XI The Twentieth Century: 1914 to t he present P. M. H. Bell

General works: international relations: the two World Wars J. A. S. Grenville, Tbe Major International Treaties 1 9 1 k 1 9 j j (Eyre Methuai, L7.90; pbk, L3-95) is an invaluable work of reference, with analyses of treaties, the texts of the most important conventions, and maps, B. Brodic, War and Politics (Cassell, L3-50) provides an interesting discussion of twentieth century warfare, with discursive passages on attitudes towards war, the meaning attached to ‘vital interests’, and related subjects. A. Marwick, War and Social Cbange in tbe Twmtietb C m t y : a comparative stdy of Britain, France, Germany, Rzuria and tbe United Stater (Ma&, L5 ; pbk, JE;z*jo) attempts a bird’s eye view of an enormous and impoaant subject. An annual reference book on military matters appears as u s d : world Armamentr and Dirmammt: SIPRZ Yearbook 1974 (M.I.T. Press, L7.50); this year there are special chapters on the Middle East war of 1973, on nuclear deterrence, and on ideas for force reductions in Europe. An interesting military work from an earlier period, containing much technical information, has been reprinted: 0. Layriz, MecbanicaZ Traction in War (David & Charles, L3-75 ; first published in 1900). On an economic sub- which at present arouses much controversy, W. Beckaman, In Dcfcncr of Economic Growtb (Cape, L3-95) makes a sharp and cf€cctive attack on those who predict doom through pollution and the exhaustion of resources. E. Jacobs, Enropean Tr& Unionism (Croorn Helm, L3-95 ; pbk, L1.95) provides an outline sketch of the present state of trade unions (outside the eastern bloc), with some historical background. An interesting and unusual approach to international affairs is to be found in J. Mandcr, Ow German Com*nr: Anglo-Gman rekztionr in tbe 19tb and zotb centwirr, already mentioned @.. 93). ”he twentieth century has been very much the century of the psychiatrists, and it is illuminating to have nearly four hundred letters between Freud and Jung printed in W. UCGuirc, ed., Tbe Frd-Jnng Lctters (Routledge & Kegan Paul, L7-95); the correspondence, which is in English translation, dates from the period 1906-13. An interesting combination of historiography and diplomatic history is attempted in E. R. May, ‘Lcrsonr’ of tbe Past: tbe rue andmiwe of birtwg in Ammkm foreippolig (O.U.P., L3-15; pbk, L1-75), which studies a number of episodes after 1945 to show how the use of historical d o g i e s influenced the making of policy. F. K. Crowley, ed., M o h Aufrdia in Donunmtr, VOL I, 1901-1939, vol. 2, 1939-1970, (David & Charles, L3-25 each) is a wide-ranging colleaion, arranged in chronological order rather than by theme, and offering much information on British &airs as well aa on its main subject. Books dealing with the First World War have included Lord Dcvlin,

Too Proud to Figbt: Woodrow Wilm’s ncntra& (O.U.P., L9-75), a study by an eminent British judge of American neutrality between 1914 and 1917 in terms of Wilson’s personality and attitudes. A much less well- known aspect of wartime diplomacy is explored in G. B. Leon, Greece and tbr Great Powerr, 191er917 (Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies), a long and detailed work using much archive material. Florcncc Fumborough, Nwre at th Rwrian Front: a diaty, 1914-18 (Constable, L3-93) giva a remarkable account of the author’s experiences, illustrated

I02 with her own photographs. N. Gladden has added to his previous

accounts of Ypres and of the Italian front a personal account of Tbe Sommc, 1916 (Kimber, L3). O n the problem of the outbreak of the 1914-18 war, an article which takes further a recent line of interpretation is M. R. Gordon, ‘Domestic conflict and the origins of the First World War: the British and German cases’ [ J. Mod. Mst., 461.

On the inter-war period, the publication of British Foreign Office .

