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781

A P P E N D I X A

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary A

Aabsolute motion : Vibratory motion with respect to an inertial reference frame such as free space.acceleration : The time rate of change of velocity. In the time domain, acceleration leads velocity

by 90, and displacement by 180. Typical engineering units are Gs, o-p , or I nches/ Second 2 .

accelerometer : A vibration transducer designed to measure acceleration. Generally, a piezoelec-tric crystal is used to generat e a charge proportional to a ccelerat ion. The charge sensit ive signalis converted to a volta ge sensit ive signal with an internal or external C har ge Amplier.

ADRE for Windows : An a cronym for Automat ed Diagnostics for Rotat ing Eq uipment tha t con-sists of hardwa re and softwa re tha t is typically used for a cquisit ion and processing of vibrationdat a. ADRE is a registered tra demark of Bently Nevada C orporat ion of Minden, Nevada .

aim : In alignment terminology, to regulate or control the direction of a sighting device.alidade : All of the upper part of an optical instrument that turns in azimuth with the sighting

device (this is usua lly t he t elescope).

alignment : The rela tive position betw een ma chine elements. This is a pplied to the position or loca-tion of stationary elements w ithin th e machinery casing. It is also applied to the posit ion of rotat-ing elements (e.g., couplings) between machinery cases. In an ideal case, the shaft centerlinesbetween two ma chines should be collinear w hen the ma chinery is fully loaded and hea t soaked.

American Petroleum Institute (API) : An organ ization for th e development and distributionof technical standards, procedures, and certication programs for the petroleum industries. Themain ofces are located in Washington, D.C.

American Society of Mechanical E ngineers (ASME) : A technical orga niza tion devoted topromoting th e art s an d sciences in the eld of mechan ical engineering. As part of this charter, anextensive series of technica l sta nda rds, procedures, and t est codes ha ve been developed for indus -try. The ma in of ces are locat ed in New York, NY.

amplication, signal : A uniform increase in a mplitude of an electronic signal w ithout va riationof the wa ve form frequency or t iming content. Normally performed with a voltage ampli er.

amplication factor : A measure of the susceptibili ty of a rotor to vibrate a s i t pa sses through acrit ical speed region. A high va lue indicat es low damping, and a small va lue is a well-dampedsystem . Also equal t o divided by the log decrement in ana lytical computa tions.

amplitude : The magnitude measurement of periodic dynamic motion. Displacement is measuredin Peak to Peak

values. Velocity and acceleration are presented as Zero t o Peak

amplitudes.

aperiodic motion

: The motion of a body within a crit ically or highly damped system where allperiodic motion is suppressed. During this type of non-vibratory motion, the body (following aninitial disturbance) tends to creep back to its equilibrium position without oscillation.

Apple Computer, Inc.

: A manufacturer of the Macintosh personal computer, and associatedhar dwa re and operating systems, with ma in ofces locat ed in Cupertino, California.


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782 Appendix-A

asymmetrical support

: Support systems tha t do not provide uniform r estraint (st iffness) in alllatera l directions.

asynchronous

: For r otating machinery a pplications, frequency components w hich are not integer

multiples, or integer fractions of shaft rotative speed and remain at a xed or constant fre-quency irr espective of speed cha nges.

attenuation, signal

:

A uniform reduction in the amplitude of a signal without variation of thewa ve form frequency content or t iming. Norma lly performed with a voltage att enuator.

attitude angle

:

The included angle between a bearing centerline and a line connecting the geo-metric center of t he bearing with the center of the sha ft . This a ngle usually follows the directionof shaft rota tion, and varies a s a function of external plus interna l preloads, and the par ticularbearing conguration.

averaging

:

Digital averaging of successive FFT samples to reduce random noise, and enhance fun-dament al spectral components a nd a ssociated ha rmonics.

axial

:

Pa rallel to t he rotor centerline. This a pplies to vibration a nd posit ion m easurements of th erotating sha ft and the ma chine casing.

axial position

:

The average position, or the change in position, of a rotor in the axial directionwith respect to an established reference. Normally measured w ith respect t o the thr ust bearing.

azimuth

:

The direction in a horizonta l plane, parallel to the surfa ce of the ear th.

azimuth axis

:

The vertical axis. The axis of the bearing and spindle of an optical instrumentwhich con nes rotation to a horizontal plane.

azimuth motion

:

The clamp an d ta ngent screw of an optical instrument which controls rotat ionin the horizontal plane.

B

balance resonance speed

:

A rotative speed corresponding to a nat ural resonan t frequency of arotor. The midpoint of the a mplitude peak and phase shift tha t occurs a s th e rotor passes througha resonance. Ba lance resonances a re usually referred to as rotor cri t ical speeds.

balancing

:

A systemat ic procedure for a djusting the radia l mass distribution of a rotor so that themass centerline approaches the geometric centerline; thus, reducing the vibration a nd th e latera lforces applied to th e bearings a nd surrounding str ucture.

band-pass lter

:

An electronic lter that has a single tra nsmission band extending from a nitelower to an upper cutoff frequency. Frequencies within t he pass ban d a re reta ined, and frequen-cies outside of the pass band are eliminated or attenuated. The cutoff frequencies are thosepoints on either side of the center frequency where the amplitude is attenuated by 3 dB (or 0.707of the va lue at the center frequency).

band-reject lter

:

An electronic lter that has a single rejection band extending from a nitelower to an upper cutoff frequency. Frequencies within the rejection band are eliminated orattenuated, and frequencies outside the rejection band are retained. This type of lter is alsocalled a notch lter.

bandwidth:

The span between frequencies at w hich a band-pass lter att enuates the signal by 3dB to 0.707. Also, the frequ ency ra nge over wh ich a given electronic device is set to operate.

baseline:

Vibrat ion, posit ion, and performa nce data acquired on a ma chine in good condition, andused as a reference for future t rending and ana lysis of the machinery.

bearing clearance ratio (BCR):

The relationship between the bearing diametrical clearancemea sured in Mils, and t he sha ft dia meter m easur ed in Inches. A value of 1.5 Mils/Inch is ty picalon ma ny indust rial m achines. On unit s w ith n onsymmetrical (e.g. , el l iptical) bearings, a un iquevalue will be associat ed with t he vertical and t he horizonta l cleara nces separa tely.

bearing unit load (BUL ):

The sta tic load placed on a journa l bearing due to th e weight of theshaft divided by the plane a rea of the bearing. Common engineering units a re Pounds/ Inch

2

.


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Machinery Diagnostic Glossary 783

beats:

The var iation in a mplitude due to the t ime doma in superposit ion or summat ion of two peri-odic wa ve forms occurring at different frequencies. The differential between the two funda mentalfrequencies is known as the bear frequency.

bench marks:

In machinery alignment work, the permanent xtures used to identify referencepoints in the X, Y, and Z directions. Linear distance measurements are made with respect tothese reference points t o determine th e three-dimensiona l locat ion of a point in space.

Bently Nevada Corporation

: A ma nufacturer of vibration tr ansducers, monitors, data acqui-sit ion and a nalysis systems, plus associated softwa re and tra ining activit ies. A worldwide organ i-zation wit h corporate headqua rters locat ed in Minden, Nevada.

bias voltage:

The DC voltage at the output of a dynamic transducer on which the AC signal issuperimposed. For a n IC P device this DC voltage has no mechan ical signicance. For a piezore-sistive pressure probe, this voltage is proportional to the average static pressure. For a Proximi-tor output from a displacement system tra nsducer, this voltage is proportional to the dista ncebetween the probe t ip and the observed surfa ce. Varia tions in th is voltage allow the computationof position changes between the proximity probe tip and the observed surface.

blade passing

:

For bladed machinery, a frequency equal to th e number of blades t imes shaft rota -tive speed. This may be stationary or rotating blades, or geometric combinations thereof.

Bode plot

:

Cartesian plot of a vector (typically 1X) where speed is plotted on the abscissa, versussynchronous phase a ngle and vibration a mplitude on the ordinate. This dat a is often combinedwith a polar plot of the sa me information. This plot m ay be constructed from measured vibra tiondat a, or calculat ed response informat ion. Named for th e frequency response plots of H.W. Bode.

bow, shaft

:

A shaft condition wh ere the geometric shaft centerline is physically distorted by gravi-tat ional sag a nd/or thermal w arpa ge.

broadband noise

:

The total noise at the output of an electronic circuit, or a transducer system.

buck-in

:

To place an optical instrument so that the l ine of sight satis es two requirements (such a saiming at tw o ta rgets) simulta neously. This is usua lly accomplished by tria l a nd error.

