian, saqarTveloSi

SesaZlebelia turizmis qvemoT CamoTvlili saxeobebis turproduqtebis

warmoeba.

1. saTavgadasavlo turebi _ erT-orkviriani samogzauro turpaketebi

saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis danarCen qveynebSi;

2. saqmiani turebi (saqmiani Sexvedrebi da saerTaSoriso konferenciebi) –

am mimarTulebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi, kavkasiis sxva qveynebTan

SedarebiT, xels uwyobs regionSi misi centraluri mdebareoba da

msoflios mowinave sasastumro qselebis (marioti, Seratoni, kempinski,

haiati) mier Seqmnili, am mimarTulebis Sesabamisi donis sastumro

kompleqsebis arseboba;

3. kulturuli turebi _ es mimarTuleba jerjerobiT yvelaze

moTxovnadia. da dakavSirebulia qveynis istoriuli da kulturuli

memkvidreobis gacnobasTan;

4. specializebuli turebi _ individualuri da jgufuri arqeologiuri,

eTnografiuli, geologiuri, “Rvinis” turebi;

144

5. religiuri turebi _ saqarTvelos religiuri centrebisa da

siwmindeebis mosanaxuleblad da ritualebSi monawileobis misaRebad;

6. zamTris sportuli turebi _ dasasvenebeli, sanaxaobiTi da sportuli

miznebiT xorcieldeba. gudauri saerTaSoriso samTo-saTxilamuro

sportuli centria. turpaketebi stumrebs sTavazoben samTo-

saTxilamuro da snoubordis turpaketebs;

7. ekologiuri turebi _ qveynis daculi teritoriebisa da rezervatebis

CarTviT;

8. samTo turebi _ Cveni qveyana, romlis teritoriis did nawils mTebi

Seadgens kavkasionis 1500 kilometriani mTiani sistemiT da maRali

mwvervalebiT _ SxaraTi (5068 m z/d) da myinvarwveriT (5047 m z/d) did

interess iwvevs msoflios profesional alpinistebsa da moyvarul

mTasvlelebSi;

9. sasoflo da agroturizmi _ saqarTvelos glexuri meurneobis

tradiciebi mniSvnelovan interess iwvevs ucxoel turistebSi.

turistuli centrebi da regionebi

aWaris rekreaciul resursebs warmoadgens: ”rbili” hava, Tbili zRva,

mTebisa da zRvis sanapiros uSualo siaxlove, uxvi subtropikuli

mcenareuloba da tyeebiT dafaruli mdinareTa gansxvavebuli xeobebi,

cxovelTa mdidari samyaro, endemikebis simravle, bunebis Zeglebisa da

iSviaTi landSaftebis arseboba, sxvadasxva epoqis istoriuli,

arqeologiuri, kulturisa da arqiteqturis Zeglebi, mdidari folklori,

mravalferovani samzareulo, stumarmaspinZlobis tradiciebi, kulturisa

da religiis centrebi (eklesiebi, meCeTebi, Teatrebi, muzeumebi, botanikuri

baRi da sxv.).

resursebis mravalferovneba am regionSi turizmis sxvadasxva

mimarTulebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva.

pirvel yovlisa, es exeba bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebul

mimarTulebebs. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ori erovnuli parki: “kintriSisa” da

“mTa tirala” (an mtirala). es obieqtebi ekoturizmis ganviTarebis

145

safuZvels warmoadgens. am mxaris turistul momsaxurebaSi Sedis

sacxenosno, saTevzao, samonadireo turebi. bevrs aWaraSi izidavs

gadamfreni da wyalmcuravi frinvelebi (berdvoCingi), gareuli cxovelebi

da maTze dakvirveba (fotosafari). gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa

mogzauroba kintriSisa da sxalTis xeobebSi.

mTian nawilSi, aseve md. maWaxelas xeobaSi dRemde SemorCenilia

uZvelesi eTnografiuli sanaxaobebi _ xis tradiciuli saxlebi, xalxuri

dResaswaulebi da ritualebi, xelosnoba, xalxuri xelovneba (Weduroba)

da a.S.

sasoflo da agroturizmis ganviTarebisTvis metad saintereso resurss

warmoadgens qedis raioni, rogorc aWaris mevenaxeobis centri. aq yurZnis

iSviaTi da unikaluri jiSebi moyavT: qedis colikauri, jineSi, Wodi,

SavSuri, xifaTuri, klarjuli, aligote, adesa, xevarduli, meliskuda, Savi

yurZeni, sireqi, gorgouli, Cxaveri. yurZnis adgilobrivi jiSebia: mekrenCxi,

cxenis ZuZu, brola, sawuri, xarisTvala. maRlari venaxi sakmaod maRal

zonamde, _ zRvis donidan 1200 m-ze vrceldeba. qedis Rvinis qarxnis

yvelaze cnobili produqtia “qedis colikauri”.

religiuri turizmisTvis mniSvnelovania pirvel qristianTa

saqarTvelos teritoriaze moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebi. erT-

erTi versiiT, saqarTveloSi qristianobis gamavrcelebeli andria

pirvelwodebuli Cvens qveyanaSi swored aWaridan Semovida. am periods

ukavSirdeba aWaris mTavari religiuri siwminde _ wminda mociqulTa

sworis mataTas dakrZalvis adgili gonios cixeSi.

aWaris teritoria mofenilia taZrebiT, Tanac maT Soris sakmao

daSorebebicaa da mogzaurs ulamazes bunebaSi uxdeba siaruli, dasveneba

da ankara wyaroebis wylis mirTmeva. es damatebiT efeqts aZlevs

religiuri turizmis moyvarulTa mogzaurobas. am mxaris ZiriTadi

qristianuli Zeglebia: qaquTis mTavarangelozi, wm. giorgis eklesia

(TeTrosani), cxrafonas amaRlebisa da jixanjuris saydari, xinos

samonastro kompleqsi, sxalTis taZari da sxv.

garda qristianuli siwmindeebisa, aWaris teritoriaze sxva religiur

konfesiebTan dakavSirebuli adgilebicaa. aq kargadaa SemorCenili

osmaleTis batonobis droindeli Zeglebi da tradiciebi. es kidev erTi

146

resursia rogorc religiuri, ise eTnografiuli turebis SeqmnisaTvis

aWaraSi.

Savi zRvis sanapiro wylebSi gvxvdeba mravalferovani da egzotikuri

wyalqveSa landSaftebi, moluskebiTa da wyalmcenareebiT mdidari

marCxobebi. aqvea wylis siRrmeTa mdumarebaSi CaZiruli naqalaqarebi da

xomaldebi. boboyvaTis maxloblad, 30 metris siRrmeze mikvleulia

naqalaqari, romelic Zv.w. VII-VI ss TariRdeba. 1990-iani wlebis bolos,

baTumi-cixisZiris monakveTze, meTevzeebis bades dauzianebeli amforebi

amoyva, romlebic, specialistebis azriT, antikuri xanis xomaldis tvirTis

nawils warmoadgens. Savi zRva xmelTaSua zRvis Semdeg erT-erT yvelaze

saintereso obieqtadaa miCneuli wyalqveSa arqelogiisaTvis. arqeologiuri

Ziebis gafarToebis SemTxvevaSi, aq wyalqveSa arqeologiuri turebis

amuSavebacaa SesaZlebeli.

CaqvSi funqcionirebs wyalqveSa curvis saswavlo centri, xolo

kvariaTi-sarfis sanapiro zonaSi Seqmnilia Tanamedrove daiving-centri.

turistuli sezonis dros aq ewyoba Sejibrebebi wyalqveSa curvis

sxvadaxva saxeobebSi, agreTve specialuri gamofena-konkursebi da kino-

(video) festivalebi, romlebic daivingis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.

aWaris teritoriaze amJamad funqcionirebs 6 kurorti da 19

sakurorto adgili, romlebic rogorc zRvispireTSi, ise mTian regionebSia

ganlagebuli.

aWaris zRvis klimaturi kurortebidan gansakuTrebuli mikroklimatiT

gamoirCeva kurorti qobuleTi. kurortis ZiriTadi samkurnalo faqtoria

Savi zRvis Tbili da zomierad teniani hava. maqsimaluri Terapiuli

efeqtis misaRwevad aq erTmaneTTan Sexamebulia TalasoTerapia (wyliT

mkurnaloba) da samkurnalo procedurebi.

kurorti cixisZiri zrvis donidan 60-90 m simaRleze, cixisZiris

maRlobzea aSenebuli. cixisZiris samkurnalo Tvisebebs qmnis misi haeris

uSviaTi Sexameba, romelic mTisa da zRvis haeris nazavs warmoadgens. aq

zafxulobiT ufro grila da zamTarSi ki ufro Tbila, vidre baTumsa da

maxinjaurSi.

147

sakurorto adgilTa Soris gamoirCeva Caqvi, romelic istoriulad,

qarTuli Cais samSobloa. swored aq Semoitana da gaaSena pirvelad Cai

Cinelma mecnierma lao jon jiaom.

saqarTvelos erT-erTi ulamazesi kurortia mwvane koncxi. es

saxelwodeba mas maradmwvane safarvelis gamo uwodes. am adgilis

keTilmowyobiT XIX s. bolo wlebidan dainteresdnen da 1903 wels aq

moewyo klimaturi sadguri. mwvane koncxis ulamazes ferdobzea gaSenebuli

msoflio mniSvnelobis botanikuri baRi. mwvane koncxis zRvispira zoli

saukeTeso adgilia ara mxolod curvisa da mzis abazanebis misaRebad,

aramed daivingis moyvarulTaTvisac.

maxinjauri zRvispira klimatur-balneologiuri kurortia. aqauri hava

teniani subtropikebis tips ganekuTvneba. zamTari ufro Tbilia, xolo

zafxuli _ grili. zafxulobiT gansakuTrebul sigriles xels uwyobs

mTagoriani reliefi da brizebi (dRe-Ramuri qarebi). maxinjauris

midamoebSi moedineba Tbili mineraluri wyaro, romelsac samkurnalod

iyeneben. 1904 wlidan aq funqcionirebs maxinjauris gogirdovani abazanebi,

romlebic saxsrebis, periferiuli nerviuli sistemisa da ginekologiuri

daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi gamoiyeneba.

klimatoTerapia, helioTerapia da TalasoTerapia baTumis, rogorc

kurortis mTavari upiratesobebia. aq zRvis wyali maRali mineralizaciiT

gamoirCeva.

sakurorto adgilebi gonio, kvariaTi da sarfi baTumis samxreTiT,

misgan 13-18 km-is daSorebiTaa ganlagebuli. sarfi uSualod saqarTvelo-

TurqeTis sazRvarze mdebareobs. am SesaniSnav sazRvao kurortebze wylis

saSualo temperatura ivlisSi 25oC-mde adis. aqac Sejerebulia zRvisa da

mTis hava.

aWaris samTo kurortebis siamayes alpur zonaSi ganlagebuli

kurorti beSumi warmoadgens. is mdebareobs arsianis qedis aRmosavleT

ferdobze, zRvis donidan 1850-1900 m simaRleze. beSumi haeris

gansakuTrebuli sisufTaviTa da gamWvirvalobiT gamoirCeva. kurortze

arsebuli wiwvovani tye haeris gansakuTrebul ionizacias axdens. beSumi

saukeTeso adgilia maTTvis, visac sasunTqi gzebis qronikuli daavadebebi

da bronqialuri asTma awuxebs.

148

2006 w. aWaraSi daisvena 266300-ze metma adamianma, rac wina wlis

raodenobas 2,5%-iT aRemateba. amaTgan, 165 aTasi Sida turisti iyo, 100

aTasze meti ki _ ucxoeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom aWaris mravalmxrivi

turistuli resursebidan ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia sazRvao kurortebi.

guria dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, kolxeTis dablobsa da

mimdebare mTian zonaSi mdebareobs. guria saqarTvelos yvelaze patara

administraciuli erTeulia. misi farTobi mxolod 2,03 km2-s aRwevs.

bunebrivi pirobebis mixedviT, guria mTisa da baris nawilebad iyofa.

am mxareSi kargadaa ganviTarebuli satransporto qseli, _ ZiriTadad

saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo transporti. siaxlovis gaTvaliswinebiT,

xelsayrelia baTumisa da foTis navsadgurebis, aseve baTumisa da senakis

aeroportebis gamoyenebac.

guriac mdidaria bunebrivi da istoriul-kulturuli ZeglebiT. am

mxaris Zeglebi: lixauris eklesia, Semoqmedis samonastro kompleqsi,

jumaTis monasteri, petras naqalaqari, askanis cixe, gurielebis sasaxle,

acanisa da jiqeTis monastrebi, bukiscixe, gorabereJoulis cixe-galavani

da eklesia, guriis udabnos samonastro kompleqsi SuaganaxlebaSi da sxva

kulturuli turizmis mniSvnelovan obieqtebs warmoadgens.

turistul resursebs Soris gamosayofia xalxuri Semoqmedeba da

tradiciuli ritualebi. guruli simRerebi unikaluria Tavisi

polifoniurobiT (mravalxmianobiT) da ucxoelebis gaocebasa da

aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. aq dRemdea SemorCenili xalxuri tradiciebi,

magaliTad: kalanda _ saaxalwlo rituali, alilo, `aguna~ _ Rvinis

dawurvis rituali, nadi _ sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebSi

urTierTdaxmarebis tradicia, CiCilakis gadalocva. agroturizmisaTvis

sainteresoa monawileoba xalxur rewvaSi, mag., Taflis gamoxdaSi, yavaris

gaxdaSi, xisa da Tixis nakeTobebis damzadebaSi da sxv. baxmaroSi yovel

wels, feriscvalebis dResaswaulze tradiciuli doRi tardeba.

guriis teritoriaze araerTi arqeologiuri Zeglia mikvleuli, zogi

maTgani gaTxrili da dakonservebulia, zogi jer kidev elodeba gaTxras,

149

zogi ki ukve aqtiuri gaTxrebis procesSia. arqeologiuri eqspediciebi

gaxsnilia ramdenime adgilze, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: ureki; wvermaRala;

cixisferdi (petra); qorbude; vakijvari; grigoleTi.