papers is continued in Docnments on Britisb Foreip Policy, edited by W. N. Medlicott, D. Dakin and Margaret Lambcrt; vol. XIX of the First Series, Tbe Conferences of C-s, Gmoa and tbc Hague, 1922 (H.M.S.O., L13-So) deals mainly with British attempts to bring Bolshevik Russia into the orbit of European diplomacy and trade. An approach to Russia is also the subject of B. M. Weissman, Herbert Hmer and Famim Relief to Soviet Rursia, 1921-19zj (Stanford, Calif. : Hoover Institution Press, $7.95). which offers a detailed study of an interesting episode. F. Hardic, Tbc Abyssinian Crisis (Batsford, L6) is P new account of British policy during the crisis, using some archive material, rather than a rc- examination of the whole problem. A work on British foreign policy by a German historian is 0. Hauser, Engkand mi L s drifts Reicb, vol. I, 1933-1936 (Stuttgart: Secwald, DM 38): it is instructive to have a German view of the subject. An interesting collection of the papers of a German diplomat is made available in L. E. Hill, cd., Die Wci!paker- Papiere 1993-19jo (Berlin: Propylien-Verhg, DM 68). German policy during the Spanish Civil War is f i l l y described and carefully set in its European context by H.-H. Abendroth, Hitler in a b rpanircben Arena (Padcrbom: Schoningh, DM 29.80, 1973). A. P. Young, Tbe ‘X’ Docnmmtr: tbe ncrcf birtwy of Foreign Ofice contacts witb German Resistance, 1937-1939 (An& Deutsch, L3.50), is a personal account by the then British emissary to Gocrdeler; there is a valuable cssay by S. Aster, who has acted as editor for the book. J. W. Briigel, ed., Stalin md Hitlcr: Pakt gegm E w o p a (Vienna: Europavcrlag, 248 schillings) provides a collection of documents about the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, taken from printed sources and the contemporary press. A lesser-known aspect of German foreign policy is iJluminated by D. Bourgeois, Lc Troisiime Rekb ct /a Sllizn, z9jj-194r (Neuchatd, Editions dc la Baconnitrc), which is based on much unpublished material. 0.-E. Schuddckopf, Fascism (Wcidenfeld 8c Nicolson, L2.75) makes yet another gallant attempt to produce a general description of fascism and its characteristics all over Europe. S. E. Pclz, Race to Pearl Harbour: t& failure of tbr second London naual conference and tbe omt of World War II CHarvard U.P., L8-75) provides a useful discussion of the naval policies of the great powers, using Japanese as well as American and European sources. Dorothy Borg and S. Okamoto, eds., Pearl Hmborrr as Hi-: Japanm-Amerikan Relations, 1931-1941 (Columbia U.P., 411-50, 1973) is a very valuable collection of papers presented at a conference of American and Japanese historians in 1969. The diplomatic history of the Second World War is advanced by

B. M A , Friedminitiativen und Macbtpolitik in Zweiten Welfkrieg 19jpr942 @iisseldorf: Droste, DM 82), a solidly-based study of attempts at a compromise peace during the early part of the war. A further volume has appeared in the series on Vatican policy during the war: P. Blet e t aI., Actex c t Donmrmts ah Saint-Si)gr rehtifs ~3 La d gcmc mondiale, vot 8, L Snint-Sidgr e t I8r wictimr & h g w m e , jm’er 1~41-&vmbre 1942 (Vatican City, Librcria Editricc Vaticum). This volume deals with Papal attempts to help prisoners of war, deportees, and Jean. There have been a number 103

of other books on the Jews during the war. A. Biss, A Million Jnvs to Save (Hutchinson, k3-95) is a personal account by one of the Hungarian Jews who negotiated with the Gctman and Hungarian authorities: the author defends one of his dead colleagues against attacks by Hannah Arendt. I. Trunk, Ju&nrat: tbe Jmd Cormrh in eastern Europe Mdcr N 4 i occnpafion (Collier-Macmillan, Lj.70, 1972) tells in great detail the agonising story of the leadership of the Jewish communities during the time of the extermination camps, and discusses the part played by some of the Councils in dcading who should die first. R. Ainsztein, Jm3b & d a m e in Nqi-Ocmpied Eastern Enrope (Elck, €12.50) produces ample evidence to dispel the view that there was no resistance to their fate by cast European Jews. N. Rich, hWer’s Var Aims, vol. II, Tbe establirbmart of tbs Narv Or& (Deutsch, E5.95) completes a thorough and systematic survey, and again includes material on the Jews as well as all other aspeas of German policy. The economic aspect of German policy is well discussed in J. Frcymond, LA IIIe Reicb et La riwganisation Cconomiqur da P h p , 1940-1942 (Leiden, Sijthoff), which draws together the results of much research. D. Csatri, Dam La formnente: b relations bnngaro-roumaincs & 1940 d 1941 (Budapest: Akadtmiai Kiadb, $20) is a translation from the Hungarian of a work, based on archives in both countries, telling the little-known story of how Hungary and Rumania first sought to work with Hider and then to escape from his grasp. B. Whalcy, Codnvmd ‘Barbmssa’ (M.I.T. Press, $10) is an interesting discussion of why the Soviet Union was caught by surprise by the Geiman attack in June 1941. A reliable general account of the naval war‘from a Gaman point of view has now appeared in an English translation: C. Bekker, Hitler’s Naval War, (hhcdonald, €3-95), tr. and ed. by F. Zicgler; the original was published in Gumany in 1971. On Britain’s part in the war, P. Cosgravc, Cburcbiil at War, vol. I, Alone, q j p - 1 9 4 0 (Collins, €4.95) is the first volume of a trilogy on Churchills’ wartime premiership. P. M. H. Bell, A Certain Eventual&: Britain rad fbe fafl of France (Smon House, L4.50) analyses British reactions to the French defeat in 1940 and the early relations between Britain and de Gaullc. R. Parkinson, A DqS. Marcb Nearer Home: t h war bistoryfrom Akzmein to VE Day bared on tbe Wm Cabinet papers of 1942 to 1 9 4 ~ (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, €5.95) completes the author’s chronological survey of the war from the viewpoint of the British government. J. Smyth, Leadcrrbip in Wm, 19 j 9 - 1 9 4 ~ (David & Charles, €4.50) is a shrewd assessment of British generalship by one who was himself a general. A new series of books on the politics and strategy of the war, edited by N. Frankland and C. Dowling, is opencd by G. Warner, Iraq and Spa 1941 (Davis-Poynter, L3*50), which gives a valuable account of the two campaigns in their polidcal context. There are a number of other books on particular British campaigns. Peter C. Smith and E. Walker, War in tbc A e g m ( W i i Kimbu, L3.95) deals with the Aegean campaign of 1943 ; C. Ryan, A Bd’ Too Far (Hamish Hamilton, E3-95) gives a vivid account of the Arnhun operation, concentrating on personalities and the details of the fighting; J. Strawson, Tbe Battle fw Bdin (Batsford, €2.60) puts the battle in its political setting. G. Millnr, Tbe Brnnewai Raid: flasbpomt of tbr r&r war (Bodley Head, Lz.50) deals primarily with the story of radar and of British intelligence work on German radar developments: .the Bruncval