C

Campbell diagram

:

A mathematically constructed plot used to predict the interference betweensystem resonances and excitations. The abscissa displays speed, and the excitation frequencies(e.g., unbalance, misalignment, oil whirl, blade passing, etc.) are shown as multiples of this fun-damenta l. The ordinate displays th e lateral a nd torsional natur al resonant frequencies.

cascade plot

:

A diagram used to observe frequency changes versus rotor speed. This plot consistsof a series of spectra acquired at consecutive speeds. The abscissa displays frequency; and ampli-tude, incremented at various rotor speeds, is shown along the ordina te axis.

casing expansion

:

Measurement of axial growt h of a ma chine casing relat ive to the foundat ionor the support structure. Common engineering units a re M i l s

or Inches

.

center frequency:

For a ba nd-pass lter, the frequency equal to the center of the tr ansm issionband. Common engineering units a re Cycles/ Second or

hertz.

circular level

:

The round level att ached to th e alida de.

clipping

:

The distortion or truncation of a dynam ic electronic signal due to th e signal a mplitudeexceeding the limits of the amplier or supply voltage.

coherence

:

The dimensionless ra tio of coherent output pow er betw een tw o cha nnels of an FFT. Ahigh coherence (approa ching 1.0) provides good con dence in the direct rela tionship of the da ta .

Compaq Computer Corporation

: A manufacturer of personal computers and associatedhardware and software. This equipment is distributed under a brand name of COMPAQ, withma in of ces located in Houst on, Texas.

compliance

:

A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measure-ment, where the output displacement response is divided by the input force. This measurementis the reciprocal of dynamic stiffness, with typical engineering units of Inches/ Pound.


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784 Appendix-A

Computed Order Tracking (COT)

: A signa l processing technique for identifyin g an d tra ck-ing orders of a fundamental component. Computed Order Tracking

is a registered trademar k ofHewlett Pa ckard of Everett , Washingt on.

coupled modes:

Vibrat ory modes which inuence each other due to energy tra nsfer between therespective modes. This could be lateral to lateral, or lateral to torsional interaction.

coupling, AC:

A signa l condit ioning techniqu e for elimina ting low fr equency an d/or bias volta gesfrom a tra nsducer signa l. This is often used on proximity probe signals to remove the DC gapvoltage. It is achieved by inserting a coupling capacitor in series between the signal conditionerand the applied instrument. A coupling capacitor is installed only on the signal conductor, andnot on the signal ground.

coupling, DC: A signal tha t h as n ot been subjected to AC Coupling. A signal th at conta ins AC sig-nals riding upon a DC bias signal.

critical damping

: The smallest amount of damping required to achieve aperiodic motion, andreturn the system to equilibrium in the shortest t ime without oscil lation. The damping valuewhich provides the most rapid response with minimal overshoot of the equilibrium position.

critical speed

: A rotor balance resonance speed, or a speed which corresponds to a system reso-nan ce frequency. Also, an operating speed w hich is a ssociated with high vibra tion a mplitudes.

cri tical speed map

:

A machinery design diagra m used to evaluate changes in resonant frequen-cies (plotted on the ordina te) versus va ria ble support st iffness (on the a bscissa).

CRITSPD

: A computer program for determination of undamped response of exible rotor-bearingsystems using the complex matrix transfer method. Program coded in MS-DOS, and distrib-uted by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

cross-coupled

:

A mechan ical condition wher e a force applied in one plane w ill affect or in uence aperpendicular pla ne, or a nother latera l plane.

cross talk

:

Electronic interference from one data channel superimposed upon another channel.This interference can occur between transducers, monitor channels, channels on a tape recorderor individual da ta channels on a digital dat a a cquisit ion device.

Curvic

: A type of close tolera nce coupling m an ufactu red by The G leason Works in Rochester, NY.

C

xx :

Horizontal da mping with common engineering units of Pound s-Seconds/ In ch.

C

xy

or C

yx:

Cross-coupling damping between vertical a nd horizonta l directions w ith common engi-neering units of Pound s-Seconds/ In ch.

C

yy:

Vertical dam ping with common engineering units of Pound s-Seconds/ In ch.

D

damping

:

The energy converter in a vibrating mechanical system th at restrains t he amplitude ofmotion with each successive oscillation. As applied to shaft motion, damping is provided by theoil in bearings, seals, etc. This is th e property t hat restrains motion through a resonance.

decibel

: A ratio expressed as 20 times the log of the voltage ratio, or 10 times the log of the powerratio: dB=20 log (V/ V r ef )= 10 l og (P / P r ef )

.

degrees of freedom

: Description of a m echanical sy stem complexity. The num ber of independentvaria bles describing the sta te of a vibrat ing mechanical system.

differentiation

:

An electronic circuit or calculation procedure tha t performs ma themat ical t imedifferentiation. Converting displacement to velocity requires single differentiation, and displace-ment to acceleration would be considered as double differentiation.

differential expansion

: Axial rotor position with respect to the casing, at the end of themachine opposite the t hrust bear ing. Common engineering units a re M i l s

or

Inches

.

Digital Vector Filter (DVF)

:

An electronic instrument t hat uses digital signal processing andband-pass t racking lters to extract vector da ta from complex dynamic signals. Devices such asthe B ently Nevada DVF2 and DVF3 perform this function.


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displacement

:

The change in distance or position of an object. Eddy current probes directly mea-sure displacement. Single integration of a velocity signal, or double integration of an accelerome-ter a re required to obtain displacement. Common units for displacement ar e M i l s

, or Mils ,

p-p

.

dual probe

:

A tran sducer set consisting of a proximity probe plus a casing vibration tr ansducerinstalled at the sam e location. The t ime summa tion of the shaft r elative and the casing a bsolutesignals allows th e measurement of absolute shaft motion.

dynamic mass:

A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measure-ment, where input force is divided by the output acceleration response. This measurement is thereciprocal of inertance, with typical units of Pound s/ Gs.

dynamic motion

:

Vibratory m otion due to forces that are a ctive only w hen the rotor is turning a tspeeds above slow roll.

dynamic range

:

The ratio of the largest to the smallest signals tha t can be measured at the sametime wit h ty pical engineering units of dB

.

dynamic stiffness

:

A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function mea-surement where the input force is divided by output displacement. This measurement is thereciprocal of compliance, wit h ty pical units of Pounds/ Inch.

Dynamic Signal Analyzer (DSA)

:

An electronic instrument tha t uses digita l signal processing

and the Fast Fourier Transform to convert complex dynamic signals into frequency components,with associat ed para meters such as pha se, coherence, and t ime records. Instruments such a s theHP -3560A, HP -35665A, a nd t he HP -35670A a re DS As.

DYROBES

: A computer program for the sta tics and dyna mics of rotor bearing systems to a va rietyof forcing functions using nite element ana lysis (FEA). Pr ogram coded in MS-DOS , and dis-tributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

E

eccentricity : Varia tion of a sha ft diam eter when r eferenced to the t rue geometric shaft centerline.The measurement of shaft bow or runout at slow r otational speeds. When measured w ith a dialindicat or, this is often referred to a s tota l indicated r unout (TIR).

eccentricity ratio : A dimensionless value obtained by dividing the change in r adia l sha ft center-l ine posit ion by the diametrical bear ing cleara nce.

Eigenvalue : A root of the cha ra cteristic equa tion of a given ma trix. As applied to rotor dyna mics, a

complex root tha t identi es nat ural frequencies, and the a ssociated da mping. The imagina ry pa rtof the root de nes the calculated na tura l frequency.

Eigenvector : The calculated mode shape at each natural frequency (Eigenvalue). Multiplication oftra nsfer mat rices determine the mode shape by computat ion of displacement at each stat ion.

electrical runout : A source of error on the output signal of a proximity probe system. Usually afunction of the varying conductivity of the observed surface or localized shaft magnetism.

electro magnetic interference (EMI) : A condition in which an electromagnetic eld pro-duces an unwa nted signal or noise.

elevation : The direction of a line of sight in a vertical plane perpendicular to the earth.elevation axis : The horizonta l axis. The axis of the bea ring a nd th e journa l of the optical t elescope

axle which con nes rotation to a vertical plane.

elevation motion : The clamp a nd ta ngent screw of an optical instrument which controls rotat ionin elevation.