bunebaSi mogzaurobis msurvelebs guriis subtropikuli garemo mraval

sainteresos sTavazobs. bunebis Zeglebad iTvleba: Caquxa, mglis nawoli,

mzis amosavali da mzis Casavali mTebi baxmaroSi, Tavakjvari, spilenZis

sabado, eSmakis Rele, gonTimere, tobaCxo, wyalmbara, arwivis bude, jajis

tba, mefis wyaro, sakalmaxe, qorbude da a.S.; uaRresad saintereso da

auTvisebelia guriis tyeebi: Semoqmedis, gomis mTis tyis masivebi,

vakijvaris, qorbudes, lixaur-makvaneTis, baxvis, askanas, mTispiris,

vanisqedis, ukanavas, nasakiralis, baileTis, jumaTis; CanCqerebi: md.

agidayvas – sam sarTuliani (makvaneTi), md. natanebze – qorbude (vakijvari),

md. bJuJze – Caquxa hesis saTave (Semoqmedi); tbebi: WinWaos tba, gomis tba,

Tamaris sevda (askana); gamoqvabulebi: qorbude (sof. vakijvari); mdinareebi:

sufsa, natanebi, aWi, baxvis wyali, bJuJi; mTebi: gomis mTa (zRvis donidan

2200 m), somliis mTa (zRvis donidan 2100 metri), vakijvaris simaRleebi

(zRvis donidan 300-450 metri).

guria sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis metad egzotikur regions

warmoadgens. am kuTxis Tavisebureba, bunebis silamaze, yofiTi wes-

Cveulebebi, tradiciuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi da adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis ganumeorebeli stumarmaspinZloba soflis cxovrebiT

dainteresebul bevr turists izidavs.

agroturizmiT dainteresebulebs SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon

xalxuri rewvis nimuSebis SeqmnaSi, guruli kerZebis Tu ritualuri

kverebis gamocxoba-momzadebaSi, adgilobrivi da qarTuli jiSis yurZnis

moyvana-dawurvaSi, SeuZliaT daaWaSnikon adgilobrivi Rvino.

kurortebi.

guriis regionSi aris, rogorc zRvispira, ise mTis kurortebi:

ureki – zRvispira kurorti magnituri qviSiT. aq ikurnebian adamianebi,

romelTac awuxebT sisxlis mimoqcevis organoTa, nervuli sistemisa da

sunTqvis organoTa daavadebebi.

150

baxmaro _ mTis klimaturi kurortia, romelic gamoiyeneba sasunTqi

organoebis qronikuli daavadebebisa da hipotoniis, sisxlnaklebobis,

nerviul daavadebaTa da limfadentis mkurnalobaSi.

nabeRlavi cnobilia Tavisi mineraluri wyliT. igi gamoiyeneba saWmlis

momnelebeli organoebis samkurnalod.

nasakiralis teritoriaze amosuli mineraluri wyali gamoiyeneba

sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis, periferiuli nervuli sistemis,

ginekologiur da kuWis qronikul daavadebaTa samkurnalod.

garda zemoT CamoTvlili kurortebisa, Coxatauris raionSi sofel

zodTan mdebareobs lamazi adgili sanislia sakuTari samkurnalo wyliT;

guriaSi aris, agreTve ganaxlebis, koxnaris da ianeulis samkurnalo

wylebi; sofel surebSi mdebareobs kurorti Suagora, xolo gomismTa

saukeTeso adgilia dasasvenebeli kompleqsis mosawyobad. es adgili

sabWoTa periodSic gamoiyeneboda dasasvenebel obieqtad.

guriaSi perspeqtiva aqvs turizmis Semdeg saxeobebs:

• samTo-saTxilamuro turizms: baxmaro, gomismTa;

• saTavgadasavlo turizms: surebi, vakijvari, aWi, qorbude;

• eqstremaluri sawyalosno turizms (jomardoba): md. sufsa,

surebi (Coxatauri, mais-ivnisis periodi, _ sof. ZimiTi–Savi zRva,

maisi-agvistos periodSi); md. bJuJi, Caquxa (ozurgeTi, maisi-

ivnisi); md. agidayva (sof. gogieTi);

• sacxenosno turizms: surebi-mefiswyaro; surebi-gomTimere;

baxmaro-baisura-vakijvari; baxmaro-vanisqedi-askana; ozurgeTi-

gomismTa-WinWaos tba-xasanaRis veli;

• salaSqro turebs: ozurgeTi-aWis xeoba;

• alpinizmisTvis: sayornia;

• daivings: md. sufsa, paliastomis mimdebare arxebi, md. natanebis

SesarTavi;

• samonadireo turizms: bazierebiT nadiroba, md. natanebis Walebi,

md. sufsa, lanCxuTis r-ni, Coxatauris r-ni;

• Tevzaobas: mTisa da baris mdinareebze, karvebSi RamisTeviT;

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• balunings1: baxmaro-SavizRvispireTi (ureki, SekveTili) 40-50 km.,

baxmaro-gomismTa;

• veloturizms: baxmaro, surebi, lanCxuTi, ureki, baxmaro-baisura-

sipnari-vakijvari-ureki;

• sawylosno turizms (Boating): Savi zRvis sanapiro.

guriis turistuli centrebi

zRvis klimaturi kurortebis (grigoleTi, ureki, SekveTili) centria

ureki. urekis turistuli infrastruqtura guriis regionSi yvelaze

kargadaa ganviTarebuli. igi aseve gamoirCeva turistul-geografiuli

mdebareobiT, sastumrosa da kvebis obieqtTa simravliT, mosaxerxebeli

satransporto sistemiT (rkinigza da avtosadgurebi).

ozurgeTs, rogorc guriis regionis administraciuli da saqmiani

urTierTobebis centrs, strategiuli mdebareoba uWiravs, aqedan

SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mokle da saSualo marSrutebze

siaruli.

kaxeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze didi regionia. igi

administraciulad moicavs rogorc kaxeTis ZiriTad teritorias, ise _

istoriul TuSeTs. aq warmodgenilia havisa da landSaftis

mravalferovneba, gvxvdeba rogorc subtropikuli, ise stepuri zonisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli landSaftebi.

kaxeTis buneba metad mravalferovania. regionis farglebSi gvxvdeba

naxevarudabnoc, maradmwvane tyeebic da subalpuri mcenareuli safaric.

yvelaze dabali adgili eldaris vakea zR/d. 90-150 m, xolo umaRlesi

wertili Tebulos mTaa – 4493 m. TuSeTis saSualo simaRlea – 1880 m.

kaxeTi cnobilia kulturul ZeglTa simravliT. araerTi eklesia-

monasteri Tu cixe-simagre ipyrobs turistebisa da eqskursantebis

yuradRebas.

1 baluningi (ing. Ballooning) – sahaero burTiT frena.

152

kaxeTis yvelaze cnobili Zeglebia: ninowminda, bodbe, xornabuji,

ujarma, siRnaRi, gurjaanis yvelawminda, alaverdi, axali da Zveli SuamTa,

iyalTo, gremi, nekresi da sxv.

kaxeTis regionSi religiur, da maT Soris, momlocvelobiT turizms,

kargi potenciali aqvs, aqauri taZrebi da salocavebi inaxaven da aRadgenen

Zvel religiur tradiciebs; dRemde SemorCenilia mravali religiuri

dResaswauli. es ki mniSvnelovani faqtoria momlocvelTa da ubralod,

religiuri turizmiT dainteresebul turistTa mosazidad.

mxares Rvinis turizmis ganviTarebis didi potencialic aqvs. kaxeTis

meRvineobis istoria ax. w. aRricxvamde III-II saukuneebSi iwyeba da dRemde

mxaris ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes dargs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos Rvinis

qarxnebi umetesad kaxeTSia koncentrirebuli. aq turistebs sxvadasxva

momsaxurebas sTavazoben: Rvinis degustacias, acnoben sawarmoo process,

qarTul tradiciebs amisaTvis specialurad mowyobil eTnografiul

kuTxeebSi. Rvinis gasinjva SesaZlebelia tradiciul qarTul ojaxebSic,

sadac turists SeuZlia Zvel marnebSi kaxuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli

Rvino daagemovnos da gasinjos qarTuli samzareulos kerZebi (xSirad,

xalxuri simRerebis fonze). yovelwliurad imarTeba Rvinis festivali.

kaxeTis teritoriaze eqvsi daculi teritoriaa: bawaras, babaneulis,

mariamjvris, vaSlovanis nakrZalebi, TuSeTis, vaSlovanisa da lagodexis

erovnuli parkebi. TiToeuli maTgani bunebis moyvaruls bunebis saocar

Zeglebs sTavazobs. amis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom kaxeTs

ekoturizmis da samecniero turizmis ganviTarebis kargi potenciali aqvs.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas berdvoCingzec.

kaxeTis reliefi xels uwyobs velo- da sacxenosno turizmis

ganviTareba, mdinareTa xeobebi ki kargi resursia laSqrobis

moyvarulTaTvis. alaverdsa da gremSi aris baloningis ganviTarebis

SesaZlebloba. dRiTidRe izrdeba turistebis interesi kaxeTis mimarT,

Rvinisa da turizmis sakiTxebi xels uwyobs biznes-turizmis ganviTarebas.

rac Seexeba samkurnalo-gamajansaRebel turizms, kaxeTSi kurortis

statusis mqone 8 adgilia (arxiloskalo, axtala, lagodexi, ujarma, civi

koda, TeTri wyaro, TorRvas abano, yvareli), Tumca, arc erTs ara aqvs

Sesabamisi infrastruqtura.

153

TuSeTi cnobilia Tavis Zveli nasaxlarebiT. bevr sofels dRemde ar

Seucvlia saukuneebis manZilze SenarCunebuli arqiteqturuli ieri.

didebuli buneba da mTebze Sefenili soflebi Zalian saintereso peizaJebs

qmnis.

TuSeTSi, garda kulturuli turizmisa, viTardeba salaSqro,

sacxenosno da saTavgadasavlo turizmi. amas garda, TuSeTi, frinvelTa

mdidari populaciisa da lamazi peizaJebis gamo, xelsayreli adgilia

berdvoCingisaTvis. aq aris SesaZlebloba, rom ganviTardes samTo- da

veloturizmi, agreTve saTevzao turizmi (nadiroba akrZalulia).

TuSeTis tradiciuli cxovrebis wesi sainteresoa sasoflo turizmis

moyvarulTaTvis. Zveli TuSuri wes-Cveulebebi ki SeiZleba Camoyalibdes

ucxoel, aseve Sida turistebisTvis gamarTul saxalxo sanaxaobebad.

kaxeTis regionis turistuli centrebia: Telavi da siRnaRi.

mdebareobisa da infratsruqturis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini

turistuli marSrutebis saukeTeso sawyisi punqtebi arian. 2007 wels

siRnaRis centrSi Catarda aRdgeniTi-saremonto samuSaoebi, romelmac

uZvelesi qalaqi saqarTvelos turizmis erT-erT ulamazes centrad aqcia.

qvemo qarTlis regioni saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT nawils

moicavs. masSi Sedis Svidi administraciuli erTeuli: gardabnis,

marneulis, bolnisis, dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, walkis raionebi da qalaqi

rusTavi. samxreT kavkasiaSi Tavisi mniSvnelovani politikur-geografiuli

mdebareobis gamo, qvemo qarTli mravali aTaswleulebis manZilze

warmoadgenda sxvadasxva civilizaciebisa (mtkvar-araqsis, TrialeTis,

iberiis, saqarTvelos) da xalxebis (qarTvelebis, somxebis,

azerbaijanelebis, berZnebis, germanelebis, asirielebis) daaxloebis,

Tanacxovrebis, kulturaTa urTierTSeRwevis adgils. aqedan gamomdinare

qarTvelebis garda am regionSi mravlad SexvdebiT sxva erebis xalxebis

materialuri kulturis niSnebsac, rac qvemo qarTlis turistul Tematikas

ufro mimzidvels xdis. mTlianobaSi, qvemo qarTli sainteresoa ara marto

umdidresi materialuri kulturis TvalsazrisiT (650-mde istoriuli

Zegli), aramed misi iSviaTi landSaftebiT (magaliTad, birTvisis kanioni)

154

da bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT. kerZod, aq gvxvdeba, rogorc

naxevarudabno da mSrali stepebi, ise Sereuli tyis da alpuri zonebi.

qvemo qarTlSi aris vrceli vake da masiuri tyiT dafaruli mTiani qedebi.

es regioni saSualod zRvis donidan 280 m-ze mdebareobs, umaRlesi

wertili ki zR/d-dan 3 300 m-zea.

dmanisis unikaluroba misi umdidresi istoriuli potencialiTaa

ganpirobebulia. dmanisis naqalaqaris teritoriaze bolo wlebis

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilma uZvelesi evropelis

naSTebma dmanisi msoflios yuradRebis centrSi da saerTaSoriso

turistuli marSrutebis siaSic moaqcia. aqvea dmanisis aris feodaluri

xanis cixe-qalaqis naSTebi (sasaxleebis, abanoebis, sxva sameurneo da

samxedro nagebobebis), agreTve dmanisis sionis taZari. es yvelaferi ori

mdinaris, maSaverasa da finezauris kanionebs Sua mdebare koncxzea

moqceuli.

dmanisis raionSi aseve sakmaod didi perspeqtivebi aqvs samonadireo

(gomareTis plato), saTevzao (pantianis tba), sacxenosno, sajomardo

turizmis ganviTarebas. raionis Zalze janmrTeli mTis klimati, sasmeli

da mineraluri wylebi (mardis wyali) samkurnalo-sakurorto turizmis

ganviTarebis farTo asparezs iZleva.

bolnisi turizmisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari potencialis mqone

raionia. istoriul-arqiteqturuli (bolnisis sioni, wuRruRaSeni, qveSis

cixe, orsaydrebi da sxv.) da istoriuli (sulxan-saba orbelianis muzeumi

tanZiaSi, XIX saukunis germanuli foladsadnobi brZmedebi foladauris

xeobaSi da sxv.) Zeglebis simravle saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis kulturul-

SemecnebiTi turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. garda amisa, bolnisis raionSi

saucxoo bunebrivi turistuli resursebia, rac salaSqro, saTavgadasavlo,

samonadireo (loqisa da TrialeTis qedebze) turebis Seqmnisa da maTi

kombinirebis saSualebas iZleva. bolnisi mdidaria agreTve samkurnalo

resursebiT (sakurorto adgilebi – bolnisi, kazreTi, darbazi).