104 raid occupies only the last pomon of a valuable study. A heroic and

much-debated episode of the war is described in J. M. Cicchanowski, Tbe Warsaw Rising of 1944 (C.U.P., L6-60); the book is based mainly on Polish sources, and is sharply critical of Polish policy. F. D. McCann, Jr., Tbe Brqilian-Amerimn Affiance, 1937-1941 (Princeton U.P., $18.10) tells the story of how the alliance was formed and how Brazil became the only Latin American state to engage ground troops in Europe.

On the period since 1945, L. M. Goodrich, Tbe United Nations in a Cbanging World (Columbia U.P., L6.50) gives a dear, straightforward account of its subject from 1945 to the early 1970s. A uscful work of reference is continued by A. W. Cordier and W. Footc, eds., PubLic Papers of tbe Secretaries-General of tbe United Nations, vol. III, Dug HmmarskjOU, 1 9 1 6 1 7 (Columbia U.P., LIO-13). S. Rosennc, Tbe World Corrrt: wbat it is and bow it works (Leiden: Sijthoff, Fl.50, 1973) is the third edition of a book which seeks to uplain the workings of the court to non-lawyers: the author finds it hard to live up to the splendid simplicity of the title. E. S. Mason and R. E. Asher, Tbe WorUBad rime Bretton Woods (Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, $17.50, 1973) is a long and somewhat technical account of its subject. G. M. Meier, Problems of a World Monetary Order (O.U.P., pbk, Lz-90) gives brief accounts of questions of trade, money, and development, with introductions by the author, extracts from documents, and bibliographical guides. W. Fox, Tin: tbe working of a commodi/r agreement (Mining Journal Books, 49-25) is a valuable first-hand description of international co-operation to regulate world tin markets, by a former secretary of the International Tin Council : the subject is important in relations between primary producers and industrial countries. O n international relations generally, A. Buchan, Tbe End of tbe Post- War Era: a new balance of world power (Wcidcnfeld & Nicolson, L4.25) analyses post-war developments and speculates on the future; while the same author’s C h g e Witbout War: tbe sbgting strvrfvres of worldpower (Chatto & Windus, 42-25) prints his Rcith Lectures, making a briefer attempt to identify the main themes of international politics since 1941. Two books deal with American-Soviet relations in the immediate post-war period: B. Kuklick, American Po& and tbe Division of Germany: tbr clasb witb h s r i a over reparations (Cornell U.P., 44-30, 197z), based on work in the State Department archives, argues that the U.S.A. was responsible for the conflict over Gcrmany; T. G. Patcrson, Soviet-hmkan Confrontation: post-war reconstruction and tbe m@u of tbe mU war uohns Hopkins U.P., L6) argues that the U.S.A., like Britain and the Soviet Union, mcd to use the U.N. and other international organisations for its own purposes. Three books on the Berlin question should be noted. D. Mahncke, Berlin im geteiften Dautrcbfand (Munich: Oldmbourg, 1973) is a general study of the problem from 1944 to 1971 ; D. Prowe, Weltstadt in f i ren: Berlin 1949-1916 (Berlin: dc Gruyter, DM 86, 1973) is in fact a useful account of Berlin between its two gravest crises; and D. L. Bark, Agreement on Berlin: a stndy of tbe 1970-72 qundrpartitt mgotiationr (Stanford, Calif. : Hoover Institution, $3) is a brief analysis of its subject, with the t a t of the agreement reached during the negotiations. An American Seaetvy of State who was a central figure of the 1950’s is subjected to lengthy and critical scrutiny in T. H o o p , Tbe Devil and ] o h Foster Dnfles (Andrt Deutsch, 44.95). Lester B. Pcarson, Memoirs, vol. 2, 1948-1957 (Gohcz , L5*z5), covers some of the same ground from a different point of view. The book deals with Pearson’s time as Cvlndian Foreign