Endevco Corporation : A manufacturer of accelerometers, acoustic microphones, pressure andforce transducers, plus associated hardware and calibration services. Corporate headquartersare loca ted in Sa n J uan C apis t rano, Cal i fornia .

Excel, Microsoft : A multi-platform spreadsheet program w ith num erical computation an d dat aana lysis capabili ty by Microsoft C orporat ion locat ed in R edmond, Washington.


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786 Appendix-A

Ffocus : In a lignment terminology, to move the optical part s so tha t a sharp image is observed.Fourier Transform : A mathema tical operation wh ich converts a t ime-vary ing signal into a nite

number of discrete frequency components with dened am plitudes.

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) : A math ematical operation w hich decomposes a t ime-vary ingsignal into a nite number of discrete frequency components. The FFT approximates a true Fou-rier tra nsform, and is performed by a digital computer-based instrument such as a DSA.

lter : For electronic signa l processing, a circuit designed t o pass or reject a specic frequency ra nge.For machinery a pplications, the lt ers used for cleaning lubricant s or other process uids.

at-top window : A time domain w eighting function a pplied to the input signal of a n F FT Ana-lyzer. This window removes signals that are not periodic at both ends of the time record. It pro-vides a a t lter shape to maximize amplitude accuracy (typically w ithin 0.005 dB).

forced vibration : System oscillation due to the action of a forcing function. Typically, forcedvibra tion occurs a t th e frequency of the exciting force (e.g., unbala nce occurs a t ru nning s peed).

free vibration: Motion of a mechanical system following an init ial perturbation. Depending onthe system a nd th e kind of perturba tion, the system responds by free vibration a t one or more of

its na tura l frequencies.frequency : The repetition rate of a periodic event within a specic unit of time. Typical units for

frequency ar e Cycles per M in ut e (CPM ) or Cycles per Second (her tz).

frequency response : The variation of amplitude and phase characterist ics of a mechanical orelectronic syst em versus fr equency.

frequency response function (FRF) : A dynamic signa l processing technique that provides aratio between the FFT of the output divided by the FFT of the input signal. The results are dis-played as an amplitude ratio, and a differential phase measurement. The validity of this mea-surement is veri ed by the coherence betw een signals. FRF is also called a t ran sfer function.

GG : The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth. It is equal to 32.174 Feet p er Second 2 , or

386.1 I nches per Second 2 .

gear mesh : A norma l gear box frequency equal t o the number of gear teeth t imes each shaft fre-

quency. For example, in a t wo element gear: G ear Mesh = Number P inion Teeth x P inion Speed =Number Bull G ear Teeth x Bull G ear S peed.

ground loop : Syst em noise due to a circulat ing current bet ween tw o or more electrica l connectionsan d a sign al gr ound. This typica lly appea rs a t freq uencies such a s 60, 120, or 180 hert z.

HHammer-3D : A computer program for determination of structura l mode shapes based on impa ct

hammer tests. Program runs exclusively on an HP-35670A in Hewlett Packard InstrumentBasic. This was developed by Seattle Sound and Vibration, inc., located in Seattle, Washington.

Hann window : A time domain w eighting function a pplied to the input signal of an FFT Analyzer.This w indow removes signals tha t a re not periodic at both ends of the t ime record. I t provides agood compromise between a mplitude (+ 0, -1.5 dB ), and fr equency a ccuracy. Also known a s a H an -ning window on many instruments.

harmonic : A frequency w hich is an integer multiple of a speci c fundamenta l frequency.

heavy spot : The angula r locat ion of the unba lance vector at a speci c lateral location on a sha ft .hertz (Hz) : A measurement of frequency, with engineering units of Cycl es per S econd .Hewlett Packard : A ma nufacturer of a w ide arra y of electronic instrumentat ion, dat a a cquisi-

t ion an d a nalysis systems, calibration equipment, plus associated softwa re, service, and tra iningactivit ies. A worldwide organizat ion with Test a nd Measurement headqua rters in Pa lo Alto, CA.


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high-pass lter : A lter with a single transmission band extending from a dened nite lowercutoff frequency (am plitude @ -3 dB) to t he upper freq uency limit of the device.

high spot : The angula r location of the shaft directly under th e vibration probe at the point in t ime

when the sha ft ma kes i ts closest a pproach to t he probe.horizontal : In alignment terminology, the direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity. As

applied to the identication of vibration transducers, the right-hand or X-Axis transducer.

Iimpact test : A mechan ical test w here an input force is provided by the impa ct from a force ham -

mer or bat tering ra m. The mechanical element vibra tion response is measured, and a frequencyresponse function betw een force and vibrat ion is computed with a dual cha nnel DSA.

impedance : The mechan ical properties tha t govern syst em response to periodic forces.inertia, area : With respect to a given axis, the product of area and the distance from the axis

squa red. This is typically expressed in units of Inches 4 .

inertia, mass : With respect t o a given a xis, the product of ma ss an d the dista nce from t he axissquar ed. For a r otating mechanical system, Inertia is often referred to as t he WR 2 of the rotor,and is expressed in units of Pound-Inch-Second 2 . Multiplication by the acceleration of gravity

yields the common inertia units of Pound-Inches 2 .

inertance : A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurementwhere output acceleration response is divided by the input force. This measurement is the recip-rocal of dynam ic mass, with typical units of Gs/ Pound.

in-phase component : The magnitude of the 1X vector that is in line with the transducer. This isexpressed as: In-Phase = A cos () ; where A is the am plitude, and is the a ssociated pha se angle.

inertially referenced : Motion referred to free space, or a vibration tr ansducer w hich measuressuch motion.

instability : A mechanical system t hat has a negative log decrement. Any perturbat ion to a unsta -ble mechanical syst em will result in increasing system vibrat ion as a function of t ime.

Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric (ICP) : A dynamic transducer for acceleration, force,load, pressure pulsation, or shock measurements that incorporates signal conditioning electron-ics into the body of the eld mounted transducer. This type of transducer produces a voltage sen-sit ive output signal. ICP is a registered tradema rk of P CB Piezotronics, Inc. of Buffalo, NY.

integration : An electronic circuit or calculation procedure tha t performs ma themat ical t ime int e-grat ion. Converting velocity to displacement is considered a single integration, an d a ccelerat ionto displacement would be double integration.

isotropic support : Support systems tha t provide uniform st iffness in a ll radia l directions.

J J : Typical n omenclatur e for area or mass polar moment of inertia with common engineering units of

Inches 4 or Pound-Inch-Second 2 respectively.

KKeyphasor (Key) : A probe used for sensing a once-per-rev event. The result an t pulse sign al

tha t is used for measuring phase an gle, rotational speed, and synchronous tracking. Keyphasoris a registered tradema rk of Bently Nevada Corporat ion of Minden, Nevada.

K a x: Axial st iffness with typical engineering unit s of Pounds/ Inch.

Kingsbury : A man ufacturer of oil lm t ype journal a nd thr ust bearings th at are often self aligningand load equalizing. Kingsbury, Inc. is located in Philadelphia, PA.

Krohn-Hite Corporation : A manufacturer of electronic lters, signal sources, and other elec-tronic instruments w ith corporat e headqua rters located in Avon, Massachusetts.

K t : Torsional st iffness wit h ty pical engineering un its of Inch-Pounds/ Radian.


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788 Appendix-A

Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc. : A manufacturer of accelerometers, strain gages, pres-sure and force tra nsducers, plus a ssociated ha rdwa re an d calibration services. Corporate hea d-qua rters a re locat ed in Leonia, New J ersey.

K xx : Horizonta l latera l st iffness with typical engineering units of Pounds/ Inch.K xy or K yx: Cross-coupling latera l st iffness between vertical a nd h orizonta l directions w ith typical

engineering units of Pounds/ Inch.

K yy: Vertical lat eral st iffness w ith t ypical engineering units of Pounds/ Inch.

Llateral location : Various points identied along the axial length or centerline of a rotor.linear system : A mechanical system in which the response of each element is proportional to the

excitation.

Lissajous gure : The series of plane curves traced by an object executing two mutually perpen-dicular harmonic motions, forming a distinct pattern. For vibration measurements on rotatingmachinery, this is norma lly referred to a s a n orbit .