TeTri wyaros teritoria unikaluri bunebriv-klimaturi zonaa, sadac

250-mde istoriuli Zegli mdebareobs. aqaa samSvildis cixe _ erT-erTi

pirveli qarTuli Zegli, romelic legendis mixedviT, TviT qarTlosis

155

brZanebiT aagebs. amas garda, mravladaa mniSvnelovani cixe-simagre da

monasteri: manglisi, fitareTi da sxv.

mdinare xramis xeobaSi saukeTeso pirobebia mekldeurebisaTvis. xramze,

romelic mais-ivnisSi wyaluxvobiT gamoirCeva SesaZlebelia jomardobis

ganviTarebac. daba TrialeTidan (xramhesidan) sof. naxiduramde

SesaZlebelia 60 km manZilze turistebisaTvis ramdenime dasasvenebeli

adgilis mowyoba.

TeTri wyaros raionSi unikaluri kurorti – manglisi mdebareobs.

ekoturebis mowyobis saukeTeso adgilia algeTis nakrZali. TeTri wyaroSi

arsebobs mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi unikaluri eqsponantebiT. am raionis

mcxovrebTa Soris dRemde Semonaxulia folklori, xalxuri rewvis

sxvadasxva saintereso mimarTuleba. RirSesaniSnavi dResaswaulebidan

aRsaniSnavia didgoroba (agvistoSi). TeTri wyaros teritoriaze kargi

pirobebia sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis.

hava civi zamTriTa da xangrZlivi zafxuliT gamoirCeva. saSualo

wliuri temperatura +60C, absoluturi minimumi _340C, wliuri naleqi 600-

750 mm. Sida wylebi ZiriTadad `mibmulia~ md. xramis xeobaze. aRsaniSnavia

tbebi: baSqois, uzungiolis, jamuS-giolis, xadikis tba, lelianis, grZeli

tba da walkis wyalsacavi (sarkis farTobi _ 34 km2). walkis raioni

ZiriTadad alpur zonaSi mdebareobs da Sesabamisad turistuli sezonic

weliwadSi mxolod 2-3 TviT Semoifargleba.

raions garkveuli istoriul-arqiteqturuli potencialic aqvs. pirvel

rigSi aRsaniSnavia – martyof-norios eklesiebi, cixe-simagreebi,

sagvareulo koSkebi, agerTve Savnabadas samonastro kompleqsi sof.

TeleTSi. aq mdebareobs unikaluri istoriuli Zeglebi, kldekaris muzeum-

nakrZali, oliangis eklesia, beSTaSenis eklesia, ramdenime ciklopuri

tipis cixe-simagre, saukeTeso pirobebia saTevzao da samTo, agroturizmisa

da ekoturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. samonadireo da saTevzao turizmis

ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas iZleva mtkvris Walis tyeebi, agreTve kumisisa

da jandaris tbebi. dabolos, aRsaniSnavia samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli

turizmi, romlis mixedviTac gardabnis raions dReisaTvsi wamyvani pozicia

uWiravs regionSi. Tumca, TiTqmis yvela kurorti da sakurorto adgili

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(kikeTi, kojori, oqroyana, wavkisi, wodoreTi, tabaxmela) ZiriTadad

dedaqalaqis mcxovrebTa saagarako adgilebs warmoadgens.

marneulis turistuli maxasiaTeblebiT saukeTeso adgilad miCneulia

Sulaveris xeoba. aq Tavmoyrilia iseTi istoriuli Zeglebi, rogoricaa: X-

XI ss. ofreTis cixe-simagre, X-XII ss. wofis cixe-simagre, xoJornias

eklesia, weraqvis XIII s. RvTismSoblis eklesia, mixeil javaxiSvilis saxl-

muzeumi da sxv.

manglisi cnobili klimaturi kurortia. igi TeTriwyaros raionSi,

zRvis donidan 1200 metrze mdebareobs. samedicino profili

pulmanologiur-profilaqtikuri aqvs. aq mkurnaloben sasunTqi organoebis

daavadebebs (tuberkulozi, bronquli asTma).

kikeTi, kojori, oqroyana, wavkisi, wodoreTi – Tbilisis siaxloves

mdebare klimaturi kurortebia gardabnis raionSi, romelTa simaRle zRvis

donidan 670-dan 1350 metramdea. am kurortebis samedicino profilic

analogiuria _ pulmonologiuri, profilaqtikuri da sasunTqi organoebis

daavadebaTa samkurnalo (tuberkulozebi, anTebebi).

kumisi – samkurnalo talaxis kurorti gardabnis raionSi, zRvis

donidan 480 metrze mdebareobs. samedicino profiliT: arTrologiuri,

ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri, dermatologiuri. aq mkurnaloben –

sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparats, periferiuli nervuli sistemas, kanisa da

ginekologiuri daavadebebs.

zemoT CamoTvlilis garda, regionSi aris mravali sakurorto adgili:

bolnisi, darbazi, kazreTi (bolnisis raionSi); amamlo da Sardis wyaro

(dmanisi); TeTri wyaro, aleqseevka, asureTi (TeTri wyaro); tabaxmela da

bevreTi (gardabani); walka; axkerpi (marneuli), sadac mkurnaloben

pulmonologiur, nevrologiur, ginekologiur, urologiur, gastro-

enterologiur, kardiologiur daavadebebs.

]qvemo qarTlis turistuli centrebia: dmanisi, TeTri wyaro, bolnisi,

rusTavi.

157

samcxe-javaxeTi saqarTvelos samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs. masSi ori

istoriuli mxare Sedis _ samcxe da javaxeTi. regionSi 6 administraciuli

raionia: axalcixis, adigenis, aspinZis, borjomis, ninowmindisa da

axalqalaqis. samcxe-javaxeTs samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis

mniSvnelovani potenciali aqvs kurortebisa da sakurorto adgilebis

saxiT. garda amisa aRsaniSnavia, bunebis da istoriul-kulturuli

warmoSobis mravalferovani resursebi, jerac Seuswavleli uZvelesi

periodis nasaxlarebi, arqeologiuri Zeglebi, moqmedi eklesia-monastrebi

da maTSi daculi siwmindeebi.

axalcixis raioni mdidaria kulturuli da samkurnalo turizmis

potencialiT. qalaqTan axlos mdebareobs cnobili da didi istoriuli

mniSvnelobis Zegli _ safaris monasteri. aseve axlosaa awyuris didebuli

taZris nangrevebi da cixe. cota moSorebiT, TvalTagan mofarebul

adgilasaa aRmarTuli wrioxis cixe.

aRsaniSnavia: Tavad axalcixis sakurorto potenciali _ 380C

mineraluri wyali, uravelis, urTubnis, Surdos, wyalTbilas mineraluri

wylebi.

axalcixesTan arsebuli uravelis xeoba saukeTesoa salaSqro da eko-

turebisaTvis. ekoturistebs izidavs borjom-xaragaulis parkic, romlis

Sesasvleli da saguSago sofel awyuris maxloblad mdebareobs.

axalcixeSi araerTi religiuri da saxalxo dResaswaulia Semonaxuli,

magaliTad, Salvaoba _ Salva axalcixelis xsenebis dRe, safaraSi

gansakuTrebulad aRiniSneba RvTismSoblis miZinebisa da wm. saba

ganmwmendelis xsenebis dReebi.

xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis wyalobiT adigenis raionSi araerTi

sakurorto adgilia. arsebul kurortTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani da

cnobilia abasTumani, flates da mlaSes mJave wylebi.

abasTumani gansakuTrebuli klimatis gamo msoflios uknikalur

kurortTa ricxvs miekuTvneba (tuberkulioziT daavadebulTaTvis).

abasTumanSi amodis Termuli wylebi, romlebic sayrden-mamoZravebeli

aparatis, periferiuli nervuli sistemisa da ginekologiuri profilis

daavadebaTa samkurnalod gamoiyeneba.

158

adigenis raioni kulturuli ZeglebiTac mdidaria,: zarzma, Wulevi,

abasTumani, oqros cixe, zanavis cixe, benara. arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT

sainteresoa sof. udesTan aRmoCenili nasaxlarebi. abasTumanSi aris

msoflio mniSvnelobis observatoria, romelsac SeuZlia turistebi

mizidva. namarxi tye – sof. utyvisubanTan (ZinZes xeoba), namarxi fauna sof.

benarasTan. msoflio mniSvnelobis bunebis unikaluri Zeglebia.

milionobiT wlis asakis gaqvavebuli tyeebi msoflioSi mxolod

saqarTeelosa da axlo aRmosavleTSia aRmoCenili. namarxi tyis xazi

mTels ZinZes xeobaze vrceldeba da goderZis uReltexiliT aWaris

teritoriaze gadadis. am gziT SesaZlebelia salaSqro turebis mowyoba –

adigenidan mTian aWaraSi. tbebi – Savi tba, kota, Tlili, Triala da maTi

mimdebare teritoriebi saukeTeso adgilebia laSqrobis, kempingisa Tu

SabaT-kviris dasvenebisa da piknikebisTvis. mdinareebis xeobebi (ocxe,

RaRvi, ZinZe) aseve karg saSualebas iZleva salaSqro da ekoturebisaTvis.

borjomi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia kurortebiT (samkurnalo da

zamTris kurortebiT). borjomis mineraluri wyali XIX s-is 40-ian

wlebidan samkurnalod gamoiyeneba. borjomis xeoba cnobilia, rogorc

samkurnalo klimaturi zonac.

borjomidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT ganlagebulia klimatur-

balneologiuri kurortebis qseli – daba, waRveri, cemi, tba, libani,

likani, bakuriani, cixisjvari, CiTaxevi. waRverTan axlos, platoze (zR/d.

1200 m.) mdebareobs bavSvTa samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri kurorti –

mzeTamze, sadac mze weliwadSi 2200 saaTs anaTebs.

borjomis zamTris kurorti bakuriani zRvis donidan 1700 m-ze

mdebareobs. misi hava da reliefi zamTris sportis ganviTarebis idealur

pirobes qmnis. zamTari umetesad mziania, Tovlis saburveli ki 50 sm-s

aRwevs da dekembridan aprilamdea SenarCunebuli.

Tanamedrove bakuriani, romelic zamTarSi `sportuli dedaqalaqi~

xdeba, turistebisTvis mimzidvelia ara marto samTo-saTxilamuro

trasebiT, sabagiro gzebiT, sportuli da samkurnalo gamajansaRebeli

bazebiT, sastumro momsaxurebiT, dasvenebisa da helioTerapiis

procedurebiT, aramed aqtiuri turizmis farTo SesaZleblobebiTac.

159

borjomis raioni gamorCeulia Tavisi bunebiT da aranakleb

mniSvnelovani kulturis ZeglebiT. borjomis xeobaSi 200-ze meti

istoriuli Zeglia aRricxuli. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

taZrisis, neZvis, kvirikeTis, timoTesubnis, qvabisxevis, likanis, CiTaxevis

(`mwvane~) monastrebi, agreTve slesis, petres, gogias, axaldabis cixeebi,

Toris platos nasoflarebi da sxv.

bunebis Zeglebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa sadgeris lavuri platos

tye-parki, tbebi: tabawyuri, kaxisi, wero da sxv. ekoturebisTvis

SemuSavebulia marSrutebi da mowyobilia infrastruqtura borjom-

xaragaulis erovnul tye-parkSi.

aspinZis raionis umTavresi turistuli Rirebuleba mis kulturul

memkvidreobaSia: axalcixidan aspinZis gzaze gvxvdeba sof. rusTavi, sadac

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, dabadebula SoTa rusTaveli; md. mtkvrisa da md.

faravnis Sesayarze dgas legendaruli cixe-qalaqi xerTvisi, V saukunis

religiuri centri – wunda da miTiuri wundis tba, auRebelis saxeliT

cnobili Tmogvis cixe-qalaqi, vanis qvabebi – gamoqvabuli monasteri,

saxelganTqmuli qalaqi-gamoqvabuli varZia.

mtkvris xeoba cnobilia kulturuli Zeglebis simdidriT, amave

TvalsazrisiT STambeWdavia mdinareze naviT daSveba – es sanaxaoba

sruliad gansxvavebul STabeWdilebas uqmnis turists.

aspinZis raioni aseve cnobilia kurortebiTa da mineraluri wylebiT.

Tavad aspinZa balneologiuri kurortia – misi Termuli wylebi gamoiyeneba

sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis qronikuli, periferiul nervuli sistemis,

revmatizmis, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis, qronikuli ginekologiuri da

kanis daavadebebis samkurnalod.

sakurorto adgilebia aseve, naqalaqevi da varZia – Termuli,

radioaqtiuri da samkurnalo-mineraluri wylebiT.

axalqalaqi da ninowminda, javaxeTis zegani erT-erTi yvelaze

egzotikuri adgilia saqarTveloSi. vulkanuri warmoSobis plato, aTobiT

vulkanuri warmoSobis tba, unikaluri endemuri TevzebiT, frinvelebiT,

cxovelebiTa da mcenareuli safariT.

moyvarul mTamsvlelTaTvis zeganze aRmarTulia Camqrali vulkani –

abulis mTa (3301 m). aRmoCeniTi turebiT dainteresebulebs SeuZliaT

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moiaron Zv. w. II aTaswleuliT daTariRebuli nasaxlarebi – mcire abulze,

Saoris naqalaqarze, aRmoaCinon darnebi1 vardicixeze da sxv.

samecniero da ekoturebisTvis, frinvelebsa da mcenareebze

dakvirvebisTvis javaxeTis zegani unikalur saSualebebs iZleva. amas garda,

javaxuri yofa metad saintereso, TiTqmis Seuswavlelia, amiT igi

garkveulwilad egzotikur saxes iZens, rac sasoflo turizmiT

dainteresebulTaTvis didi aRmoCena iqneba.

javaxeTis zegani, lamazi xedebi, mezoblad ganlagebuli kulturis

Zeglebi karg saSualebas iZleva sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.

rac Seexeba kulturul turizms, es mxarec am mxriv saukeTeso Zeglebs

gvTavazobs. e.w. javaxuri arqiteqtura ganTqmulia Tavisi maRalmxatvruli

ornamentebiTa da taZrebis feradi qvebiT gaformebis tradiciiT. am

TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze didebuli sanaxavia kumurdos gumbaTmoSlili

taZari, baraleTis eklesia, vardiscixe, samsaris gamoqvabulTa kompleqsi,

ixtila, ganZani, foka, saRamos eklesiebi da sxv.

regionSi SesaZlebelia kulturuli turizmis, agroturizmis,

ekoturizmis, sanadiro, sacxenosno, sajomardo, saTavgadasavlo turizmis

ganviTareba. mekldeurobis ganviTarebisaTvis didi potencialia: xerTvisis,

varZiis, vanis qvabebis, minaZis gamoqvabulTa kompleqsis, gelsundas,

waRveris (timoTesubnisken gzaze), qvablianis xeobis teritoriebze.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi aqtiurad warmoebs awyurSi, TavfaravanSi (tba

faravanTan), amiranis goraze (axalqalaqSi), borniReleSi (borjomi),

orWosanSi (vale). regionis turistuli centrebia: borjomi, axalcixe da

axalqalaqi.