Minister and Prime Minister; it was completed from an almost finished dnfc. and published after the author's death in 1972. An interesting episode in Gnadian foreign policy is examined in D. Stairs, Tbe Diphmq of Cmtraint: C A , tbe Korean War and t& United Stater (Toronto U.P., L6-70). F. Parkinson, .Latin Amerika, tbe Cold War and t& World Porvrrr, I94J-I973: a stdy in &plomatic b i r t q (Sage Publications,

as well as of Latin America. R. H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy tmara!r India: i&ologv nnd stmteg~ (Harvard U.P., L7-50) gives an account of its subject from 19x7 to recent ycars, with the emphasis on the post-war period. The comparatively new development of Chinese intervention in Africa is described by a Nigerian historian in A. Ogunsanwo, Cbina'r Policy in Africa, 1918-71 (C.U.P., L6-50). The tangled and important question of Cyprus is painstakingly d y s e d in F. Crowt , La COnpit dc Cbype, 1946-19~9 (Brussels: Bruylant, 2 vols., 3.040 Belgian francs): the author succeeds in the almost impossible task of being fair to all parties in the dispute. S. G. Xydis, Cypnu: h l t cur t Republic (The Hague: Mouton, Fl.86) deals with the last two ycars of the Cyprus conflict before independence from the Greek point of view; the author has used the unpublished papers of Kvlmanks ' andAvcrov.

United Kingdom and Ireland An invaluable help to all researchers into British history in the twentieth century is provided by C. Hazlehurst and Christine Woodland, A GIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIGIIG to t& P a p n of Bntirb Cabinet Wnirterr, r p o + r g j ~ (see p. 86). G. Woodcock, Wbo Ki&d tbe BritiJb Empire? A n i k p r t (Cape, € 5 ) is a lively discussion, giving due weight to 'na& causes' as well as to likely assassins. A. J. Marder, From th Daraklkr to Oran: rtnddr of tbe Rojnl Nasy in war andpars, 19rj-1940 (O.U.P., L6.50) is an interesting collection of cssays by an eminent naval historian; of the five pieces, all except one (on the British attack on the French fleet in July 1940) have been published before. Kenncth D. Brown, ed., Errayr in Anti-Labour Hirtarp: nrpnser to tbe rise of Lubow in Britain (Macmihn, 4x0) is another valuable collection, though sutfering a little from uncertainty as to what 'anti-Labour' might mean.

There have been many volumes of biography, memoirs and diaries. Frances Donaldson, Edward VIII (Weidenfeld& Nicolson, L44'95), is a lively and wcll-documented study, with the abdication as the main centre of interest. H. Pdling, Cbnrcbill, already mentioned on p. 88, achieves great succcss in compressing a remarkable career into one volume; the author had ample material at his disposal even without access to Churchill's own papus. The career of one of Churchill's early colleagues is well described in R. F. Machy, F i s h of Kiherrtonr (see p. 89), which adds considerably to our knowledge of a crucial figure in British naval history. P. Fmcr, Lard E r b : a politkd biograpby (Hart- Davis, MpcGibbon, Ls-45, 1973) is a useful account of this important yet shadowy figure in political and military history before and during the

(Collins, L6.50) condudes this remarkable biography and contribution to British history. A. Boylc, Poor Dam Bndan: tbr quest for B r d u Bracken (Hutchinson, L5.25) uses the life of the mysterious person who was a dose friend of Churchill and was generally reckoned the only successful Minister of Information during the Second World War. The memoirs

106 of an inconspicuous political figure, chiefly remembered for his gift of

; pbk. L3) is a book of great value to students of international &airs

1914-18 WSX. S. W. Roskill, H&J: Mm O f S ~ ~ t t ~ , V O ~ . III, 1931-1963

Chcqucn to the nation, are published in A. Clark, cd., A Good Innings: th private papers of Viscount LAC of Farcham Uohn Murray, L3.75). There have been two biographies of Jobn Madean, the Red Clydesider who tried to found a Scottish national Communist Party: one by J. Broom (Loanhead, Midlothian. Macdonald, pbk, L1*75), and one by N. Milton, Maclean’s daughter (Pluto Press, L4-3 5 ; pbk, &) ; both are adulatory in tone. P. Gore-Booth, Witb Great Tmtb and Respect (Constable, Lj) retails the reticent memoirs of the first permanent head of the combined Foreign and Commonwealth offices. The life of a notable journalist, the editor of the Nation from 1907 to 1923, is traced in A. F. Havighunt, Radical Jorcmaliist: H. W. Masingbarn (1860-1924) (see p. 8 8 ) . Two autobiographies with sidelights on politics and journalism are Vernon Bartlett, I Knaw Wbat Z Lihd (Chatto & Windus, L3*50), and Christopher Hollis, Tbe S m Ages: tbcir exits and entrances (Heinemam, L3-60). T. Cullen, M a d y Gregoy: p~lrycror of bononrs (Bodley Head, L3) shows that it was not only Lloyd George who used Gregory as a middle-man for the sale of honours. J. Stallworthy, Wigred Owen (O.U.P. and Ch t to & Windus, L6.75) is a notable biography of the war poet. Kenneth Clark, Amtber Part of tbe Wood: a self-pmtmit Uohn Murray, A4-75) provides a portrait not only of the author but of a rarefied segment of English society More 1939. J. C. Heenan, A C r m of T h : an a&biograp& 19~1-196j (Hodder & Stoughton, L3-95) takes thememoin of the late cardinal to the time of his move to Westminster. J. L. Hcilbron, H. G. J. Mosciv: :be life and Ietters of an Engiisb pbyricist, 1887-r91~ (sec p. 89) describes the life of a scientist who did important work on radio-activity and X-rays before he was killed at Gallipoli. Among studies of particular subjects, D. W. Miller, Chnrcb, State and