Loctite : A series of commercially a va ilable products for locking thr eaded connections. Loctite isa registered tradema rk of Loctite Corporat ion of Cleveland, Ohio.

log decrement : A measure of damping based upon the rate of decay of free oscillatory motion. Adimensionless quantity dened a s the na tura l logarit hm of the rat io of any tw o successive ampli-tude peaks in the decay cycle: Log Dec=ln(X 2 /X 1). Ba sed upon a n E igenvalue, the calculated value:

Log Dec. = -2 *(Real/Imaginary) .

low-pass lter : A lter wit h a single transmission band extending from the lower frequency limitof the device to some nite upper cut off frequency (amplit ude @ -3 dB ).

MMachinery Diagnostics, Inc. : A machinery consulting and personnel training company with

corporate and int ergalactic headquar ters located in Minden, Nevada .

magnetic center : The normal axial operating posit ion for a n electric ma chine where stat or androtor forces are generally balanced, and a xial forces on the rotating element a re minimal.

Mathematica : A computer program for performing a wide ra nge of calculations a nd a ssociatedgraphical results on a variety of personal computer platforms. This program is by WolframResearch, Inc. , with head ofces locat ed in C ham paign, Il l inois.

Measurements Group, Inc. : A manufa cturer of stra in ga ges and accessories, signal condition-ing, dat a a cquisit ion systems, photoelastic materials, and tr aining, with corporat e headqua rterslocat ed in Raleigh, North C arolina.

mechanical impedance : A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer func-tion measurement where input force is divided by the output velocity response. This is the recip-rocal of mobility, with t ypical unit s of Pounds/ IPS.

mechanical runout : A source of proximity probe signal error. This includes eccentric shafts,scratches, rust or other conductive metal buildup, plus variations in metallic properties.

Microsoft Windows : A computer operating system th at is a registered tr adema rk of MicrosoftCorpora tion locat ed in Redmond, Wash ington.

mil : A measurement of length or distance equal to 0.001 Inches .mobility : A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement

where the velocity response is divided by the input force. This is the reciprocal of mechanicalimpedance, with typical units of IPS/ Pound .

mode of vibration : A pattern of a vibrating system in w hich the motion of every pa rticle occursat the sa me frequency. In a mult iple degree of freedom syst em, two or more modes may exist con-currently.


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mode shape : The deected rotor shape at a specic speed to an applied forcing function. A two-dimensional or three-dimensional presentation of the shaft lateral deection. Also applies to tor-sional shaft motion and t he motion of all structures, including sta tionary support elements.

modulation, amplitude (AM) : A signal w here the amplitude of a carrier signal is va ried by theamplitude of the modulating signal.modulation, frequency (FM) : A consta nt a mplitude carr ier signal, with a frequency va ried by

the modulat ing signal frequency.

modulus of elasticity (E) : The ratio between a specied increment of tensile or compressivestress divided by a corresponding increment of tensile or compressive strain. Also known as elas-tic modulus, coef cient of elast icity, or Youngs modulus, with typical units of Pounds/ Inch 2 .

modulus of rigidity (G shear ): The rat io betw een a speci ed increment of shearin g stress dividedby a corresponding increment of shearing st rain. Also known a s the shear m odulus, torsion mod-ulus, or modulus of elasticity in shear w ith t ypical engineering units of Pounds/ Inch 2 .

MS-DOS : A computer operat ing system th at is a registered tra demark of Microsoft Corporationlocat ed in Redmond, Wash ington.

N

NARF : An acronym for Natur al Axial Resonant Frequency that is typically applied to a xially com-pliant machine couplings such as disk or membrane couplings.natural frequency : The free vibration frequency of a system. The frequency at which an

undam ped system with a single degree of freedom w ill oscillate upon momenta ry displacementfrom its rest position. The na tur al freq uencies of a mu ltiple degree of freedom system a re the fre-quencies of the normal modes of vibration.

nodal point : A point of minimum sha ft de ection at a specic mode shape. May change locationalong the shaft axis due to va riat ions in bala nce, restraint , or forcing functions. Motion on eitherside of a node is out of pha se by 180.

noise : Any portion of a signa l which does not represent the va riable intended to be measured.notch lter : A lter which eliminates or attenuates frequencies within the lter bandwidth; and

reta ins a ll frequencies outside the rejection ba nd. Also called a ban d-reject lter.

nulling : Vector subtraction at slow roll speed for rotational speed amplitude and phase electricalan d/or mechan ical run out correction.

Oobjective lens : In alignment terminology, the optical lens at the front end of a telescope, and

therefore the lens nearest the sighted object.

octave : The interval between two frequencies with a 2:1 ratio. Typically applied for noise analysis.oil whirl : A vibratory state caused by insufcient bearing load. Various mechanisms, such as exces-

sive bearing clearance, or a force counteracting bearing load can trigger this instability. Themotion is generally circular, with a forward precession, and it occurs a t a frequency equa l to theavera ge oil velocity w ithin the bea ring (typically 35 to 49%of shaft speed).

oil whip : A vibratory state in which a subsynchronous frequency, such as oil whirl, coincides with arotor critical speed. The motion is often severe, it occurs with a forward precession, and the fre-quency remains generally constant , regardless of chan ges in operat ing sha ft speed.

optical transducer : A transducer system that provides an optical output signal, and senses areected optical signal. This type of tra nsducer is t ypically used a s a temporary K eyphasor.

orbit : The dyna mic center line motion of a rota ting sh aft . This is typically observed by X-Y proximityprobes connected to an oscilloscope, or via a computer sim ulat ion of the ana log signals.

orders : Multiple harmonics of a given funda menta l frequency.order tracking plot : A diagram used to observe individual frequency component amplitudes ver-

sus rotor speed or tim e. This plot is generated w ith C omputed Order Tra cking on a DS A.


10/40

790 Appendix-A

overlap processing: An FFT Signal handling technique that combines old data with new datasamples. The selected frequency span and associat ed t ime record lengths a re the m ain para me-ters for determining the percentage of overlap, and t he resultant reduction in sa mple t ime.

PPCB Piezotronics, Inc. : A manufacturer of accelerometers, pressure and force transducers,

plus associated ha rdwa re. Corporate headqua rters a re locat ed in Buffalo, New York.

period : The time required for one complete oscillation, or for a single cycle. The reciprocal of fre-quency with t ypical units of Seconds or Minutes.

periodic vibration : Oscillatory motion whose amplitude pattern repeats with t ime.Permatex : A series of commercia lly ava ilable products for sealing ma chined joints. Perm at ex is

a registered tradema rk of Loctite Corporat ion of Cleveland, Ohio.

phase : A timing measurement between two signals, or between a vibration signal and a Keypha-sor pulse. This can be a relative or a n a bsolute va lue depending on the specic mea surement.

phase angle : The angula r measur ement from the Keyphasor pulse to the next posit ive 1X peaksignal. Since the pulse occurs rst in t ime, this angle is alwa ys identied as a phase lag from thepeak of the vibration signal.

piezoelectric : A materia l such as quar tz t hat converts mechanical t o electrical energy. For a piezo-electric crystal, application of stress (force) through a spring mass system produces an electricalcharge proportional to the vibration. The charge sensitive signal is converted to a voltage sensi-t ive signal for observation and a nalysis.

piezoresistive : A solid state si l icone resistor material that converts mechanical to electricalenergy. These devices are physically attached to cantilevered beams or diaphragms, and electri-cally connected to a Wheatstone bridge. The application of stress produces an electrical signalproportional to the vibration or pressure.

pivotal resonance : A balance resonance during which sha ft motion pivots through th e geometriccenterline of the rotor, causing a zero axis crossing nodal point within the rotor span. Additionalnodes may be produced as a function of bearing st iffness. Often called t he conical mode.

Plastigage : A commercially a vailable product for measuring assembly cleara nces. P lastigage is aproduct of Perfect Cir cle w hich is a registered tr ad ema rk of Dan a C orporat ion of Toledo, Ohio.

plate, alignment : In a lignment terminology, the base of a j ig tran sit to which the sta ndar ds areattached. It forms the connection between the standards of the azimuth spindle (journal) andcarries both the plate level and the circular level.

plate level : In alignment terminology, a comparatively sensit ive tubular level mounted on theplate, used to place the a zimuth a xis in the direction of gravity.

polar plot : Polar coordinate plot of the locus of the 1X vector a t a specic latera l shaft locat ion withvariation of speed, or other parameters. This data is generally combined with a Bode plot. Thisplot m ay be constructed from measured vibra tion dat a, or calculated from an alytical m odels.

position alignment : In alignment terminology, the position in a horizontal plane of the center ofthe ha lf ball or the spherical a dapter a bout which the instrument tur ns when it is being leveled.Once a j ig transit is properly leveled, i t is the point at which the vertical and horizontal axesintersect. The generic description for the initial step in machinery alignment where the properthree-dimensional physical posit ion between foundations a nd cases a re esta blished.

preload, bearing : The dimensionless quantity that is expressed as a number from 0 to 1. A pre-load of 0 indicates no bearing load upon the sha ft; whereas a value of 1 indicates ma ximum pre-

load (i.e., shaft t o bearing line conta ct).preload, external : Any m echan ism tha t can externally load a bearing. This includes soft preloads

such as process uids or gravita tional forces, as w ell as ha rd pre-loads from misalignment, gearcontact, piping loa ds, rubs, etc.