Sida qarTlis istoriuli mxare, lixis qedsa da mdinare aragvs

Soris mdebareobs. misi farTobi mTlianobaSi 5770 km2-s Seadgens. hava

zomierad Tbili da teniania (zogan mSrali), landSafti ki

mravalferovani.

1 darani _ sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, “aris _ saxli miwas qveS nagebi, an kldeSi, anu miwis qveS Sesasvleli samalavi”.

161

Sida qarTlis regionis turistul potencials gansazRvravs:

geografiuli mdebareoba, buneba, ankara wyaroebi, didi da patara

mdinareebi, bunebrivi da xelovnuri tbebi, TrialeTisa da lixis

umSvenieresi sanaxebi, bunebrivi da kulturuli Zeglebis simravle.

Sida qarTlSi SesaZlebelia turizmis Semdegi mimarTulebebis

ganviTareba: samkurnalo turizmi, ekoturizmi, kulturuli turizmi da

turizmis eqstremaluri saxeobebi.

regionis lamazi buneba, bunebis Zeglebi, xeobebi, CanCqerebi da

mravali sxva RirsSesaniSnaobani xels uwyobs ekoturizmis ganviTarebas.

bunebis sanaxaobebidan gamoirCeva: bateTis mewyruli warmoSobis tba,

moxisis ori tba, bebnisis tba, Zamis xeoba; Trexvis xeoba; frones xeoba,

sof. TrexvTan `Trexvis qvabebi~ (qarelis raioni). naWarmagevis tba,

nadarbazevis tba, atenis (md. tanas) xeoba, danaxvisi, Zveli abreSumis gzis

monakveTi, atenis xeobis CanCqeri (goris raioni), yelisa da yeliwadis

tbebi (axalgoris raioni), ustaraulis CanCqeri (kaspis raioni).

Sida qarTlis regionis samkurnalo potenciali sakmaod farTo

speqtriTaa warmodgenili. regionis umTavresi klimaturi kurortia surami.

samkurnalo profilia: arTrologiuri, hulmonologiuri, profilaqtikuri,

nevrologiuri; mineraluri wylis tipi _ sustad sulfiduri; zRvis

donidan 760 m. qviSxeTi klimatur-balneologiuri tipis kurortia zRvis

donidan 750 m-ze. misi samkurnalo profilia profilaqtikuri da

hulmonologiuri.

sakurorto adgilebs miekuTvneba: xcisi – balneologiuri,

arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri; abano – balneologiuri,

arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri; bateni –

klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, hulmanologiuri; xvedureTi –

balneologiuri, arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri; xovle –

balneologiuri, arTrologiuri; peli – klimaturi profilaqtikuri, zR.

1250 m. sayavre – klimaturi, nevrologiuri; profilaqtikuri; zR./d 1250 m-

ze; biisi – arTrologiuri, ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri.

Sida qarTlis regioni erT-erTi yvelaze mdidaria istoriuli

ZeglebiT – kulturuli da momlocvelobiTi turizmis moyvarulTaTvis.

suramis cixe-simagre, qviSxeTis cixe, wromis taZari, urbnisi, sionis

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taZari, metexis RvTismSoblis taZari, qvaTaxevi, samTavisi, erTawminda,

gorijvari, yinwvisis monasteri, winarexi, bieTis monasteri, wveris wm.

giorgis eklesia, rkoni, Zamis cixe da arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romlebic

mravlad gvxvdeba regionis masStabiT. marto qarelis raionSi mdebareobs

saqarTvelos istoriisTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi,

rogorebicaa: dedoflis mindori da nacargora, cixiagora kaspis raionSi

da sxv. rac Seexeba Rvinis turizms, regionSi es dargi ar aris imdenad

ganviTarebuli, rogorc kaxeTSi, Tumca am dargis aqauri resursebi bevrad

ar Camouvardeba kaxeTisas. amaze metyvelebs Sida qarTlSi aRmoCenili

uZvelesi Rvinis kulturis niSnebi da yurZnis wipwipebi (msoflioSi

uZvelesi – Zv.w. 8000 w.).

imereTis geografiuli mdebareoba, landSafti, istoriul

kulturuli da bunebrivi Zeglebi, soflis meurneoba, mdidari xalxuri

stumarTmaspinZlobis tradiciebi karg winapirobas qmnis regionSi turizmis

ganviTarebisTvis. imereTSi asobiT istoriuli Zeglia, romelTa asakic

gvian antikuri xanidan XX saukunis dasawyisamde periods moicavs. es

Zeglebi naTel warmodgenas uqmnis stumars qarTuli TviTmyofadi mdidari

kulturisa da istoriis Sesaxeb.

mxareSi didia saTavgadasavlo, aRmoCeniTi, agroturizmis, ekoturizmis

da kulturuli turizmis, jomardobisa da speleoturizmis ganviTarebis

potenciali. mdidari reliefi saSualebas iZleva ganviTardes alpinizmi da

veloturizmi.

imereTis regioni aseve gamorCeulad mdidaria kurortebiTa da

sakurorto adgilebiT, rac dasasvenebeli da samkurnalo turizmis

warmatebis winapirobaa. TiToeul raions garkveuli potenciali aqvs

turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebisTvis.

karstuli mRvimeebi da saintereso geomorfologiuri warmonaqmnebi

xels uwyobs mekldeurobisa da saTavgadasvlo, speleoturizmis

ganviTarebas. mSvenieri buneba mravalferovani floriTa da fauniT is

pirobaa, romelic regionSi salaSqro, sacxenosno da ekoturebs

ganaviTarebs.

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imereTis mdidari istoriuli memkvidreoba uZvelesi xanidan uaxles

periodamde regionSi kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebis winapirobaa. am

mimarTulebiT SeiZleba kidev ufro aqtiurad iqnes CarTuli muzeumebi da

mimdinare arqeologiuri gaTxrebi. arsebuli landSaftisa da bunebis

Zeglebis gaTvaliswinebiT, regions didi potenciali aqvs, salaSqro da

sacxenosno turizmis gasaviTareblad. imereTis soflebSi turizmis

ganviTarebis axali perspeqtivebi warmoSva aq ganviTarebulma sasoflo

turizmma (230 glexuri meurneoba). agroturistebisaTvis momsaxurebis

programebi, garda soflad cxovrebisa, iTvaliswinebs mogzaurobas

bunebrivi Zeglebis, florisa da faunis gacnobis mizniT, SemecnebiT

turebs istoriul adgilebSi, qarTuli xalxuri tradiciebis, simRerebisa

da cekvebis Seswavlasa da sxv. am TvalsazrisiT, imereTis regions

uZvelesi tradiciebi aqvs.

imereTi da quTaisi `didi abreSumis gzis~ dasavleT saqarTvelos

gasayarze mdebareobs. igi yvela epoqaSi satransporto magistralur

kvanZs warmoadgenda, yvela saxis satransporto saSualebebisaTvis.

wyaltubos raioni mdidaria mineraluri wylebiT. sxva raionebTan

SedarebiT, ukeTaa SemorCenili sakurorto infrastruqtura. Tavad

wyaltubo mravalprofiliani balneologiuri kurortia unikaluri

Termul-radionuli mineraluri wylebiT, romlebic sxvadaxsva saxis 60

daavadebas kurnavs (kardiologiuri, hulmonogiuri, nevrologiuri,

fTiziatriuli, nevrologiuri da dermatologiuri tipis balneologiuri

mimarTulebebi).

raionSi arsebuli speleologiuri Zeglebis simravle – saTaflia

(dinozavris nakvaleviT), yumisTavi, TeTra, wyaltubo, sawurblia,

sawveTela, facrisTavi – speleoturizmisa da samkurnalo speleoTerapiis

ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. wyaltubos raionSi daaxloebiT sami

aTeuli istoriuli Zeglia, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia geguTis sasaxle (VIII-

XII ss); derCis naTlismcemlis eklesia (XII-XIII ss.) da mravali sxv.

saintereso landSaftebi, mTisa da tyis masivebi mdidari floriTa da

fauniT, nakrZalebiTa da gamoqvabulebiT karg saSualebas iZleva eko-

turizmis, agroturizmis, samTo qveiTi da samTo sacxenosno turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis.

164

xaragaulis raionis umTavresi turistuli simdidre borjom-

xaragaulis erovnuli parkia. am parks aqvs rogorc ekologiuri, ise didi

istoriuli mniSvneloba. parkSi, romlis farTobic 24 000 ha-ia, SevxvdebiT

mTis mdinareebsa da tbebs unikaluri endemuri floriTa da fauniT. parkis

teritoriaze 200-ze meti istoriuli Zeglia.

xaragaulis umTavresi kurortia nunisi, Tavisi unikaluri wylebiT,

romlebic kurnavs kanis daavadebebs da haviT – bronqialuri asTmis

samkurnalo. amave raionSi amoedineba cnobili mineraluri wyali zRvare.

xaragaulis raions, Tavisi yofiTi kulturidan gamomdinare, SesaniSnavi

saSualeba aqvs, rom gastronomiuli da Rvinis turizmi ganaviTaros.

folklori da imeruli stumarmaspinZloba savizito baraTi iqneba am

raionSi saojaxo turizmisTvis. raionis sakurorto adgilebia: zekari,

mamaneTi, wiTeli mindori, qlibuli, udabno, nergeeTi, niqabeeTi, lianTxa,

bunebis saocrebebis TvalsazrisiT lamazi sanaxavia mdinare xanis xeoba –

mravali CanCqeriT da unikaluri floriTa da fauniT, romelic esazRvreba

borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parks.

vanis raioni cnobilia Tavisi msoflio mniSvnelobis arqeologiuri

gaTxrebiT, rac arqeologiuri turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas

iZleva. vanis umniSvnelovanesi kurortebia sulori da amaRleba, romlebic

efeqturia marilebis, revmatiuli, gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebis

samkurnalod (Termuli wylebi).

lamazi mTis landSaftebi, mdidari flora-fauniT da saintereso

bunebisa da kulturis Zeglebi, mniSvnelovani resursia aq sacxenosno

turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. mdinare rioni, misi Senakadebi da tyiani mTebi

iZleva saTevzao da samonadireo turizmis karg potencials. vanis raionis

masStabiT turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebisTvis adgilobrivi

xelisuflebis mier SerCeulia teritoriebi sof. gadidis mTaze, sof.

onjoxeTSi da vanSi `mSvidobis goraze~.

tyibulis raioni yuradRebas iqcevs karstuli mRvimeebis simravliT:

cucxvaTis 13-sarTuliani mRvime, cxrajvaris gamoqvabulebi miwisqveSa

mdinareebiT, tbeebiTa da CanCqerebiT, aseve sakaJias, WaxaTis, muxuras

mRvimeebi, romlebic speleologebis kvlevis interess warmoadgenen.

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dasasvenebeli da samkurnalo kompleqsebis gamarTvis saSualebas

iZleva kurortebi: soCxeTi, sawire, xresili, cxrajvari (zR.d. 1570 m).

tyibulis raioni cnobilia Tavisi istoriuli ZeglebiT, romelTagan

gamorCeuli adgili gelaTis samonastro kompleqss da mowameTas ukavia.

arsebuli sanaxaobrivi da saintereso bunebisa da kulturis Zeglebi aq

saTavgadasavlo, sacxenosno da salaSqro turebis mowyobis saSualebas

iZleva.

WiaTuris raionSi araerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli Zeglia, maT

Soris gamorCeulia mRvimevis dedaTa monasteri Tavisi gasaocari fasaduri

dekoriTa da freskuli mxatvrobiT da, aseve, kacxis monasteri, X saukunis

daxvewili arqiteqturiT. turistebze STabeWdilebas axdens kacxis sveti,

40 m simaRlis bunebis Zegli. garda amisa, WiaTuraze adre gadioda Zveli

saqaravno gza da axlac misi teritoria mofenilia antikuri da gviani

renesansis istoriuli ZeglebiT. es ki mimzidvelia aRmoCenebis moyvaruli

turistebisTvis. rogorc imereTis sxva raionebSi, WiaTuraSic araerTi

karstuli gamoqvabulia: Svilobisis, nakaWkari, xreiTis vertikaluri,

xreiTis mravalsarTuliani, gundaeTis, darkveTis, nigozeTisa da

tyemlovanas Sua mdebare didi gamoqvabuli...

raioni aseve mdidaria mTis mdinareebiTa da tbebiT: yvirila,

Semosarebi, RunRumelas, mandaeTis, tyemlovanis, bereTis, xramis tbebi. maT

gaaCniaT kargi pirobebi, imisTvis, rom aq moewyos dasasvenebeli uikend-

turebi, saTevzo turizmi, mdinareebze aris sajomardo adgilebi.

lamazi buneba da zemo imereTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

stumarmaspinZloba SesaniSnavi pirobaa sasoflo turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis. am mxriv mosaxleobaSi daintereseba didia, ukve 45

ojaxia SerCeuli agroturizmis centrebis dasaarseblad. xolo 5

teritoria SerCeulia turistuli centrisa da gamajansaRebeli bazebis

Sesaqmnelad: xreTi, kacxi, herevisa, sviri da WiaTura.

saCxeris raionSi 117 kulturis Zeglia – jruWis monasteri, modinaxes

cixe, qoreTis, savanis, exvevis, speTis, iTxvisis eklesiebi. garda amisa, am

raionSi sakmaod bevri arqeologiuri Zegli mdebareobs – sairxis,

TodaZeebis cixis, modinaxes ferdobis samarxebi, sadac pirvelyofili

adamianebis sadgomebi da sxva arqeologiuri naSTebia aRmoCenili.