Nation in Ira&nd, r 8 ~ 8 - 1 ~ ~ 1 (see p. 94) is a scholarly analysis of relations between the Roman Catholic Church, the state, and Irish nationalism. On India, R. J. Moore, Tbe Cri is of I d h Unity, 1917-1940 (Ckrcndon Press, Lz.75) is a useful outline study of British policy and Indian politics. There have bcen a number of books about aspects of the 1914-18 war. A. Moms, Radicaiim agaimt War (Longman, ;6j* jo, 1973) is a discussion of Labour and Radical opposition to official foreign and defence policy before 1914. J. M. Winter, Smalim and tbc Cbailenge of War, has been described above, p. 92. A. Manin, T h L a t Cnuadc: tbe Cbnrcb of England in tbe First Wodd War (Durham, N.C.: Duke U.P., $9.75) looks at the attitudes of other churches as well as its main subject. W. Moore, T h Tbin Yellow Linr (Leo Cooper, L3-95) is a study of the use of the death penalty for military offences, mostly in the British army during the 1914-18 war, but with information on other wars and other armies (including the Australian, American and Soviet forces). O n foreign policy, D. G. Boadle, Winston Cbnrcbill and th G ~ U U Q I M I ~ ~ O U in Britisb Foreip Policy rgrB-rgtz (The Hague: Nijhoff, Fl.36) is a valuable and original analysis. B. A. Lee, Britain a d tbt Sim-Jupucm War, I937-1939 (O.U.P., L4-75, 1973) uses new archive material to examine its subject, which is often overshadowed by the more dramatic events of the time. F. S. Northedge, Britirb Fweip Policy 1911-1973 (Allen & Unwin, L6; pbk, L2-75) is a revised edition of the author’s Britifb Fmcign Policy 1911-1961 (published in 1962), with additional chapters on the Commonwealth, defence, the U.N. and the E.E.C. D. C. Watt and J. Mayall, eds., C m t Britisb Forsig, Pol*: domentr , statmmts, Jprcrhes, 1972 (Temple Smith, LIS-50) continues a 107

useful work of reference. Margaret Gowing, Indpendence and Deterreme: Britain and atomir mqy, z94j-z9j2 (2 vols., Macmillan for U.K. Atomic Energy Authority, EIO each vol.) is the official history of its subject and an extremely important work. Volume I deals with policy making, in chronological sequence; volume z comprises chapters on specific topics, for cxample security and health. A. J. R. Groom, Britisb Tbinking about N ~ l e m Weapons (Frances Pinter, 49-75, 1975) reviews the period 1943-1962, using published sources and including a section on protest against nuclear weapons; it indudes a very full bibliography. On post-war politics generally, Mary Proudfoot, British Politics and Gwmment, Z ~ J Z - Z ~ ~ O (Faber, L4.20) is a methodical and helpful guide on a period which is only thinly covered by sccondaqy works. Anthony Smith, cd., Tbe Britisb Press since tbe War (David & Charles, 96-50) presents a ,

collection of documents with linking commentary. Two contributions to the history of Cities are: A. Sutcliffe and Roger Smith, History of B i n n i n g k , vol. III, Birmingham z93p-1970 (O.U.P., LIZ), which completes the comprehensive and authoritative work begun by Asa Briggs; and J. Simmons, J2cester Past and Present, vol. IT, M& Cip, 1860-1914 (see p. 91) which condudes a much briefex study of its subject. An important addition to the history of sdcnce and a detailed account of a great institution are provided by J. G. Gowther, Tbc Cavmdizb L.uboratory, 1 8 7 6 ~ 9 7 4 (Macmillan, Lzj). A sketch of another kind of institution is given in J. Wdvin, T h People’s Game: a social bir:or_~ of Britirb fwtball (Allen Lane, 94-50).

France P. Sorlin, LA SoriXtifranfain, vol. I, 1840-1914, voL 11, 1914-1968 (Paris, Arthaud) is a clear and informative analysis of developments in French society, though with Some tendency to allow the thesis to shape the material. M. Anderson, Cmmafiw Politics in France (Allen & Unwin, E6) surveys its subject from the 1880’s to the 196os, with analyses of particular groups-the church, army officers, the aristocracy, the peasantry, businessmen. D. R. Watson, Gemgrs C/cmcnccruc: a poZitkal biogra& (Eye Mcthuen, E9.50) is a full and pcrccpti~c study. The second volume of B. Crozier’s life of dc Gaullc, De Gadla f& Sfahman (Eyre Mcthucn, L6) completes this solid and useful work. A clcu and lively discussion of the separation between church and state is given in M. Lukin, Cbnrcb and State after tbe Drvfwz Aff& (Maanillan, 95-95). An intriguing and politically important scandal of the 1930s is described in J.-M. Charlier and M. Montarron, Sfauisky: ler secrets ah s c a d d a (Paris: Laffont, Fr. j8), a joint account by a historian and a journalist who worked on the case. J. Semprun, La ‘Stmkky’ d’&n Remaik, (Paris: Gallimud, Fr. 21) prints the script of the somewhat obscure film on the same subject. On the question of the causes of the French defeat in 1940, L. Mysyrowia, Antopsir d ’ m Dq2ite: Wig’ncz & P e f f i m m t miZitairefrmrroir & 1940 (Lausanne : Editions 1’Age d’Homme, 28 Swiss francs, 1973) is a wide-ranging discussion of French military thinking and attitudes to war; while J. C. Cairns, ‘Some recent historians and the “stmngc defeat” of 1940’ u. Mod. fist. , 461 is a valuable review of recent writings on the subject. Marie-Madeleine Fourcade, Noab’z Ark (Allen & Unwin, L4-95) is a narrative, by one of its leaders, of the work of the ‘fUiancc’ network from 1940 to 1944. E. A. Koloddej, Frmb In&na&mal Polhy & & G d l e and Pompidw:

108 t&$uliticr o f g r d u r (Cornell U.P., 913-45), is a very lengthy and

sometima obscure treatment of its subject, valuable on the change from dc Gaulle’s policies to those of Pompidou. A number of books deal with the interaction between politics, literature and religion. B. Guyon, Pi’y &ant Dieu (Paris: Desd15e de Brouwer, Fr. 21.50) is a brief study, illuminating for French religious and political life before 1914. J. Petit, cd., Mm’tain-Mom‘er: corre.rpondan~e 19zp1939 (Paris: DaclCe de Brouwer, Fr. 27) prints letters between the two Catholic philosophers, with much material on politics and on the affairs of the journal writ. The Centre Charla Maurras at Aixtn-Provencc has published Cbarler Mamas e t la vie fraqaise mus la t r o i s i h e ripubligrrc, a collection of essays which is the first in a proposed series of Etudes Maurusrimnes. Simone Petrcmcnt, La Vie dc Simonc Wd (Paris: Fayard, 2 vols., Fr. 48, 52) is a sympathetic biography by a friend of Wed’s; it contains much incidental information on French left-wing politics and French affairs during the Second World War. A lively biography, of interest both in itsdf and for the history of science, is provided by R. Reid, Marie Cmk (Collins, L4-~o)-the author is the head of the B.B.C. Science Department. Letters exchanged between Marie Curie and her daughter are printed in Gilette Zieglcr, ed., Marie et Irhe Cmie: correspondanre, cboix de lettres 1901-1934 (Paris: Editeurs Franpis Rkunis, Fr. 34).

Germany A valuable collection of essays on late nineteenth and early twentieth century German history appears in E. J. Feuchtwanger, ed., Upbcmal and Continnio: a cmtwy of German bistog (Wolff, L3 - 5 0 ) . H. H. Herwig, Tbe G m m Naval Oficccr Corps: a mcial and poIitical birtog 1890-19rb (O.U.P., L6) is valuable in its spccialiscd field. T. J. Reed, Tbomas M m : :be rues of tradition (O.U.P., L8.50) has much to say about German society and politics as well as about the novelist and his writings. A vivid description of the culture which flowered in Germany in the 1920s is given by W. Lqueur, Wtimm: a CnItwaI H i s t g 1918- 1933 (Weidcnfdd & Nicolson, L5-95). Another aspect of the same period is discussed in J. R. C. Wright, ‘Above Partier’: tbe poIiticaI attirudcr of tbe G m m Protestant Cbnrcb Je&sbip 1918-1933 (O.U.P., €5). which uses the archives of the Kirchenbund as well as private papers. Among books on the Nazi period, J. Noakes and G. Pridham, eds., Dbnnnmts on Nqim, 1919-1941 (Cape, €12) is a very valuable collection, comprehensive in coverage and with a general introduction as well as introductions to each section and each document. J. Fat, hYtb (Weidddd & Nicolson, L5-z~ ) is a long and interesting biography, translated from the German. G. Pridham, Etler’s Rife to Power: fbs N q i mmemmt in hmu, 1923-1933 (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, €4.95) is a study of how the Nazis gained support in the state where Hider began his activities. H. C. Deutsch, Hitlm and bis Generals: tbe bi&n mi&, Jammy-Jme 1938 (Minnesota U.P., L8-75) is a detailed account of Hitler’s purge of the army leadership. The former commander of the U.S. contingent at Spandau prison has written a book on the only remaining prisoner there: E. K. Bird, Tbr Laaliczt Man in tbe World: tbc

€3.50). T h e book provides wful material on Has, and also on the aspect of post-war history represented by his imprisonment. R. R. Taylor, Tba Word in Stonr: tdr mIe of arcbiteciame in th National Siuialist i&oh,u (California U.P., $15) is an interesting discussion of its subject by an author who is primarily an architect. O n post-war Germany, T. Prittie,

story of t& 30-year imprimnmrnt of RwCio/fHtss (Sccker & Warburg,

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Wilfy Brandt:porfraif . f a rtahman (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, L3.95) is a useful account, completed while Brandt was st i l l Chancellor of West Germany-his fall is mentioned only in a postscript. R. Morgan, Tbe United States and West G m q , 1941-197j: a stdy in alliance politus (O.U.P. for Royal Institute of International AfGirs, L7) maintains the usual high standard of Chatham H o w publications. Claire Nix, ed., Heimkb Brrbring: Bride 1946-1960 (Stuttgart, Dcutsche Verlags-Anstalt, DM 39.80) is a selection of letters by the former German Chancellor, mostly written in the U.S.A. and offering an interesting though distant commentary on German &airs.