11/40


pressure pulsation : Dyna mic variat ion in the sta tic pressure of uids. Typically mea sured withpiezoelectric transducers that generate a charge proportional to pulsation. The charge is con-verted to a voltage sensit ive signal with a charge amplier.

Proximitor : An oscillator-demodulator for conditioning signals from an eddy current proximityprobe. This device sends a high frequency sign al t o the probe, an d demodula tes th e output to pro-vide an AC vibrat ion signal, and a DC signal tha t is proportional to the average distance betweenthe probe t ip and t he observed surface. Proximitor is a registered trademar k of Bently NevadaCorporat ion of Minden, Nevada .

pyroelectric noise : A distortion of the out put of a sensor employing a piezoelectric crysta l. Thisdistortion is caused by a varia tion in the therma l environment of the crystal .

QQ, lter : A band of frequencies passed or rejected. A narrow band of frequencies has a high Q,

whereas a broad band displays a low Q.

quadrature component : The value of the 1X vector that lags the in-phase portion by 90.Expressed as: Quad = A cos (-90) = Asin () where A is the am plitude, and is the phase a ngle.

Rradial : A direction on a machine which is perpendicular to the shaft centerline. Also referred to as

the lat eral direction.

radial position : The avera ge posit ion of the sha ft dyna mic motion w ithin a journa l bearing. Thisis determined by evalua ting chan ges in D C output signals of X-Y proximity probes.

radial vibration : Sha ft or casing vibrat ion which is perpendicular to the a xial sha ft centerline.Also known a s latera l vibration.

radio frequency interference (RFI) : A condition in w hich unwa nted signals or noise appearat radio frequencies.

real time analyzer : An instrument which performs a vibration frequency spectrum (e.g. , anFFT). Typically, this is a device that employs digita l signa l processing of the tim e domain sign als.

reference line : In a lignment terminology, the l ine of sight from which measurements are m ade.relative motion : Vibration measured relative to a chosen reference; for example, proximity

probes measure shaft motion relative to the probe mounting location (e.g. bearing housing).

resonance : A vibration amplitude and phase change due to a system frequency sensit ivity. Thecondition of a forcing frequency coinciding w ith a nat ural frequency of the mechanical system.

Reynolds number : A non-dimensional number that is the ratio between inertia and viscousforces. This dim ensionless num ber includes uid den sity, viscosity, speed, and physical geometry.

ROTSTB : A computer program for determination of dam ped rotor sta bili ty by the complex matrixtra nsfer method. Pr ogram coded in Hew lett Pa ckard B asic, and distr ibuted by Rodyn Vibration,Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

rotor kit : A mechanical device consisting of a small rotor driven by a variable speed fractionalhorsepower motor. The rotor is generally user congurable with different masses, bearings, andat tachments. This type of device is used to simulate la rger ma chines, and it is widely applied as atra ining and demonstrat ion tool.

runout compensation or correction : Correction of a proximity probe signal for the errorresulting from shaft electrical or m echan ical runout.

SSAFE diagram : Acronym for Singhs Advanced Frequency Evaluation. This analytical tool com-

bines the two-dimensional Campbell plot with a third dimension of nodal diameters or modeshapes. The three-dimensional intersection of natural resonant frequencies, excitation frequen-cies, and nodal diameters a re then used to identify potential resonant conditions.


12/40

792 Appendix-A

scale factor : The magnit ude of the output signal change to a known change in the measured va ri-able. Generally applied towa rds den ing the measurement sensit ivity of tra nsducers.

seismic transducer : A transducer tha t mea sures vibration relative to free space. For example,

an accelerometer mounted on a machine bearing h ousing w ill measure the seismic vibration ofthe bea ring h ousing (i.e., with respect to free space).

sensor : A measurement device tha t t ran sforms one type of physical behavior into a calibrated elec-trical signal. Also known as a pickup, or a transducer.

signature : A vibration signal documented at a specic condition via spectrum, orbit , t ime base a ndshaft centerline data . Also applied to various types of tra nsient vibration da ta.

simple harmonic motion (SHM) : Vibratory m otion in w hich the am plitude varies in a sinusoi-dal ma nner with respect to t ime.

slow roll : A low shaft rotative speed at which dyna mic effects such a s unba lance are negligible.soft foot or leg : The mechanical condition of a machine support foot (or leg) that is improperly

milled, and it resides in a plane tha t is different from t he rema ining support feet . This is a pri-mar y consideration during init ial inst allat ion of machinery, and a lignment between cases.

Sommerfeld number : A non-dimensional number that is used as a characterist ic number forjourna l bear ing performa nce. Typical va lues ra nge from 0.01 to 10.0. This dim ensionless numberrelat es oil viscosity, speed, load, a nd cleara nce, wit h th e bearing g eometry.

spectrum plot : A plot wh ere vibration frequency is presented on th e abscissa, and a mplitude onthe ordinate. This includes individual signal spectrum plots, plus related multiple plot formats.

stability : A mechanical system that has a posit ive log decrement. Any perturbation to a stablemechanical system will result in a decay of the system vibra tion as a function of t ime.

standards, alignment : Uprights which support the telescopic axle bearings of a j ig tra nsit .Starrett : A line of precision mea suring tools man ufa ctured by The L.S. St ar rett Co. of Athol, MA.station : In a lignment terminology, the distan ce given in inches and decimal pa rts of a n inch mea-

sured parallel to a chosen centerline from a single chosen point. For rotor analytical modeling, adiscrete section of a rotor tha t is identied by unique physical properties an d dimensions.

stiffness : The spring-like quality of mechanical and hydraulic elements to elastically deform underload. Applies to shafts, bearings, cases, and structures. Lateral st iffness units are normallyexpressed as Pounds/ Inch. Torsional st iffness is presented a s Inch-Pounds/ Radian.

stonewall : A high ow, low head, phenomena that results in a choked ow through a centrifugalcompressor. The high ow limit for a compressor at a specic operat ing speed.

subharmonic : A vibration component tha t is a xed fraction of a fundam ental frequency such a srotative speed.

subsynchronous : A vibration component that occurs at a frequency less than the fundamentalfrequency, such as machine rotative speed.

supersynchronous : A vibration component which occurs at a frequency greater than themachine rotat ional speed.

surge : A low ow, high head, phenomena tha t results in a reversal of ow through a centrifugal oraxial ow compressor. The low ow limit for a compressor at a specic operating speed.

synchronous : Vibration components that change frequency in direct proportion to changes inspeed. Also vibration components tha t occur exactly a t sha ft rota tional speed.

Ttangent screw : In a lignment terminology, a hand operated screw w hich chan ges the direction of

the l ine of sight in either t he azimuth or in elevat ion.

TEAC : A manufacturer of instrumentation grade analog and digital recorders, plus data storageperipherals. North American headqua rters a re locat ed in Montebello, Ca lifornia.