166

bunebrivi resursebi samonadireo da saTevzao turizmis ganviTarebis

saSualebas iZleva, aseve didi potenciali aqvs agroturizmsac. am

saqmianobiT jerjerobiT 10-iode fermeria dakavebuli, Tumca msurvelTa

raodenoba gacilebiT metia. aseve didia mzadyofna da mondomeba, rom

aRorZindes folklori, xalxuri rewva, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi da

tradiciebi.

aRmoCeniTi turebis moyvarulTaTvis saintereso iqneba sarekis

karstuli gamoqvabulebi, endemuri jiSis xeebi, mdidari tyis masivebi, mTa-

borcviani landSaftebi, mdinareebi, samkurnalo wylebi, istoriis da

bunebis Zeglebi.

xelSeuxlebeli buneba, Rrma xeobebi da kanionebi, CanCqerebi, veluri

mcenareebi da cxovelebi, arcTu iSviaTad xvdeba mnaxvels Zusas, WiSuras,

qverunas xeobebSi.

Terjolis raionSi 20-mde istoriuli da bunebis Zeglia, romelTa

monaxulebac 3 dReSia SesaZlebeli. maTgan gamoirCeva Cxaris

mTavarangelozis., oqonis RvTismSoblis, godognis eklesiebi, VII-X ss-iT

daTariRebuli cixe-simagreebi. Terjolis raionSi SedarebiT mokle,

advilad dasaZlevi marSrutebia, samagierod, datvirTulia turistuli

produqtebiT.

kurortebis TvalsazrisiT, es mxare warmodgenilia kurort

simoneTiT, romelic kurnavs sayrden-mamoZravebeli aparatis daavadebebs,

nivTierebaTa cvlis moSlas, gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebebs da

sxv. turistuli kompleqsebis aSeneba dagegmilia sof. Zevrisa da

naxSirRelis teritoriebze.

aq SesaZlebelia ganviTardes TevzWera, nadiroba, speleoturizmi –

samkurnalo da jerac Seuswavlel mRvimeebsa da gamoqvabulebSi sof.

naxSirReleSi, ZevrSi, TuzSi; agroturizms didi potenciali gaaCnia –

raionSi gvxvdeba yurZnis unikaluri jiSebi, Rvino, imeruli futkari.

samtrediis raioni. aq kurort samtrediaSi 350C-iani Termuli wyali

amodis, romelic kurnavs sayrden-mamoZravebel aparats, Zvlebs, kunTebs da

nervul, periferiul, qronikul sistemebs. am raionis kulturul Zeglebs

miekuTvneba ofeTis, mTavarangelozis (XI s.), sajavaxos RvTismSoblis

eklesiebi, Tamar mefis cixe-simagre sof. tolebSi.

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iseve rogorc imereTSi zogadad, raionSic aris potenciali

agroturizmis, eko-turizmis, sacxenosno, Rvinisa da gastronomiuli

turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.

turistuli infrastruqturis mowyobisTvis SerCeulia teritoriebi

sof. tolebSi, noRaSi, ofeTSi, wiaRobanSi, Txilgansa da ianeTSi.

xonis raioni gamoirCeva bunebis Zeglebis simravliTa da silamaziT. am

mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs asxis mTis masivi, romelic cxeniswylisa da

texuras Soris mdebareobs, aq aRmoCenilia 70-ze meti mRvime da ufskruli

iSviaTi silamazis stalaqtidebiTa da stalagmitebiT.

speleologiis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mimzidvelia md. tobas auzi 12

mRvimiT. maTgan yvelaze didia, cnobili qarTveli speleologis arsen

oqrojanaSvilis mier aRmoCenili mRvime, romlis sigrZe 1300 m-s aRemateba.

bunebis Zeglebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili ukavia okaces kanions, romelic

kinCxa-ferdSi 50 metrian CanCqers qmnis. iqve 200 metris simaRlidan eSveba

md. nabeCo da md. okaces uerTdeba.

asxis mTis masivi, kinCxas gadasasvlelebiT, Sereuli da foTlovani

tyis masivebi ekoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis saukeTeso pirobebs iZleva.

asxis masivi zR/d. 2400 m – mosaxerxebelia saTxilamuro sportisTvis

TiTqmis ivnisamde (xonidan 30 km., quTaisidan 55 km.). xelsayrelia aseve

mekldeurobisa da sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.

gamajansaRebeli turistuli centrebis Sesaqmnelad SerCeulia

teritoriebi xonSi, sof. kinCxas, gordsa da maTxojSi. SerCevisas

gaTvaliswinebul iqna am potenciuri centrebis zomieri da misaRebi

klimaturi pirobebi da bunebrivi garemoc, SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobis

infrastruqtura da gzebi, sakurorto potenciali, romelic miscems am

turistul centrebs erTgvar samkurnalo-dasasvenebel daniSnulebasac.

mcxeTa-mTianeTis regioni. mcxeTa-mTianeTis mxare yvelaze axali

erTeulia saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs Soris.

regionis centria q. mcxeTa. igi Sesulia im qalaqTa ricxvSi, romlebsac

iunesko icavs. mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionSi aris sxvadasxva tipis hava:

subtropikuli. zomierad teniani da Tbili, teniani, zomierad civi,

subalpuri da alpuri.

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mcxeTa-mTianeTis regioni turistebisaTvis Zalian sainteresoa Tavisi

istoriiT, kulturiT, muzeumebiTa da eklesia-monastrebiT, rac did

potencials qmnis aq kulturuli da religiuri turizmis

ganviTarebisaTvis.

am regionis ZiriTadi istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebia: sveticxoveli –

marTlmadidebluris samyaros wminda adgili, jvris monasteri, SiomRvimis

samonastro kompleqsi, zedazeni, ananuris cixe da taZari, qoroRos

eklesia, bodornis eklesia, Satili, muco, Cargali, JaleTis uZvelesi

qalaqis nangrevebi, oCanis cixe, gergetis eklesia, sioni, snos cixe,

darialis cixe, Zalisis naqalaqari da sxv.

regionSi arsebuli lamazi buneba, bunebrivi Zeglebi, daculi

teritoriebi, CanCqerebi da sxva RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi xelsayrel

pirobebs qmnis ekoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis. saguramos nakrZali – aq

SeiZleba cxovelebsa da frinvelebze dakvirveba, piknikebis mowyoba;

Sesabamisi infrastruqturis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi ki _ marSrutebis dagegmva.

saguramos qedi aris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos `kolxuri tyis kunZuli~,

sadac gvxvdeba mesameuli drois floris reliqtebi. yazbegis nakrZali,

romelic moicavs ekoturizmis TvalsazrisiT saintereso xeobebs: Trusos,

snos, darialis da xandos.

bolo periodSi, mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionSi SedarebiT kargad daiwyo

sasoflo turizmis ganviTareba, Tumca Sesabamisi infrastruqturis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia misi gavrcelebis arealisa da

momsaxurebis saxeebis gafarToeba. turistebs qarTul soflebSi xiblavT

aqauri cxovrebis wesi. TiTqmis yvela sofelSi SemorCenilia Zveli

tradiciebi da yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi.

regionSi aris ramdenime kurorti, sadac samkurnalo turizmis

ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli. esenia: fasanauri _ klimatur-balneologiuri

tipis kurorti; SuamTis samkurnalo bunebrivi resursia _ klimati da

mineraluri wylis wyaroebi, romlebic efeqturia rogorc Sinagani

miRebisTvis (saWmlis momnelebel organoTa daavadebebis SemTxvevaSi), ise

samkurnalo abazanebis saxiT (sayrdenmamoZravebeli aparatisa da gul-

sisxlZarRvTa sistemis daavadebaTa dros); vaJas wyaro – klimatur-

169

balneologiuri tipis kurorti. aq aris ori tipis mineraluri wyali,

romlebic ZiriTadad ixmareba sasmel-samkurnalod. sioni – klimatur-

balneologiuri kurorti. pulmonologiuri, gastroenterologiuri,

nevrologiuri daavadebebisTvis da profilaqtikuri mkurnalobisTvis.

aqauri klimaturi pirobebi dadebiTad moqmedebs sunTqvis organoTa

qronikul daavadebebzec. klimatur pirobebTan erTad, sakurorto

resursebs miekuTvneba mineraluri wylebic. es wylebi gamoiyeneba

saWmlis momnelebel organoTa qronikuli daavadebebis samkurnalod;

stefanwminda – klimato-balneologiuri kurorti. profilaqtikuri,

pulmonologiuri, gastroenterologiuri davadebebis samkurnalod;

zedazeni – klimaturi kurorti zogadi profilaqtikisTvis; saguramo –

klimaturi kurorti, zogadi profilaqtikisa da kardiologiuri

daavadebebis samkurnalod; wiwamuri – klimaturi kurorti, zogadi

profilaqtikisaTvis; ananuri – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,

pulmonologuri, nevrologiuri; bazaleTi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,

kardi ologiuri; barisaxo – klimaturi, balneologiuri, profilaqtikuri;

veZa – klimaturi, profili-profilaqtikuri, gastroeneterologiuri;

Tvalivi – klimaturi, kardiologiuri; korSa – klimaturi, nevrologiuri,

hulmonogiuri; nadibaani – klimatur-balneologiuri,

gastroenterologiuri; Jinvali – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri; qveSeTi –

kardeologiuri, profilaqtikuri, gastroenterologiuri; regionis

sakurorto adgilebia: artana – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri,

pulmonologiuri; veZaTxevi – klimatur-balneologiuri, arTrologiuri,

profilaqtikuri; TianeTi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri;

sabaduri – klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri;

Rulelebi – klimaturi, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri; xaciri –

klimaturi, nevrologiuri, profilaqtikuri, pulmonologiuri. aq haeri

metad sufTaa da gamWirvale, igi dadebiT gavlenas axdens sasunTq

organoTa aratuberkulozur daavadebebze.

regions turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis ganviTarebis potenciali

aqvs: samTo-saTxilamuro turizmi warmodgenilia kurorti gudauris saxiT.

sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis aprobirebulia Semdegi marSrutebi:

yazbegi – meteosadguri (myinvaris ZirSi); snos xeoba: juTa, Wauxi, roSka;

170

kobi-Trusos xeoba. mdinare aragvze - fasanauris midamoebSi SesaZlebelia

wyaljomardobis ganviTareba. sajomardo monakveTebi ukve aprobirebulia

md. fSavis aragvzec (maRaroskaridan ananuramde).

xevsureTi saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli mxarea. is aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mdebareobs, kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT da

samxreT kalTebze. aq SeiZleba turizmis sxvadaxsva saxeobis ganviTareba.,

kerZod: kulturuli turizmi – daTvis jvris uReltexilTan mdebareobs

kistanis naqalaqari. aseve sainteresoa cixe-soflebi: Satili, anatori,

muco, ardoti, xaxabo. am adgilebSi kargi potenciali aqvs salaSqro,

sacxenosno turizmis da jipturebis mowyobas. mucoSi da samZivaris

goraze SemorCenilia wina brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi (mtkvar-

araqsis kultura); bunebaSi mogzaurobisa da ekologiuri turizmiT

dainteresebul pirebs, xevsureTi saintereso bunebis Zeglebs sTavazobs, aq

SesaZlebelia dakvirvebis warmoeba cxovelebsa da frinvelebze. xevsuruli

tradiciebi da yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi, xalxuri rewva da folklori karg

saSualebas iZleva aq sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis.

istoriul-geografiuli mxare xevi kavkasionis CrdiloeT ferdobze

Tergis auzSi mdebareobs da Trusos, baidaris, snoswylisa da darialis

xeobebs moicavs. Trusos, baidaris, snoswylis, darialis xeobebis bunebis

Zeglebi da iSviaTi landSaftebi, mdinareebi, mwvervalebi, daculi

teritoriebi da istoriul-kulturuli Zeglebi aq, ekologiuri,

sacxenosno, saTavgadasavlo, kulturuli turizmisa da alpinizmis

ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. darialis xeobaSi sanaxaobriv interess

iwvevs gveleTis CanCqeri, Tamaris cixe da Tavad vulkanuri warmoSobis

xeoba. Trusos xeoba gamoirCeva ulamazesi bunebrivi travertinebiT. kertis

wyali, grifonebi Tergis saTavesTan da devdorakis myinvari am xeobis

cnobili bunebis Zeglebia.

momlocvelobiTi turizmis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva gergeTis

moqmedi monasteri, xevis sioni, CofikaSvilebis eklesia, axalcixisa da

karkuCas ekleasiebi snos xeobaSi.

mcxeTa-mTianeTis regionis turistul centrebad iTvleba: mcxeTa,

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bazaleTi, Jinvali da yazbegi. am teritoriaze gayvanilia gzebi, met-

naklebad ganviTarebulia infrastruqtura (regularulad xdeba

turistebis miReba) da aseve mosaxerxebelia turistuli gasvlebi yvela

mimarTulebiT.

raWa, leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi – saqarTvelos sami ulamazesi

kuTxe Cveni qveynis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT kideze mdebareobs. raWa-

leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis mxareSi Sedis ambrolauris, onis, cagerisa da

lentexis raionebi. mxaris administraciuli centria q. ambrolauri.

raWa-leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTs CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba ruseTi (Crd.

