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Abstract:The listener contributes greatly to the development of a conversation.Back-charineis (BCs) are one of the devices available to the iistener toparticipate actively in the conversation. This study investigates someaspects of such an imporatnt conversational device used by JSL learnersin casual conversation with native speakers. The subjects are 10 JSLlearners (5 at the novice level, 5 at the advanced level) of an intensiveJapanese language course of Narzan University. In data collection,subjects were instructed to have a conversation without any given topic.These conversations were video taped and audio-recorded, so that Icould analtze non-verbal BCs behavior such as head-nods. In thisstudy, BCs are categorizrd as 4types; BCs expressions, Repetitions,making-up and liead nods. in addition to those BCs, sentencecornpletiorr which has the similar characteristic as BCs is alsoconsidered.BCs will be examined in terms of frequency, t],pe, Iocation and variety.By the comparison of the use of BCs among the novice students, theadvanced students.and native speakers, I found that(1) JSL learners produce BCs back-channels as frequently as nativespeakers do. (2) learners at the novice level relatively tend to usehead-nods instead of using BCs e>cpression. (3) Sentence-completionseems to be more difficult for the novice learners. (4) JSL learners tendnot to insert BCs rvhile the speaker is talkirrg but to produce them afterthe speaker finishes talkine. (5) Novice learners use lower variety ofBCs e>rpressions compared with advanced learners and native speakers.

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Journal CAJLE Vol. 3 (2000)

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interaction: Research, methods, and theory. Hillsdale,NJ: lawrence Erbaum.

Mukai, C. (1998) 'An analysis of back-channeis in Japanese", M.A.Thesis, Australian National University.