13/40


Tektronix : A manufacturer of electronic instrumenta tion an d m easurement products. A world-wide organ ization w ith corporate hea dqua rters located in Wilsonville, Oregon.

telescope axle : In alignment terminology, the horizontal axle which supports the telescope.telescope direct : In alignment terminology, the normal position of a jig transit telescope, as

opposed t o t elescope reversed.

telescope reversed : In alignment terminology, the position of a jig transit telescope when it isturned over (tra nsited) so that i t is upside down to i ts n ormal posit ion.

telescope sight : In a lignment terminology, an optical system tha t consists of an objective lens anda focusing device that form an image on a cross-line reticle which is viewed through an eyepiecetha t ma gnies the ima ge and th e cross l ines simultaneously.

tensioner : In w ire alignment t erminology, a spring loaded device for maint aining w ire tension.time averaging : A noise reduction technique for FFTs that averages successive time records to

reduce asynchronous components.

time record : The block of time da ta tha t is converted t o the frequ ency domain by a n FF T. Typi-cally 1,024 time sa mples.

torsional vibration : Angular oscil lation of a mechan ical system, or the a mplitude modulation oftorqu e. Un its for Torsional Displa cement ar e D egrees, p-p , with Degrees/ Second, o-p for Velocity.TorXimitor : A tra nsducer system for mea suring t orque on a rota ting ma chinery coupling. TorX-

imitor is a registered tradema rk of Bently Nevada Corporat ion of Minden, Nevada.

transducer : A device for convert ing physical beha vior into a ca libra ted electronic signal. Vibra tiontra nsducers convert mechanical motion into electronic signals for enhanced viewing a nd observa-tion. Also known as a pickup, or a sensor.

transfer function : A signal processing technique that provides a ratio of the cross power to theauto power spectrum of two dynamic signals. The results are displayed as an amplitude ratio,and a differential pha se measurement. The validity of this mea surement is veried by t he coher-ence between signals. Also the mat hematical r elationship between th e Laplace tra nsform of theoutput signal divided by the Laplace transform of the input signal. Also known as a frequencyresponse function (FRF).

transient data : Da ta obtained during changes in m achine conditions such as speed, load, or t ime.

transient capture : A rapid data sampling technique where the dynamic data is digit ized andstored in mem ory. At the conclusion of the sam ple event, th e stored dat a is r ecalled, and post-pro-cessed into a va riety of tra ditional tran sient data formats.

Transient Data Manager (TDM) : A computer-based system consisting of hardware and soft-wa re for measuring and trending steady st at e and va riable speed machinery behavior. Tran sientDa ta Ma nager is a registered tradema rk of Bently Nevada Corporat ion of Minden, Nevada .

transient motion : Temporar ily susta ined vibrat ion tha t occurs durin g cha nges in conditions suchas s peed, load, or time.

translational resonance : A balance resonance during which the shaft mode shape assumes asimple arc. At high support stiffness, a nodal point may exist at each end of the rotor.

transmissibility : The non-dimensional ratio of the response amplitude to a given excitationamplitude. This ma y a lso be expressed as a vector qua ntity with a non-dimensional m agnitude.

U

UNBAL : A computer program for determination of rotor synchronous response to a variety of forc-ing functions using the complex matrix transfer method. Program coded in Hewlett PackardBasic, and distributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

unbalance : Unequa l radia l weight distr ibution on a rotor. A condition where the m ass centerline(principal iner tia l axis) does not coincide wit h th e geometric center line of the rotor.


14/40

794 Appendix-A

uniform window : The absence of a t ime domain weighting function on the input signal of anFFT. This type of signal admission is used prima rily for ra pid tra nsients tha t are self-windowing.This non-window has an amplitude a ccuracy of + 0 to -4.0 dB.

unltered : Dynamic signals such as shaft orbital and time domain vibration data that has notbeen subjected t o frequency ltrat ion.

Vvane passing : In vaned machinery, a vibration frequency that is equal to the number of vanes

times shaft rota tional speed.

vector : A quantity with both magnitude and direction, For example, a rotational speed (1X) vectoris normally expressed in engineering units of Mils ,p-p @ D egr ees.

vector lter : A digital instrument that automatically adjusts a band-pass lter center frequencyto coincide with t he frequency of an externa l Keypha sor (speed) pulse. Sa me as D VF.

velocity : The time rate of change of displacement. In the time domain, velocity leads displacementby 90, and lags acceleration by 90. Typical units for velocity are IPS, o-p .

velocity transducer : A mechanically activated vibration transducer used to measure relativevelocity. Also an accelerometer that is internally integrated to yield a velocity output.

vertical : In a lignment term inology, in the direction of gravit y. As applied to the identi cation ofvibra tion tr an sducers, the left-ha nd or Y-Axis tra nsducer.

Wwaterfall plot : A diagram used to observe frequency changes versus time. This plot consists of a

series of spectra acquired at consecutive times. The abscissa displays frequency; and amplitude,incremented a t va rious t imes, is shown along the ordinate a xis.

wave form : A display of the instant aneous dynam ic signal w ith respect to t ime a s observed on anoscilloscope.

white noise: A noise signal or source that displays a spectra l density th at is independent of fre-quency. A signal source that excites all frequencies wit hin th e measurement ba ndwidth .

XX-probe : A vibration transducer mounted in a horizontal orientation. On API 670 systems, the

tra nsducer mounted a t 45 t o the right of a t rue vertical centerline.1X : Nota tion for the component in a dyna mic signal tha t occurs a t sha ft rota tional speed. This is also

called the fundamenta l, or synchronous vibration.

X/2, X/3, X/4, etc.: Components in a dynam ic signal ha ving a frequency equal to a xed fraction ofrotative speed. Also called subharmonic and synchronous components.

2X, 3X, 4X, etc.: Components in a dynam ic signal ha ving a frequency equal to a n exact multiple ofrota tive speed. Also called ha rmonics, superhar monics, an d synchronous components.

Xls , X hs : Notation for components in a signal ha ving a frequency equal to a specic rota tional speedin the m achinery tra in. For example: X ls = low speed, Xhs = high speed rotational frequency.

Y Y-probe : A vibrat ion tran sducer mounted in a vertical orienta tion. On API 670 systems, the trans-

ducer mounted a t 45 t o the left of a t rue vertical centerline.

ZZyglo : A brand na me for uorescent penetra nt inspection equipment a nd ma terials. A product l ine

of Magnaux of Glenview, Illinois.


15/40

795

A P P E N D I X B

Physical Properties B

Table B1 Average Physical Properties For Common Industrial Metals a

Metal

Modulus ofElasticity

(Pounds/Inches2

)

Shear Modulusof Rigidity

(Pounds/Inches2

)

Density(Pounds/

Inch3)

Coefcient ofExpansion

(Mils/Inch F)Aluminum 9,000,000 3,440,000 0.0975 0.0132

Aluminum Alloys 10,100,000 3,800,000 0.0995 0.0124

B ra ss - 70%C u 15,900,000 6,000,000 0.308 0.0111

C opper 15,800,000 5,800,000 0.323 0.0092

G old 11,600,000 4,100,000 0.698 0.0079

C a st I ron 28,500,000 0.285 0.0065

Inconel 31,000,000 11,000,000 0.307 0.0064

Inva r - 36%Ni 21,400,000 0.289 0.0011

Monel 25,000,000 9,500,000 0.319 0.0078Nickel 30,000,000 10,600,000 0.320 0.0074

S ilver 11,000,000 3,770,000 0.379 0.0109

S t eel - C a st 28,500,000 11,300,000 0.284 0.0063

S t eel - C old Rolled 29,500,000 11,500,000 0.283 0.0066

S t eel - 4140 /4340 29,100,000 11,100,000 0.283 0.0074

S t a in less S teel 316 28,100,000 11,200,000 0.290 0.0092

S t a in less 17-4 P H 28,400,000 11,300,000 0.280 0.0059

Tit a nium - 99% 15,900,000 6,100,000 0.163 0.00514

Tungst en 50,000,000 21,400,000 0.697 0.0026Tungst en C a rbide 84,500,000 34,800,000 0.522 0.0029

a For Critical Calculations, The Exact Physical Properties For The Specic Alloy Should Be Used.


16/40

796 Appendix-B

Table B2 Partial Physical Constants of Commonly Encountered Industrial Fluids a

Compound FormulaMol

Weight

Ideal GasDensity b

(Lb./Ft 3)

FreezingPoint c

(F)

BoilingPoint

(F)

SpecicHeat d

(BTU/Lb.F)