oseTi, yabardo-balyareTi), saqarTveloSi ki mestiis raioni; dasavleTiT –

samegrelos raionebi; samxreTiT imereTis regioni, aseve mxaris mosazRvrea

amJamad samaCabloSi (e.w. samxreT oseTi) Semavali javis raioni. mxaris

teritoria 4601,3 km2-s moicavs, misi mdebareoba zRvis donidan 400 metrsa

da 5000 metrs Soris meryeobs. aq, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi saxloben, maTi

saerTo raodenoba 49 000 kacs aRwevs.

raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis TviTmyofadobas da unikalurobas ara

mxolod misi geografiuli mdebareoba, aramed mdidari, mravalferovani

flora da fauna gansazRvravs. TviTmxilvelTa aRtacebas iwvevs mxaris

mTianeTi, kavkasionis WaRara mwvervalebi da mTagrexilebi, mdinareebi

(romlebsac, sxvaTa Soris, mcire hesebis ganviTarebisaTvis didi

perspeqtivebi gaaCniaT) da CanCqerebi, mravalricxovani tyis masivebi da

maTSi gavrcelebuli cxovel-frinvelebi, bunebrivi gamoqvabulebi da

mRvimeebi, uReltexilebi, alpuri saTib-saZovrebi, ulamazesi gza-bilikebi,

Saorisa da lajanis wyalsacavebi, svanuri muryvamebi (koSkebi) da sxva

sanaxaobani. ganumeorebel efeqts axdens adgilobrivi warmoSobis

mosaxleobis gacnoba da maTTan urTierToba. umdidresia maTi istoriuli

warsuli, yofa, kultura, folklori, ris Sesaxebac jer kidev Zveli

berZeni, romaeli, sparsi, Turqi da evropeli mogzaurebi werdnen.

saqveynodaa ganTqmuli aqauri samkurnalo mineraluri wylebi da

kurortebi – Sovi, uwera, laSiWala, qveSvake, muaSi, sortuani, bugeuli,

xidikari, sadac maTive saxelobis 25-ze meti samkurnalo mineraluri da

gogirdovani wyali moipoveba. gansakuTrebuli landSaftiT gamoirCeva

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sakurorto adgilebi xidikari, wesigora, uravi, bari, sxefuri, qvedis tba

da sxv.

mxareSi uamravi saintereso, unikaluri istoriul-eTnografiuli da

arqiteqturuli Zeglia. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia nikorwminda, barakoni,

xonWiori, mravalZali, patara oni, Rebi, kvirikewminda, lailaSi, CaJaSis

kompleqsi, minda-cixe, kvaracixe, cixeTa kompleqsi - `daxvdi~, `dahkari~ da

`ar gauSva~, onis saukunovani sinagoga, VII saukunis cnobili saeklesio

moRvawis da Teologis wminda maqsime aRmsareblis saflavi, cageris

monasteri da a.S.

saqarTvelos vazis kultis istoriuli fesvebi mTeli msofliosTvisaa

cnobili, magram amas praqtikulad ixilavs adamiani, rodesac Tundac

erTxel ewveva saqarTvelos am lamaz kuTxeebs da iqauri Rvinis jiSebs:

xvanWkaras, aleqsandrouls, ojaleSs an TeTras daagemovnebs.

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli vazis 600 jiSTagan, am mxareSi 300-mde

saxeobis yurZeni mohyavT. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs Rvino

xvanWkara. es unikaluri Rvino ori iSviaTi yurZnis jiSisagan

(aleqsandrouli da mujureTuli) mzaddeba. am vazis jiSebis

kultivirebis mikrozona, mxolod ramdenime ulamazes sofels moicavs. maT

Soris aRsaniSnavia soflebi xvanWkara da Wrebalo, sadac saukunovani

Rvinis qarxnebi mdebareobs da mzaddeba unikaluri Rvino `xvanWkara~.

raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

geografiul-istoriuli Taviseburebani, adgilobrivi sazogadoebis

cxovrebis tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebani realur safuZvels uqmnis

turizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. aq TiTqmis yovelgvari

piroba arsebobs imisaTvis, raTa aRorZindes da mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurdes

samTo, alpinisturi, sameTevzeo, samonadireo, sacxenosno, sanaosno,

sajomardo, sadeltaplano, saojaxo, saTavgadasavlo, momlocvelobiTi,

agro- da ekoturizmi.

ambrolauri, gaSenebulia mdinareebis – rionisa da krixulis

SesarTavTan da sakmaod mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, tyeebiT,

wiaRiseuliT (dariSxani, TabaSiri): wyaroebiT, mdinareebiT. uzado

geografiuli mdebareoba, unikaluri naturaluri garemo, tyeebi, alpuri

landSaftebi, mTis ekologiurad sufTa mdinareebi, bunebrivi da

173

xelovnuri tborebi, mag., cnobili Saoris wyalsacavi. raionis istoriul-

xuroTmoZRvrul ZeglTagan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs XI

saukunis nikorwmindisa da XVIII saukunis barakonis taZrebi.

onis raionSi, qarTul eklesiebTan erTad, ebrauli sinagoga da

somxuri salocavic arsebobs. aq sakmaod mravladaa Zveli qarTuli

xeroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos

mravalZalis wm. giorgis saxelobis XI saukunis eklesia (amJamad

dangreulia miwisZvrisagan, mimdinareobs aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi), joisis wm.

giorgis saxelobis VII-VIII saukunis eklesia, soris feodaluri xanis

eklesia, onis saukunovani sinagoga da sxv.

yvelasaTvis cnobili kurorti Sovi kavkasionis samxreT ferdobzea

gaSenebuli da centridan 25 kilometriTaa daSorebuli, sadac 16 saxeobis

mineraluri wyalia.

q. onidan Sovis mimarTulebiT 10 kilometrSi funqcionirebs aseve

aranakleb cnobili kurorti uwera, romelic mdinare rionis ulamazes

xeobaSi, zRvis donidan 982 metr simaRlezea gaSenebuli. uweraSi

aRmoCenilia 28 saxis mineraluri wyali, romlebic kuWnawlavis daavadebaTa

samkurnalod uebar saSualebad aris miCneuli.

cageri, gaSenebulia md. cxeniswylis marjvena sanapiroze. cageris

raioni saqarTveloSi cnobilia Tavisi ZirZveli kulturiT, saeklesio da

arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT. mis teritoriaze 50-ze meti istoriul-

xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglia aRricxuli. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia VII saukunis

wm. maqsime aRmsareblis eklesia, sadac Tavad wmindani ganisvenebs; adre

feodalur Zeglebs Soris gamoirCeva cageris centrSi agebuli wm. giorgis

saxelobis eklesia; xvamlis bunebrivi masStaburi qvaburi, romelic mterTa

TareSis dros saqarTvelos erTgvar ganZTsacavs warmoadgenda.

sagulisxmoa, rom eklesia-taZrebis mSeneblobas dResac aqtiurad

ganagrZoben saqvelmoqmedo wesiT. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT

zubisa da lasuriaSis axlad agebuli eklesiebi.

rogorc mTlianad mxareSi, ise cageris raionSi yvela SesaZlebloba

arsebobs imisaTvis, raTa aRorZindes da kidev ufro ganviTardes turizmi

da sakurorto meurneoba. sakurorto meurneobisaTvis infrastruqturis

Seqmna da ganviTareba SesaZlebelia alpanis, axalWalis, aRvis, usaxelos,

174

laZgverias, ZuRuris da laSiWalis teritoriebze.

qvemo svaneTis centri – daba lentexi, gaSenebuli md. cxeniswylis

xeobaSi, misi Senakadebis – laskadurasa da xeleduras auzSi, zRvis

donidan 700 m simaRleze.

qvemo svaneTis teritoria ZvelisZveli istoriul-arqiteqturuli

ZeglebiTaa mofenili. igi saqarTvelos erTgvar ganZTsacavs warmoadgenda

Znelbedobis Jams. mravali istoriuli adgili da saero-saeklesio Zegli

dakavSirebulia Tamar mefis saxelTan. bevri eklesia IX-XII saukuneebSia

aSenebuli: lujis, Tekalis, tvibis, Jaxundris, skaldis, maxaSisa da sxva

eklesiebi. eklesiebis mSeneblobas dResac saTanado yuradReba eqceva.

1975 wels, cnobili pedagogis, vl. meSvelianis mier Seiqmna

mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi. 1982-83 wlebSi, VIII-X saukuneebis `viwis~ cixe-

darbazis nangrevebis midamoebSi aSenda svanuri sacxovrebeli saxlisa da

koSkis tipis muzeumis Senoba, sadac daculia mravali saintereso

istoriuli esqsponati da dokumenti.

aqauri hava, wiwvovan-foTlovani tyeebi da mineraluri wylebi

sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebis did SesaZleblobebs iZleva. 1936

wlidan xalxis samsaxurSia ulamazesi kurorti muaSi. aq aRmoCenilia

mravali mineraluri samkurnalo wyali: texis, bavaris, xofuris, tvibis,

lujisa da sxv.

qvemo svaneTi, geografiuli adgilmdebareobis gamo, turizmis

ganviTarebis bunebriv bazas warmoadgens. aqauri maRla aziduli Tovliani

mwvervalebi da uReltexilebi metad mimzidvelia alpinizmis

moyvarulTaTvis. 1965 wlidan aq funqcionirebda alpinisturi banaki

`ailama~, xolo 1972 wlidan banaki `zesxo~. mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli

banakebis aRdgena, romlebsac xSirad stumrobdnen sxvadasxva qveynis

turistebi.

qvemo svaneTis (lentexis) raionSi prioritetul mimarTulebad unda

miviCnioT samTo turizmis ganviTareba. amas xels uwyobs rogorc

obieqturi bunebrivi pirobebi, ise adrindanve SemorCenili infrastruqtura

– alpinisturi banakebi `xesxo~ da `ailama~. perspeqtivaSi amas SeiZleba

daematos samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis ganviTarebac.

Semdegi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa sakurorto-samkurnalo turizmis

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ganviTareba. aqauri balneo-klimaturi kurortis – muaSis samedicino

profilia pulmonologiuri, arTrologiuri da gastroenterologiuri

daavadebebis mkurnaloba, Tumca amJamad es kurorti ar funqcionirebs.

momvalSi SesaZlebeli gaxdeba texis, bavaris, xofuris, tvibis, lujisa

da sxva samkurnalo wylebis bazaze axali kurortebis amoqmedeba. garda

amisa, lentexis raionSi perspeqtiuli iqneba kulturuli, salaSqro,

saTavgadasavlo, sacxenosno, sajomardo agro-turizmis da ekoturizmis

ganviTareba.

regioni Zalze mdidaria samkurnalo-sakurorto potencialiT, maT

Soris: Sovi – klimatur-balneologiuri kurorti onis raionSi, zRvis

donidan 1600 m. samedicino profili: pulmonologiuri, gastro-

enterologiuri, arTrologiuri, profilaqtikuri. mkurnaloben – kuW-

nawlavis, sasunTqi organoebis aratuberkulozuri tipis (bronquli asTma)

daavadebebs, anemias; uwera _ balneo-klimaturi kurorti onis raionSi,

zRvis donidan 1600 metrze. samedicino profili: pulmonologiuri,

gastroenterologiuri, alergologiuri. mkurnaloba – kuW-nawlavis

daavadebebi; klimato-balneologiuri kurorti sortuani arTrologiuri,

ginekologiuri, nevrologiuri profiliT. ambrolauris raionSi ki –

arTrologiuri profilis balneologiuri kurortebi xidikari da

bugeuli. leCxumSi, cageris raionSia balneo-klimaturi kurorti

laSiWala (arTrologiuri, nevrologiuri da gastroenterologiuri

profiliT), xolo lentexis raionSi – aseTive tipis kurorti muaSi

(arTrologiuri, gastroenterologiuri da pulmonologiuri profiliT).

sakurorto adgilebis simravliT regionis oTxive administraciuli

raioni gamoirCeva, aseTia: bari, sxefuri, qvedistba, Zeglebi (onis raioni);

Saori, uravi, cesigora, xidikari (ambrolauris raioni); aRvi, axalWala,

usaxelo, xguri, laZgveria (cageris raioni); laskadura, CixareSi,

korundaSi, xofuri (lentexis raioni). bugeulsa da xidikarSi periodulad

moqmedebs kerZo, mcire dasasvenebeli saxlebi, ZiriTadad, adgilobrivi

mosaxleobisTvis.

raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis regionSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori

regionaluri turistuli centri: oni – romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa

daSorebuli uwera-Sovis jgufis sakurorto adgilebsa da qvemo raWasac

176

(Saoramde) (daaxloebiT 70-80 km). lentexi – romelic moemsaxureba qvemo

svaneTis alpur banakebs (zesxo, ailama) da leCxumis (cageris raionis)

turistul obieqtebs.

svaneTi saqarTvelos erTgvari turistuli savizito baraTia.

msoflioSi igi saqarTvelos cnobad saxes qmnis. am mxaris koloriti

xiblavs qarTvelsac da ucxoelsac. uZvelesi koSkebi da bumberazi mTebi

pirvelive wuTidan atyvevebs mnaxvels.

svaneTi mdidaria Sua feodaluri xanis xuroTmoZRvruli ZeglebiT,

sacxovrebeli kompleqsebiT, koSkebiT (romlebic TariRdeba XII s-idan

zemoT), sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebiT, originaluri CuqurTmebiT

Semkuli avejiTa da sayofacxovrebo nivTebiT. mxare mdidaria

arqeologiuri ZeglebiTa da Sua saukuneebis xalxuri Semoqmedebis

eqsponatebiT.

svaneTis salocavebi Tavisi Zveli tradiciebiTa da unikaluri

mxatvrobiT gamoirCeva. isini ara mxolod mxatvrobiT, aramed adgilobrivi

Taviseburi arqiteqturiTac gamoirCevian. aq daculi siwmindeebi religiuri

dResaswaulebis periodebSi mraval momlocvels izidavs.

svanuri soflebis koloriti da dRemde SemorCenili istoriuli

siZvele sasoflo turizmis ganviTarebis winapirobaa. Zveli tradiciebi da

yofiTi wes-Cveulebebi, mravalferovani da unikaluri meniu moxiblavs

soflad cxovrebis msurvelT.