The Soviet Union G. Katkov ef al., eds., h r i a Enters tbe Twmtietb Cmhoy, 1894-1917 (Methuen, pbk, Lx-50, 1973) provides a paperback edition of a collection of essays first published in 1971. B. h i t c h , in collaboration with M. M. Drachkovitch, Biograpbical Dictionary of tbc Comintm (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, $15, 1973) is a valuable work of reference, containing 716 entries in a field where facts are not always easy to come by. E. H. Can and R. W. Divics, FoMdcrrionr of a Plonncd Economy, vol. I (Penguin, L2.50) is the paperback edition of the volumc first published by Macmillan in 1969. The author of this massive history of Soviet Russia is offered a fertrcbnyt in C. Abxamsky, ed., assisted by Beryl Williams, f i s q s in Honour ofE. H. Carr (Mncmillan, LIO). R. Pethybridgc, Tba Social Preluak to Staiinim (Macmillan, L7) attempts to trace the roots of Stalin’s personality cult, purges and buraucracy in social conditions during and after the Bolshevik Revolution. S. Cohen, Bukbarin and tbe Bolsbwik Rrvolurion (Wildwood House, L4.50) is a scholarly biography. R. C. Tucker, Stalin as Rcvofrrtionary, 1879-1929: a stdy in bistory a n d p r s m f i ~ (Chatto & Windus, L4-75) is the first of two promised volumes, based on a psychological approach assuming that a person’s life is virmnlly ‘programmed’ in early youth. The book is full of interest, and contains much solid m a t d which is not sign~ficantly dected by one’s acceptance or otherwise of the main thesis. Another biography of Stalin, aimed at the general reader. is R. Hingley, Jonpb Stafin: man and hgmd (Hutchinson, L5-85): it is both sound and readable. A difTerent and formidable approach to the Stalin era is to be found in Alexander Solzhcnitsyn, Tbr Gulag Arcbipkago 1918-19~6, Parts I and II (Collins, L 3 ) - a rctnarhble compound of history and personal testimony. Aino Kuusinen, Befwe and after Stalin: a parsonu/ accomt of Sovict &ria from tbe 192or to tbe 1960s (Michael Joseph, E3.50) is a memoir of the author‘s imprisonment, and concerned almost entirely with events dvring Stalin’s rule. Writings by another prisoner are printed in V. Moroz. Report from tbe Beria Ihmvc: t& protest writings of V&@ M o r q a Ukrainian political prisoner in t& U.S.S.R., cd. and tr. by J. Kolasky (Peter Martin Associates, pbk, Lx-50). The book contains three essays by a Ukrainian nationalist historian, hrst circulated in samizykt. A collccrion of documents emanating from Marxist-Leninist opposition to the Soviet regime is published in G. Saunden, ed., Sami&t: Voircs of tbe Soviet Opporition (N.Y., Monad Press, Pathfinder Press, $12; pbk, $3.95). The book indudes an account of the strikes in the Vorkuta amps after Stalin’s death. G. Simon, Cbnrcb, State and OppOStion in tbe U.S.S.R. (Hum, L4-20, 1973) is a collection of the author‘s vtides; about one-third of the book deals

I I 0 with the prc-revolutionary period, and most of it deals with the Russian

Orthodox Church, though there is some discussion of the Baptists. The book was published in Germany in 1970. Nikita S. Khruschcv, Kbruscbcv Remembers, vol. t, Tbe Lart Testament (AndrC Deutsch, L4-95) completes the memoirs of the most remarkable of Stalin’s S U C C ~ ~ S O T S :

doubts about the authorship appear to have been finally removed by voice-print tests on the tape-recordings from which the text was transcribed. H. W. Morton and R. L. Tokes, eds., Soviet Politics and Socico in tbe 1970s (Collier-Macdan, L6-50) is a collection of essays on various contemporary issues, including the position of women, housing and crime. ’