H ydrogen H 2 2.016 0.00531 -434.8 -423.1 3.4066

H elium H e 4.003 0.01055 -452.1 1.2404

Met ha ne C H 4 16.043 0.04228 -296.4 -258.7 0.52676

Ammonia NH 3

17.031 0.04488 -107.9 -28.0 0.49678

Wa t er H

2

O 18.015 0.04747 32.0 212.0 0.44469

Acet ylene C

2

H

2

26.038 0.06862 -113.4 -119.2 0.39754

C a rbon Monoxide C O 28.010 0.07381 -337.0 -312.6 0.24847

Nit rogen N

2

28.013 0.07382 -346.0 -320.4 0.24833

E t hylene C

2

H

4

28.054 0.07393 -272.5 -154.7 0.35789

Air N

2

+ O

2

28.962 0.07632 -317.8 0.23980

E t ha ne C

2

H

6

30.070 0.07924 -297.0 -127.5 0.40789

Oxygen O

2

31.999 0.08432 -361.8 -297.3 0.21897

Met ha nol C H

3

OH 32.042 0.08444 -143.8 148.4 0.32429

H yd rogen S ul d e H

2

S 34.082 0.08981 -121.9 -76.5 0.23838

P ropylene C

3

H

6

42.081 0.11089 -301.4 -53.8 0.35683

C a rbon D ioxide C O

2

44.010 0.11597 -69.8 -109.2 0.19909

P ropa ne C

3

H

8

44.097 0.11620 -305.7 -43.7 0.38847

E t ha nol C

2

H

5

OH 46.069 0.12140 -173.4 172.9 0.33074

B uty lene C

4

H

8

56.108 0.14785 -301.6 20.8 0.35535

n-B ut a ne C

4

H

10

58.123 0.15316 -217.0 31.1 0.39500

S ulfur D ioxide S O

2

64.065 0.16882 -103.8 14.1 0.14802

C hlorine C l

2

70.905 0.18685 -149.7 -29.1 0.11375

n-P ent a ne C

5

H

12

72.150 0.19013 -201.5 96.9 0.38831

B enzene C

6

H

6

78.114 0.20584 42.0 176.1 0.24295

Toluene C

7

H

8

92.141 0.24281 -139.0 231.1 0.26005

pa ra -Xylene C

8

H

10

106.167 0.27977 55.9 281.0 0.27470

a

Dat a f rom Engin eer i ng D ata B ook - 10th ed, G as P rocessors S uppliers Association, Tulsa , OK, 1994.

b

Ideal G as D ensity at Sta ndard Temperature of 60F a nd P ressure of 14.696 Psia.

c

Freezing a nd B oiling Point Temperat ure at Sta ndar d P ressure of 14.696 Psia.

d

Specic Hea t C

p

of Ideal Ga s at Sta ndar d Temperat ure of 60F a nd P ressure of 14.696 Psia.


17/40

797

A P P E N D I X C

Conversion Factors C

To Convert Into Multiply byatmospheres centimeters of Hg (0C) 76.atmospheres feet of H 2O (4C) 33.90atmospheres inches of Hg (0C) 29.92

atmospheres inches of H 2O (4C) 406.83atmospheres kilograms/centimeter 2 1.0332atmospheres kilograms/meter 2 10,332.atmospheres Pascal 101,320.atmospheres pounds/foot 2 2,116.80atmospheres pounds/inch 2 14.696

barrels (liquid) gallons 31.5barrels (oil) gallons (oil) 42.BTU ergs 1.055x10 10

BTU foot-pounds 778.2BTU calories 252.BTU horsepower-hours 3.930x10 -4

BTU kilowatt-hours 2.931x10 -4

BTU joules 1,055.

BTU/hour foot-pounds/second 0.2161BTU/hour calorie/second 0.0700BTU/hour horsepower 3.929x10 -4

BTU/hour kilowatts 2.931x10 -4

BTU/hour watts 0.2931BTU/minute horsepower 0.02358BTU/minute kilowatts 0.01757BTU/minute watts 17.57

calories BTU 0.0039683calories ergs 4.1868x10 7

calories foot-pounds 3.087calories kilowatt-hours 1.163x10 -6

calories/second BTU/hour 14.286calories/second foot pounds/minute 185.2calories/second horsepower 5.613x10 -3

calories/second kilowatts 4.186x10 -3

centimeters feet 0.03281centimeters inches 0.3937centimeters kilometers 10 -5

centimeters meters 0.01

To Convert Into Multiply bycentimeters millimeters 10.centimeters mils 393.7centimeters 2 feet 2 0.001076

centimeters2

inches2

0.1550centimeters 2 kilometers 2 10 -10

centimeters 2 meters 2 10 -4

centimeters

2

millimeters

2

100.centimeters

3

feet

3

3.531x10

-5

centimeters

3

inches

3

0.0610centimeters

3

meters

3

10

-6

centimeters

3

gallons (U.S. liquid) 2.642x10

-4

centimeters

3

milliliters 1.centimeters

3

liters 10

-3

centimeters

3

quarts (U.S. liquid) 1.057x10

-3

centimeters of Hg atmospheres 0.01316centimeters of Hg feet of H

2

O (4C) 0.4461centimeters of Hg kilograms/meter

2

136.0centimeters of Hg pounds/feet

2

27.85centimeters of Hg pounds/inch

2

0.1934centimeter/second feet/minute 1.9685centimeter/second feet/second 0.03281centimeter/second meters/minutes 0.6centipoise poise 0.01centipoise microreyn 0.145centipoise pounds

f

-second/inch

2

1.45x10

-7

centistokes inch

2

/second 1.550x10

-3

degrees revolutions 0.002778degrees radians 0.017453degrees/second revolutions/minute 0.1667degrees/second revolutions/second 0.002778dynes grams 1.020x10

-3

dynes newtons 10

-5

dynes kilograms 1.020x10

-6

dynes pounds 2.248x10

-6

dyne-second/cm

2

poise 1.

erg BTU 9.481x10

-11

erg foot-pounds 7.367x10

-8


18/40

798 Appendix-C

To Convert Into Multiply by

erg calorie 2.389x10

-8

erg horsepower-hour 3.725x10

-14

erg joule 10

-7

erg kilowatt-hour 2.778x10

-14

erg watt-hours 2.778x10

-11

erg/second horsepower 1.341x10

-10

ergs/second kilowatts 10

-10

ergs/second watts 10

-7

farads microfarads 10

6

feet centimeters 30.48feet inches 12.feet kilometers 3.048x10

-4

feet meters 0.3048feet millimeters 304.8feet mils 12,000.feet

2

centimeters

2

929.feet

2

inches

2

144.feet

2

kilometers

2

9.29x10

-8

feet

2

meters

2

0.09290feet

2

millimeters

2

9.290x10

4

feet

3

centimeters

3

2.832x10

4

feet

3

inches

3

1,728.feet

3

meters

3

0.02832feet

3

gallons (U.S. l iquid) 7.48052feet

3

liters 28.32feet

3

quarts (U.S. liquid) 29.92feet of H

2

O (4C) atmospheres 0.02950feet of H

2

O (4C) centimeters of Hg (0C) 2.2418feet of H

2

O (4C) inches of Hg (0C) 0.8826feet of H

2

O (4C) kilograms/centimeter

2

0.03048feet of H

2

O (4C) kilograms/meter

2

304.8feet of H

2

O (4C) pounds/foot

2

62.43

feet of H

2

O (4C) pounds/inch

2

0.4336feet/minute centimeters/second 0.508feet/minute feet/second 0.01667feet/minute kilometers/hour 0.01829feet/minute meters/minute 0.3048feet/minute meters/second 0.00508feet/second centimeters/second 30.48feet/second kilometers/hour 1.097feet/second meters/minute 18.29feet/second meters/second 0.3048feet/second feet/minute 60.feet

3

/hour gallons/minute 0.1247feet

3

/minute gallons/minute 7.48052feet

3

/second gallons/minute 448.8foot-pounds BTU 1.2851x10

-3

foot-pounds ergs 1.356x10

7

foot-pounds calories 0.3239foot-pounds horsepower-hours 5.050x10

-7

foot-pounds joules 1.3558foot-pounds kilowatt-hours 3.766x10

-7

foot-pounds watt-hours 3.766x10

-4


foot-pounds/minute horsepower 3.030x10

-5

foot-pounds/minute kilowatts 2.260x10

-5

foot-pounds/minute calories/second 5.40x10

-3

foot-pounds/second BTU/hour 4.6263foot-pounds/second horsepower 0.001818foot-pounds/second kilowatts 0.001356

gallons (U.S. liquid) barrels (U.S. liquid) 0.03175gallons (U.S. liquid) centimeters

3

3,785.4gallons (U.S. liquid) feet

3

0.1337gallons (U.S. liquid) inches

3

231.gallons (U.S. liquid) liters 3.785gallons (U.S. liquid) meters

3

0.003785gallons (U.S. liquid) quarts 4.gallons (oil) barrels (oil) 0.02381gallons/minute liters/second 0.06308gallons/minute feet

3

/hour 8.0208gallons/minute feet

3

/minute 0.13368gallons/minute feet

3

/second 0.002228grams dynes 980.7grams newtons 9.807x10

-3

grams kilograms 10

-3

grams milligrams 10

3

grams ounces (avdp) 0.03527grams pounds 0.002205grams/cm

3

pounds/foot

3

62.42grams/cm

3

pounds/inch

3

0.03613

horsepower BTU/hour 2,545.horsepower BTU/minute 42.417horsepower calories/second 178.2horsepower ergs/second 7.457x10