am TvalsazrisiT bolo periodSi Catarebuli kvlevisa da

dakvirvebebis Sedegad SeiniSneba adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da

mosaxleobis sruli mzadyofna, kerZod, – maRal donezea usafrTxoebis

sakiTxi: dayenebulia Ramis ganaTebebi, keTilmowyobilia saojaxo

sastumroebi, gamravalferovnebulia momsaxurebis saxeobebi. eTnografiiT

dainteresebulT saSualeba aqvT daeswron da monawileoba miiRon Zvel

tradiciebsa da ritualebSi: oqros mopovebaSi, raxis gamoxdaSi, xalxuri

rewvis nakeTobaTa SeqmnaSi da sxv.

svaneTs umdidresi resursebi aqvs bunebaSi mogzaurobis sxvadasxva

mimarTulebis (trekingi, sacxenosno, salaSqro, saTavgadasavlo,

ekologiuri turizmi) ganviTarebisTvis. am resursebis gamoyeneba da

177

reklamireba am mxares kidev ufro gauTqvams saxels. am kuTxis bunebas

uiSviaTesi pezaJebi axasiaTebs: velurad aziduli kldeebi, Rrma xeobebi,

bunebis saocari Zeglebi da movlenebi, cxovelTa mdidari samyaro, maT

Soris endemuri saxeobebi, mdinareebi, CanCqerebi. aq yvelaze metad

salaSqro Tu sacxenosno turebis ganviTarebaa SesaZlebeli.

turistuli kompaniebisa da adgilobrivi gamyolebis mier ukve

damuSavebulia mravali salaSqro turi, romlis drosac turists

saSualeba eZleva eziaros svaneTis bunebis silamazes.

svaneTSi, kerZod mestiis midamoebsa da ewerSi, SesaZlebelia

sportuli turizmis ganviTareba (samTo-saTxilamuro sporti) noembris

dasawyisidan maisis CaTvliT. mestiasTan axlos, uSbis platoze

SesaZlebelia sportuli Sejibrebis mowyoba, xolo Sesabamisi

infrastruqturis mowyobis SemTxvevaSi, samTo-saTxilamuro turizmis

funqcionireba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi.

iqve, mestiasTan, aris adgili legumeeri, romelic evropaSi

unikaluria imiT, rom aq mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSic SeiZleba

saTxilamuro turizmis ganviTareba. zafxulSi am saTxilamuro monakveTis

sigrZe 1 km-ia, rac aRemateba evropis zafxulis saTxilamuro adgilebis

sigrZes.

bolo ramdenime zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, ivlisSi an agvistoSi, uSbis

platoze saTxilamuro Sejibrebebi tardeba, romelSic qarTvelebis garda

sxvadasxva qveynis moTxilamureebic monawileoben. saWiroa Sesabamisi

infrastruqturis mowyoba am dargis ganviTarebisTvis.

zemo svaneTis buneba saSualebas iZleva aq mekldeurobis

ganviTarebisTvis. amisTvis mestiis raionSi ramdenime adgilia

mosaxerxebeli: sofel mulaxSi – e.w. tviberis karibWe, sofeli jorkvali,

sadac sabWoTa kavSiris dros mekldeurobaSi saqarTvelos Cempionati

imarTeboda, beCos xeobaSi, mazeris pikis kalTebze, wirniaze (mestiaSi).

mdinare mestiaWala – daba mestiasTan, md. mulxura – sofel mulaxTan,

md. enguris garkveul monakveTic – sofel kaladan ifaramde

wyaljomardobis ganviTarebis karg SesaZleblobas iZleva.

mestiis raionis sakurorto adgilebia: boWi-xaiSi naxSirmJavis tipis

mineraluri wyali, ginekologiuri da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis.

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mestia – gastroenterologiuri da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis,

qvedilaSa – naxSirmJavas tipis mineraluri wyali, gastroenterologiuri

da profilaqtikuri daniSnulebisTvis.

svaneTis turistul centrebad miCneulia mestia da uSguli.

turistuli momsaxurebis done aq SedarebiT maRalia da Tanac, aqedan

ufro mosaxerxebelia turistul marSrutebze gadaadgileba.

samegrelo saqarTvelos istoriul-geografiuli mxarea. es aris

rions, cxeniswyals, engursa da Sav zRvas Soris moqceuli teritoria.

samegrelos teritoriis ZiriTadi nawili kolxeTis dablobzea gaSlili.

samegreloSi vxvdebiT yvela saxis landSafts, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia dasavleT saqarTelosTvis: kolxeTis teniani

subtropikuli, kolxuri mTis tyis, kavkasiis saSualo mTis muqwiwvovani

tyis da maRali mTis subalpuri da alpuri landSaftebi.

mravalferovania samegrelos havac. dablob nawilSi igi notio

subtropikulia. aq ianvris saSualo temperaturaa +40C + 60C, zafxuli ki

cxelia (+220C + 230C). naleqebi (1500-2000 mm) wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis

Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. SedarebiT mcire naleqi modis maisSi.

samegrelos buneba mraval saintereso formasa da bunebis Zegls

Seicavs, isini jerac araa saTanadod Seswavlili da maT Sesaxeb

mecnieruli informacia TiTqmis arc arsebobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli sxvadaxsva kvlevebSi samegrelo naklebad

ganixileba tursitul regionad, am mxares namdvilad aqvs turizmis

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis ganviTarebis sakmao potenciali. garda unikaluri

bunebisa, am mxares Taviseburi, ganumeorebeli koloriti aqvs. pirvel

yovlisa, amas qmnis gamorCeuli stumarmaspinZloba, gemrieli da unikaluri

kerZebi, ganumeorebeli simRerebi da mravali sxva faqtori.

martvili mravalferivani turistuli potencialis mqone raionia. aq

ZiriTadad, warmodgenilia kulturuli turizmis, maT Soris arqeologiuri

turizmis da samkurnalo-gamajansaRebeli turizmis resursebi.

texuris xeobiT egrisis mTagrexilis siRrmeSi – dviramde da

lebardemde aRwevs zRvis haeri, rac zRvisa da mTis haeris nazavs qmnis.

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kurorti lebarde – klimato-balneologiuri saxisaa. aq aRmoCenili

mineraluri wylebi miekuTvneba naxSirmJava-rkiniani wylebis jgufs.

xasiaTdeba dabali mineralizaciiT, susti mJave reaqciiT, naxSirmJavisa da

rkinis maRali SemcvelobiT. egrisis mTagrexilis kalTebi mdidaria

mineraluri wylebiT. am mxaris mravalferovani flora da fauna,

samkurnalo wylebisa da adgilebis simravle karg SesaZleblobas iZleva

aq samkurnalo-dasasvenebeli infrastruqturis mosawyobad. martvilis

raionis soflebi – Tegola, kelmakeisari, lebarde da jorwyu saagarako

adgilebia. turizmis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa mdinare abaSisa da

texuris xeobebi, romlebic kurort lebardesa da asxis masivTan erTad

samTo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis karg SesaZleblobebs badebs. aq

gadaSlilia alpuri da naxevrad alpuri mdeloebi lamazi xedebiT (asxi,

dvira, mingarie). aqauri mTis kalTebi, borcvebi da zegnebi Semosilia

vaziT, dafniTa da CaiT. uxvad modis xili da simindi, xolo barSi vazisa

da Cais plantaciebis gaSlili masivebia. banZa specilizebulia Zveli

kolxuri vazis, ojaleSis moyvanaze.

martvilis raioni arqeologiuri turizmis ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobasac iZleva. raionis teritoriaze Semonaxulia jorwyus da

doSayis mRvimeebi – karstuli qvabebi, romlebic zeda paleoliTis xanis

adamians Tavis pirvelyofil sacxovrisad uqcevia. TiToeuli gamoqvabuli

bunebis iSviaTi naxelavia, pirvelyofil adamianTa cxovriseuli

danaSrevebi ki didi mecnieruli Rirebulebis istoriuli Zeglebia.

SemorCenilia aseve neoliTuri xanis adamianis ramdenime sacxovrisi

adgili – naxuania, banZa da kurzu. noRelas gayolebiT sofel xunwamde

eneoliTuri kulturis sacxovriseuli xania mdidari kulturuli feniT.

brinjaos mdidari sacxovrisia gaxsnili kurzuSi, kiwiaSi, gurZemSi,

naxunaoSi, abedaTsa da banZaSi. antikuri xanis mdidari sacxovrisia napovni

`qajis namaranuSi~.

martvilis istoriuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebi qmnian xelsayrel

pirobebs aq kulturuli turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. raionis xelovnebis

unikaluri Zeglebia quqiTis eklesia qvaiTSi (XIII s.), Tamakonis eklesia

(XIII s.), noRis cixe (XVI s.), dgomis cixe-simagre (XVII s.), abedaTis cixe-

qalaqi (XVI s.) da a.S. inCxurSi, adgili `namancvarze~ Tamaris cixe-qalaqis

180

nangrevebs uCveneben. JinoTaSi JinanTaris saritualo keraa. kiwiaSi ki

leWe-qiaCis sakulto ubania. alertSi alaverdobis saritualo

dResaswauli tardeba. naCxuraSi moske (meZeve) RvTavebas cemdnen Tayvans.

Tabakonas mTa inCxurSi miCneuli iyo warmarTuli avsulTa meTauris –

rokapis da eSmakeulTa dResaswaulis – tabakonebis adgilsamyofelad. es

ritualebi eTnoturizmiT dainteresebulTa yuradRebasac miiqcevs.

martvilis raions ekuTvnis aseve dadianTa sazafxulo rezidencia

sofel salxinoSi. misi keTilmowyoba istoriuli adgilebiT

dainteresebul mnaxvelebs moizidavs. agreTve SeiZleba dadianebis

sajiriTo moednis gamoyeneba da aq ZvelqarTuli sacxenosno TamaSobebisa

da Sejibrebebis aRdgena.

senakSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis simravle

saSualebas iZleva gaaqtiurdes kulturuli turizmi. es Zeglebia Sxefis

cixe, ekis, misarionis, focxos mTavarangelozis, menjis mTavarangelozis,

Zveli senakis macxovris Sobis eklesiebi da TeklaTis dedaTa monasteri.

senakis yvelaze didi atraqcia1 – cixe-goji. es didi istoriis mqone

naqalaqari mravalmxrivi turistuli obieqtia: aq erTadaa Tavmoyrili Sua

saukuneebis arqiteqtura da antikuri periodis kultura. cixe-gojs

msoflio mniSvnelobis arqeologiuri Zeglia da mis gaTxrebSi ucxoeli

specialistebic monawileoben.

garda amisa, noqalaqevi sxva mxrivadac, mosaxerxebel adgilas

mdebareobs _ igi md. texurze sajomardo daSvebis bolo punqtia. raionis

landSafturi da biologiuri mravalferovneba, adgilobrivi da

gadamfreni frinvelebis saxeobaTa simravle, torfiani Waobebi da

daWaobebuli tye ekoturizmis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi resursebia.

turizmis am saxeobis ganviTarebisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli

pirobebia Waladidis TemSi.

am Temis teritoriaze aseve SeiZleba samdinaro turebis organizeba.

mdored gamdinare rionze gaseirnebiT SesaZlebelia unikaluri garemosa

da iq arsebuli kulturuli tradiciebis gacnoba. turistebis

gadaadgileba mdinareze SesaZlebelia moxdes eleqtroZraviani an niCbiani

naviT. gansakuTrebul egzotikur xibls matebs mdinareze gadebuli borani,

1 atraqcia (ing. Attraction, mizidva) _ turistuli TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli obieqti.

181

romelic uZveles droSic damaxasiaTebeli satransporto saSualeba iyo.

mdinareze navebiT moZraobisas, vizitorebs SesaZlebloba eZlevaT

daakvirdnen wylisa da Waobis frinvelebs.

senakis raionSi arsebul mRvimeTagan gamoirCeva ekis TemSi unagiras

mTaze, menjis TemSi sawuleiskiros ubanSi da Sxefis ubanSi arsebuli

mRvimeebi. Tumca aq, speleoturebis mowyobamde, aRniSnuli mRvimeebi

moiTxovs Seswavlas da klasifikacias. md. texuri leZaZame-noqalaqevis

teritoriaze wyaljomardobis saSualebas iZleva. senakis centralur

nawilsa da TeklaTis TemSi mdebareobs ipodromebi, romelTa

keiTlmowyobac xels Seuwyobs sacxenosno turizmis ganviTarebas.

kurorti menji kolxeTis dablobze, dabali antiklinuri serebis

Serwymis adgilze, zRvis donidan 20-30 m simaRleze mdebareobs. aq didi

xania Seqmnilia saabazano da sabados hidromineraluri meurneoba

(burRilebi, milsadenebi). menjis mineraluri wyali 1875 wlidan

gamoiyeneba. kurorti kurnavs Semdeg daavadebebs: gul-sisxlZarRvTa

sistemis daavadebebis sisxlis mimoqcevis I xarisxis darRvevebs; saxsrebis

qronikul daavadebebs (revmatuli, infeqciuri, endokrinuli, podagruli),

agreTve sxvadasxva xasiaTis artralagiebs; periferiuli nervuli sistemis

daavadebebs; nervuli sistemis funqcionalur daavadebebs (nevrozebi,

msubuqi da saSualo xasiaTis nevrasTeniebi); kunTebis, myesebis anTebas da

sxvadasxva warmoSobis kunTebis tkivils; nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevas;

qronikul gineokologiur daavadebebs (saSvilosnos, sakvercxeebis,

falopiuri milebis anTeba da sxva); kanis zogierT qronikul daavadebebs

(egzema da sxv.).