Other European countries On Spain, Gabriel Jackson, A Concise History of tbe Spanisb Civil Mar (Thames & Hudson, L2.95) makes an admirable introduction to its subject-short, clear, and objective, with excellent illustrations. J. Lozano, Lo rrgrada Republica: imigines, rronologia y documentos (Barcelona: Accrvo, 1,300 pesetas) provides a long account of its subject, with useful appendices, including a chronology and lists of ministers with brief biographies; it also illustrates the kind of view of the Civil War being published in Spain in recent years. G. Hennet, The Communists in Sjmin: a stdy of an &ground political movement (Saxon House, L5.25) is a translation of a book published in France in 1971 : it provides a brief account and an extensive bibliography. O n Italy, a long, detailed and detached study of political events in the 19208, using unpublished Italian sources, appears in A. Lyttelton, The Sekwe of Power: Farrim in Ztab 191p-1929 (Wcidenfcld & Nicolson, L6-jo). G. B o c q Palmiro Togliatti (Rome: Laterza, 4,500 lira) is a long biography of the Communist leader by a prominent Italian journalist, making much use of oral testimony. O n Austria, L. Jedlicka and R. Neck, eds., O s t m k b 1917 bis 1938 (Munich: Oldcnbourg, pbk, DM 37, 1973) prints the proceedings of a symposium held in Vienna in 1972 under the auspices of the Austrian Historical Commission for research into the period, which is itself the result of an attempt by the two main political parties to h d an acceptable basis for the teaching of recent history in Austrian schools. C. E. Williams, The Broken Eugle: the politics of Arutrian literature from Empire to Anschluss (Elek, L5.80) approaches its subject through the lives and works of nine Austrian writers. On Czechoslovakia, Alice Teichova, A n Economic Euc.&onnd to Munikb: international bmness and C~ecboslwakia, 191b19j8 (C.U.P., L9.50) is a very detailed study of foreign involvement in the Czech economy, based mainly on Czech archive sources. J. W. Briigcl, Trckben und Dentscbe 1939-1946 (Munich, Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, DM 65) is a continuation of the author’s earlier volume (translated into English as C~ecboslwaka bcfwc Munikb), and deals with the fate of the Czech people and the Sudetm Germans during the Second World War. I. Jukic, Tbe Falf of Yugoslma (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, L2.95) is a mixture of persod memoirs and historid narrative by a former diplomat who served with the Yugoslav government in exile during the Second World War. Christopher J. Hughes, Jwit@and (Benn, L4-50) is a valuable general account, striking a balance between historical background and description of the present situation. G. von Rauch, The Baltic States: tbe Years of Indrpndenre. Ertonia, L t p i a , Lithuania 1917-1940 (Hurst, L4.20) is a most valuable book on a little-known subject; its approach is synoptic, treating the area as a whole rather than each country separately. I11

Asia L. W . Adamcc, Afgmktan’s Fwa’gn Affan to tbe Mid-Twmtjd Centany: rehtim m’tb tba U.S.S.R., Ganony andBritain (Tucson: Arizona U.P., $13; pbk, $7.95) dcals with the period 1922-1950, following an earlier volume on the period 1901-1922: the subject has tended to slip out of British consaousness, and deserves to be recalled by this &I survey. There have been two books on the history of the borderlands between India and China. K. Gupta, Tbc HaUn History of tba Sino-Idan Frontier (Calcutta: Minema Associates, Rs. 30) takes the story of the McMahon Line from 1914 (where A. Lamb’s study of the question, for which see p. 1 3 5 , ended) to the 1940s; it is a collection of essays already published in various journals, arguing that the McMahon Line resulted from an attempt to change the agreed frontier to India’s advantage. P. Mchra, Tbe McM& Linc and After: a s d y of th tnbplar contest on India’s nortb-eartmfrontier between Betain, Cbina and Tibet, 3904-47 (Macmillan, L7) deals with the same question in a manner more favourable to the Indian case. O n China, an invaluable work of reference is provided in D. C. Twitchctt and P. J. M . Geelan, eds., Tba Timer Aths of Cbina (Times Books, Lzr). J. Ginings, Tbe World and Cbino, I922--1972 (Eyre Methucn, L 5 . z ~ ) is a general account of China’s foreign relations, eulogistic in its attitude to Chaixman Mao. A short and sharply illuminating discussion of an important subject appears in C. P. Fitzgcrald, Cbina and Southart h a rim I94J (Longman, Lz-25) . John P. Davics, Jr., Dragon & tba Tail (Robson Books, E4-95) is partly a history of foreign involvement in China in the twentieth century, and partly an autobiography by an American who spent nearly all his life in China until purged from the U.S. Foreign Service in the McCarthy period. R. MacFarquhar, Tbc Origins of fba Cultural Rrvolnfion. I : Contradictions among tbe People, 1 9 ~ 6 x 9 ~ 7 (O.U.P., L5 - 5 0 ) is a very detailed analysis, of considerable interest for China’s relations with the outside world as well as for its particular subject; it is the first volume of a promised three. T. N. Chiu, Tbe Port of H a g Kong: a m g of its dnrclapment (Hong Kong U.P., SHK45) is a concise economic history of an important and very interesting commercial centre. J. A. Caldwcll, American Economic Aid to Tbaihnd (Heath, E7-30) is a description of its subject betwcen 1950 and 1970, by a participant on the American side. R. S. Milne and K. J. Ratnam, Mahyria-New States in a New Nation: political helopmmt of Sarawak and Sabab in MakJia (Cass, L9) describes political changes in the two Borneo states since they joined the Malaysian Federation in 1963. C. L. M. Pcndcrs, T h L i j i and Times of Snkanu, (Sidgwick h Jackson, E3.95) is a brief life of the fkst ruler of Indonesia and a major figure in the Afro-Asian movement. Ide Anak Agung, Twenty Years of I&im Fore& Policy (The Hague: Mouton, F1.69, 1973) is a long book, part memoirs and part historical account, by one of Sukarno’s ministen. A valuable reference work, appearing in its sixth edition, is Tbe Far East and Awfrakzria, 1974 (Europa, LIZ).

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