walenjixa reliefuri mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva – aq

warmodgenilia rogorc dablobi, ise maRali mTebi da reliefis

myinvaruli formebi. amitom aq mogzauroba bunebrivi saocrebebisa da

lamazi xedebis moyvarulebisTvis did siamovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

samTo turizmisTvis mimzidveli adgilebia – mTa WiTagvara (zRvis donidan

3226 m.) da lakumuraSidudis (zRvis donidan 3111 m) myinvarebi. tba

tobavarCxili, Waniswylis xeoba, kodoris qedisa da egrisis qedis samxreTi

ganStoebebi – oxaCquesa da yviras kirqviani masivebi (zRvis donidan 2200-

2237 m) eko- da salaSqro turizmisTvis karg potencials iZleva. aq

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sakmarisi resursebia samonadireo turizmisTvis. Znelad misadgomi mTebi

da Wiuxebi gareul nadir-frinvelTa saukeTeso sabinadro adgilebs

warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli silamazisa da interesis adgilebia:

mTaWiTagvara, tba tobavarCxili, mdinare nagxurwyalis CanCqeri, mdinare

maganas xeoba da kanioni, yviras kirqviani nawili, moqanave lodi

`quacancalia~, oxaCques kirqviani nawili, mdinare okalmaxes vokluzi,

jvaris wyalsacavi, inzras CanCqeri, Waniswylis xeoba, kurorti squri.

walenjixis erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad SeiZleba iqces samkurnalo

turizmi. am raionis mTavari kurortia squri – zRvis donidan 400-500 m-ze,

mdinare Waniswylis xeobaSi, sadac notio subtropikuli klimati, zomieri

temperatura, dabali atmosferuli wneva da Jangbadis siuxvea, rac

ganpirobebulia mTisa da zRvis Sezavebuli haeriT. squrSi zamTari icis

rbili, mcireTovliani. squris wyali miekuTvneba sulfatur-qloridul,

natrium-kaliumiani tipis wyals. mas rogorc dasalevad, ise abazanebis

misaRebadac iyeneben. abazanebi qronikuli revmatizmiT, infeqciuri

arTritebiT daavadebulebs eniSnebaT. squris wyali dadebiTad moqmedebs

gastritis, dabali da maRali simJavis, kuWisa da Tormetgoja nawlavis

qronikul-wylulovani daavadebebis, kolitebis da enterokolitebis,

qolecistitis da sxva daavadebebis dros.

xobis raionSi mdebare urTis mTa speleo- da aRmoCeniTi turizmis

ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. urTis mTaze Zalian bevria Zabrebi,

vertikaluri Saxtebi, romlebic xSirad horizontalur mRvimeebSi gadadis.

mRvimeebiT gansakuTrebiT cnobilia xamisqurisa da xeTis midamoebi.

sofel xeTaSi, urTis mTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi ferdobis ZirSi

mdebareobs karstuli tba papanwyvire, misi sigrZe 80 metria, sigane 50

metri. masSi sxvadasxva jiSis Tevzebi da niJarianebi binadroben, romelTa

Soris yvelaze saocaria mtknari wylis memargalite.

xobis raioni kolxeTis erovnul parks esazRvreba. parki Setanilia

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Waobebis siaSi, rogorc saukeTeso

dasasvenebeli adgili mobudari, mozamTre da migrirebadi

frinvelebisaTvis.

Sesabamisad, Wuriis Waobi mSvenieri adgilia frinvelebze

dakvirvebisaTvis, mdinareebi _ sportuli TevzaobisTvis, xolo Wuriisa da

183

nabadis Waobebi – ekoturizmis moyvarulTaTvis, md. xobiswylis SesarTavi,

md. munCiis da Cxaias sanaxebi, papanwyvires tba, Savi zRvis sanapiro. krTisa

da biis mTebis sanaxebidan ki xelisguliviT moCans kolxeTis dablobi,

Savi zRva, kavkasionis qedi.

xobSi arsebuli saintereso da mniSvnelovani istoriuli Zeglebi

saSualebs iZleva aq kulturuli da religiuri turizmis ganviTarebisTvis

– xobis monasteri, xeTis mTavarangelozTa eklesia, wm. sofios eklesia

sof. pirvel maisSi, jegeTis wm. giorgis kompleqsi, zemo biis

mTavarangelozTa eklesia, xeTis cixe, Zveli xibulis jimxa, zenis jixa da

sxv.

abaSis raionSi ramdenime cnobili istoriuli Zeglia, maT Soris

gamorCeulia – sefieTis mTavarangelozisa da tyviris macxovris eklesia.

aqvea metad sayuradRebo antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi – namarnus tipis

arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Zeglebi sofel guleikaris dixaguZubasa da sof.

keTilarSi.

zugdidis raionSi SesaZlebelia sasoflo da kulturuli turebis

mowyoba. macxovriskari, botanikuri baRi, dadianebis muzeumi, ruxis cixe

da aq arsebuli germanul tyveTa panTeoni, anakliis cixe, Waqvinjis cixe,

CiJiskaris cixe (korcxeli), nalima-koki, caigis eklesia, korcxelis dedaTa

monasteri, caiSis warmarTuli panTeoni, ergetis dixa-guZubebi da araerTi

saxl-muzeumi - zugdidis raionis kulturuli Zeglebis CamonaTvalia,

romelic istoriuli turebis sanaxaobaTa siaSi Sedis.

Cxorowyus metad saintereso orografiuli pirobebi aqvs, aq, mcire

teritoriaze Zalian didi simaRliTi sxvaobebia _ raionis umdablesi

wertili 64 metrzea maqsimaluri ki _ 3226 mmetrze. es metad xelsayrel

pirobas qmnis samTo turizmis ganviTarebisTvis. raionis bunebriv-

turistul resursebs Soris gamoiyofa: xobiswylis kanioni, alpuri tbebi,

mdidari floriT da fauniT endemuri jiSebiT; safexosno da sacxenosno

dabali, saSualo da maRali sirTulis monakveTebi.

migariis kirqvul masivze 2004 w. speleologiuri eqspediciis Sedegad

32 axali mRvimea aRmoCenili. es mRvimeebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

eqstremaluri speleoturizmis ganviTarebisTvis.

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aqaur mdinareebze SesaZlebelia sajomardo daSvebis mowyoba.

amisaTvis yvelaze xelsayrelia md. xobiswyali Tavis 45 km-iani kanioniT

da SenakadebiT, sadac aseve gvalaSaras da Runjis kanionebi gvxvdeba.

xobiswyali Sav zRvas uerTdeba, rac met interess matebs wyaljomardobis

moyvarulTaTvis. amisTvis gamosadegia xobiswylis dinebis umetesi nawili.

kanionisebur xeobaSi ramdenime navmisadgomis mowyobac SeiZleba.

kulturuli turizmi Cxorowyus raionSi warmodgenilia Semdegi

ZeglebiT: IV-V saukunis xomakirdes jixebis kompleqsi, IX-XI saukunis

ocindales wminda giorgis eklesia sof. TaiaSi IX-X saukunis leaxales

wminda giorgis eklesia sof. axuTSi, kuxaleiSvilebis tipuri oda sof.

axuTSi, `utus oSayaru~ sof. lesiWineSi, Cxorowyus muzeumi 11700

eqsponatiT. sakurorto turizmi CxorowyuSi warmodgenilia kurort

muxuriTa da mineraluri wyliT lugelaTi. lugela gamoiyeneba yvela im

daavadebaTa samkurnalod, romlebic qlorkalciumis naklebobiTaa

gamowveuli.

foTis turizmi warmodgenilia kolxeTis erovnuli parkiT. esaa

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis mqone Warbteniani daculi teritoria. es

adgilebi cnobilia, rogorc wylis frinvelTa didi sabinadro. aq

berdvoCingis (frinvelebze dakvirvebis) ganviTarebis didi saSualebebic

aris.

parkis teritoriaze gvxvdeba Taviseburi landSafturi mozaika da

biologiuri mravalferovneba _ notio da Tbili klimati, reliqturi da

endemuri mcenareuli saxeobebi, adgilobrivi da gadamfreni frinvelebis

saxeobaTa simravle, torfiani Waobebi, daWaobebuli tyeebi, zRvis sanapiro

diunebi, daklaknil kalapotiani mdinareebi da tbebi, Savi zRvis sanapiro

akvatoria da sxv. parkis administracias SemuSavebuli aqvs mravalferovani

marSrutebi gaTvlili sxvadasxva interesis mqone turistisTvis.

sazRvao-sanaosno turizmis ganviTarebis myar safuZvels warmoadgens

kolxeTis dacul teritoriebTan mosazRvre Savi zRvis sanapiro akvatoria,

qobuleTidan anakliamde. vizitorebs saSualeba eZlevaT zRvaze

gaseirnebasTan erTad sanapiro zolis landSaftebic moinaxulon.

185

samegrelos turistuli centrebia: senaki, zugdidi da foTi. am

centrebidan advilia moZraoba mTels regionSi da mezobel regionebsa da

raionebSic. aqedan samogzaurod sakmarisia 1-2 dRe regionis mniSvnelovani

nawilis mosavlelad da gasacnobad.

samegrelos turistuli potencialis analizi gviCvenebs, rom regionis

turizmis perspeqtivebi umeteswilad, dakavSirebulia kulturuli,

religiuri, bunebaSi mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli mimarTulebebis da

samTo turizmis ganviTarebasTan. garkveuli perspeqtiva dakavSirebulia

mdidari speleologiuri resursebis Seswavlasa da gamoyenebasTan,.

adgilobrivi sasoflo garemo, eTnografiuli da kulturul;i

Taviseburebebi aucileblad daainteresebs sasoflo da agroturizmis

moyvarulebs. ganviTarebis axali formebi unda dainergos samegrelos

cnobil kurortebze. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samkurnalo-

gamajansaRebeli centrebi: malTayva, menji, caiSi, noqalaqevi, muxuri da

lebarde.

kiTxvebi codnis Semowmebisa da ganxilvisaTvis

1. CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis cnobili balneologiuri resursebi

saqarTveloSi.

2. romeli kurortis plaJebs aqvT magnituri qviSebi?

3. ra asakisaa dmanisis “homo ereqtusis” (hominidis) naSTebi?

4. romeli cxovelebis naSTebia nanaxi “homo ereqtusTan” erTad?

5. romeli pikuri sezonebia damaxasiaTebeli saqarTvelos Sida

turizmisTvis? saerTaSoriso saTavgadasavlo turizmisTvis?

6. sad mdebareobs wminda mociqulTa sworis mataTas dakrZalvis

adgili?

7. romelma mecnierma Semoitana Cais kultura saqarTveloSi?

8. romeli regionis da ra saxis kurortebia gonio, kvariaTi da sarfi?

186

9. saqarTvelos romeli kuTxis xalxuri tradiciebi da ritualebia:

kalanda, alilo, aguna, nadi, CiCilakis gadalocva.

10. saqarTvelos romeli regionisaTvisaa yvelaze Sesaferi Rvinis

turizmi?

11. romeli daavadebis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba abasTumani?

12. turizmis romeli saxeobis obieqtebia imereTSi: saTaflia, yumisTavi,

TeTra, wyaltubo, sawurblia, sawveTela, facrisTavi?

13. romeli saerTaSoriso organizacia icavs mcxeTas, rogorc msoflio

kulturyli memkvidreobi mniSvnelovan obieqts?

14. turizmis romeli mimarTuleba SegviZlia miviCnioT prioritetulad

qvemo svaneTSi?

15. sad aris cixe-goji da ra tipis turistuli obieqtia igi?

187

literatura da eleqtronuli wyaroebi

1. maisuraZe d., xomeriki g., xuciSvili T. saqarTveloSi

speleoturizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi da qarTuli

geografiis amocanebi// «Кавказский географический журнал», # 9, Tbilisi, 2008.

2. metreveli m. turizmisa da stumarmaspinZlobis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi, 2008.

3. rafiel danibegaSvilis mogzaurobani indoeTSi, birmasa da aziis sxva qveynebSi (1795-1827). moskovi, “progresi”, 1969. (rusul, inglisur da indur (hindi) enebze).

4. saqarTvelos geografia. nawili I: fizikuri geografia. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 2000.

5. saqarTvelos geografia. nawili II: socialur-ekonomikuri geografia. Tbilisi, “mecniereba”, 2003.

6. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2007. saq. statistikis departamentis krebuli. Tbilisi 2008.

7. qarTveli mogzaurebi, geografebi da bunebis mkvlevarni. enciklopediuri cnobari. Tbilisi, “ganaTleba”, 2003.

8. xelaSvili s. turizmis marketingi. Tbilisi. 1992. 9. Goeldner C.R., Ritchie B.J.R. Tourism: Principles, Practice, Philosophiess.John Wiley

& Sons Inc. 2006. 10. Lickorish L.J., Jenkins C.L. Introduction to Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. 11. Middleton V.T.C. Marketing in Travel and Tourism, sec. ed. Butterworth-Heinemann,

1994. 12. Mill R.C., Morrison A.M. The Tourism System: An Introductory Text. Third Edition.

Kendal/Hunt, 2002. 13. Tourism Highlights. 2007 Edition. UNWTO. 14. Александрова А.Ю. и др. География туризма. М.: «Кнорус», 2008. 15. Биржаков. М. Б. Введение в туризм. М., 2005. 16. Вавилова Е.В. Основы международного туризма. М.: «Гардарики», 2005. 17. Все страны мира. Энциклопедический справочник. М.: «Вече», 2002. 18. Даркевич В.П. Аргонавты средневековья. М.: «Наука», 1976. 19. Котлер Ф., Боуэн Дж., Мейкенз Дж. Маркетинг. Гостеприимство и туризм. М.:

ЮНИТИ: 2005. 20. Самойленко А.А. География туризма Ростов. н\Д: «Феникс», 2006. 21. http://www.statistics.ge/publication.php?plang=2&pf. 22. http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=272&info_id=17627. 23. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_four_basic_types_of_tourism. 24. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm. 25. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/indicators.htm. 26. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/economy.htm. 27. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/publication.htm. 28. http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/methodological.htm.

188

Sinaarsi

winasityvaoba -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Tavi I. mogzauroba ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Tavi II. turizmis ganviTarebis istoria ----------------------------------------------------- 18

Tavi III. turizmis arsi, ZiriTadi cnebebi, terminebi, struqtura ----------- 37

Tavi IV. msoflios turistuli regionebi -------------------------------------------------- 51

Tavi V. turizmis tipebi (saxeobebi, mimarTulebebi) --------------------------------- 65

Tavi VI. turizmis industria ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

Tavi VII. turizmis marketingis safuZvlebi ---------------------------------------------- 122

Tavi VIII. saqarTvelos turizmi ----------------------------------------------------------------- 137

literatura -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 187