9

horsepower foot-pounds/minute 33,000.

horsepower foot-pounds/second 550.horsepower kilowatts 0.7457horsepower watts 745.7horsepower-hours BTU 2,544.horsepower-hours ergs 2.685x10

13

horsepower-hours foot-pounds 1.980x10

6

horsepower-hours joules 2.685x10

6

horsepower-hours kilocalories 641.2horsepower-hours kilogram-meters 2.737x10

5

horsepower-hours kilowatt-hours 0.7457horsepower-hours watt-hours 745.7

inches centimeters 2.54inches feet 0.08333inches kilometers 2.54x10

-5

inches meters 0.0254inches millimeters 25.4inches mils 10

3

inches

2

centimeters

2

6.452inches

2

feet

2

0.006944inches

2

kilometers

2

6.452x10

-10


19/40

Conversion Factors 799


inches

2

meters

2

6.452x10

-4

inches

2

millimeters

2

645.16

inches

2

/second centistokes 645.16inches

3

centimeters

3

16.387inches

3

feet

3

5.787x10

-4

inches

3

meters

3

1.639x10

-5

inches

3

gallons 4.329x10

-3

inches

3

liters 0.01639inches

3

quarts (U.S. liquid) 0.01732inches of Hg (0C) atmospheres 0.03342inches of Hg (0C) feet of H

2

O (4C) 1.133inches of Hg (0C) inches of H

2

O (4C) 13.596inches of Hg (0C) kilograms/centimeter

2

0.03453inches of Hg (0C) kilograms/meter

2

345.3inches of Hg (0C) pounds/foot

2

70.73inches of Hg (0C) pounds/inch

2

0.4912inches of H

2

O (4C) atmospheres 0.002458inches of H

2

O (4C) inch of Hg (0C) 0.07355inches of H

2

O (4C) kilograms/centimeter

2

0.00254inches of H

2

O (4C) pounds/foot

2

5.204inches of H

2

O (4C) pounds/inch

2

0.03613

joules BTU 9.478x10

-4

joules ergs 10

7

joules foot-pounds 0.7376 joules horsepower-hours 3.725x10

-7

joules kilowatt-hour 2.778x10

-7

kilograms dynes 9.807x10

5

kilograms grams 10

3

kilograms newtons 9.807kilograms pounds 2.2046kilograms/meter

3

pounds/foot 3 0.06242

kilograms/meter 3 pounds/inch 3 3.613x10 -5kilogram-meters horsepower-hours 3.653x10 -6

kilogram-meter/sec 2 newton 1.kilograms/cm 2 atmospheres 0.9678kilograms/cm 2 feet of H 2O (4C) 32.81kilograms/cm 2 inches of Hg (0C) 28.96kilograms/cm 2 inch of H 2O (4C) 393.71kilograms/cm 2 pounds/foot 2 2,048.2kilograms/cm 2 pounds/inch 2 14.22kilograms/meter 2 atmospheres 9.678x10 -5

kilograms/meter 2 centimeters of Hg (0C)0.007356kilograms/meter 2 feet of H 2O (4C) 0.003281kilograms/meter 2 inches of Hg (0C) 0.002896kilograms/meter 2 pounds/foot 2 0.2048kilograms/meter 2 pounds/inch 2 0.001422

kilograms/meter2

kilograms/mm2

10-6

kilograms/mm 2 kilograms/meter 2 106

kilocalories horsepower/hours 0.001560kilometers centimeters 10 5

kilometers feet 3,280.8kilometers inches 39,370.

To Convert Into Multiply bykilometers meters 1,000.kilometers millimeters 10 6

kilometers2

centimeters2

1010

kilometers 2 feet 2 10.763x10 6

kilometers 2 inches 2 1.550x10 9

kilometers 2 meters 2 106

kilometer/hour feet/minute 54.68kilometer/hour feet/second 0.9113kilometer/hour meters/minute 16.667kilometer/hour meters/second 0.27778kilometer/minute meters/second 16.667kilowatts BTU/hour 3,412.kilowatts BTU/minute 56.87kilowatts calories/second 238.9kilowatts erg/second 10 10 kilowatts foot-pounds/minute 4.425x10 4

kilowatts foot-pounds/second 737.5kilowatts horsepower 1.341kilowatts watts 10 3kilowatt-hours BTU 3,412.kilowatt-hours ergs 3.6x10 13

kilowatt-hours foot-pounds 2.655x10 6

kilowatt-hours calories 8.599x10 5

kilowatt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341kilowatt-hours joule 3.6x10 6

liters centimeters 3 103

liters feet 3 0.03532liters inches 3 61.02liters meters 3 10 -3

liters gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.2642liters milliliters 10 3

liters/minute feet 3 /second 5.886x10 -4

liters/second gallons/minute 15.852

megohms ohms 10 6

meters centimeters 10 2

meters feet 3.281meters inches 39.37meters kilometers 10 -3

meters microns 10 6

meters millimeters 1,000.meters 2 centimeters 2 104

meters 2 feet 2 10.76meters 2 inches 2 1,550.meters 2 kilometers 2 10 -6

meters 2 millimeters 2 106

meters 3 centimeters 3 106

meters3

feet3

35.31meters 3 inches 3 61,023.meters 3 gallons (U.S. liquid) 264.2meters 3 liters 10 3

meters 3 quarts (U.S. liquid) 1,056.7meters/minute centimeter/second 1.667


20/40

800 Appendix-C

To Convert Into Multiply bymeters/minute feet/minute 3.281meters/minute feet/second 0.05468meters/minute kilometers/hour 0.06meters/second feet/minute 196.8meters/second feet/second 3.281meters/second kilometers/hour 3.6meters/second kilometers/minute 0.06microfarad farads 10 -6

microhms ohms 10 -6

microns meters 10 -6

microreyn centipoise 6.897microreyn reyn 10 -6

milligrams grams 10 -3

milliliters centimeters 3 1.milliliters liter 10 -3

millimeters centimeters 0.1millimeters feet 0.003281millimeters inches 0.03937millimeters kilometers 10 -6millimeters meters 10 -3

millimeters mils 39.37millimeter 2 centimeters 2 0.01millimeter 2 feet 2 1.076x10 -5

millimeter 2 inches 2 0.001550millimeter 2 meters 2 10 -6

mils centimeters 0.00254mils feet 8.333x10 -5

mils inches 10 -3

mils millimeters 0.0254

newtons dynes 10 5

newtons kilogram-meter/second 2 1.newtons grams 102.

newtons kilograms 0.102newtons pounds 0.2248

ohms megohms 10 -6

ohms microhms 10 6

ounces grams 28.35ounces pounds 0.0625ounces tons (short) 3.125x10 -5

Pascal atmospheres 9.87x10 -6

poise dyne-second/centimeter 2 1.poise centipoise 10 2

pounds dynes 4.448x10 5

pounds grams 453.59pounds kilograms 0.4536

pounds newtons 4.448pounds ounces 16.pounds tons (short) 0.0005pounds f -sec./inch

2 centipoise 6.895x10 6

pounds f -sec./inch2 reyn 1.

pounds/foot 3 grams/centimeter 3 0.01602

To Convert Into Multiply bypounds/foot 3 kilograms/meter 3 16.02pounds/foot 3 pounds/inch 3 5.787x10 -4

pounds/inch 3 grams/centimeter 3 27.68pounds/inch 3 kilograms/meter 3 2.768x10 4

pounds/inch 3 pounds/foot 3 1,728.pounds/foot 2 atmospheres 4.724x10 -4

pounds/foot 2 centimeters of Hg (0C) 0.0359pounds/foot 2 feet of H 2O (4C) 0.01602pounds/foot 2 inches of Hg (0C) 0.01414pounds/foot 2 inches of H 2O (4C) 0.1922pounds/foot 2 kilograms/centimeter 2 4.882x10 -4

pounds/foot 2 kilograms/meter 2 4.882pounds/foot 2 pounds/inch 2 0.006944pounds/inch 2 atmospheres 0.06803pounds/inch 2 centimeters of Hg (0) 5.1715pounds/inch 2 feet of H 2O (4C) 2.307pounds/inch 2 inches of Hg (0C) 2.036pounds/inch 2 inches of H 2O (4C) 27.678pounds/inch 2 kilograms/centimeter 2 0.07031pounds/inch 2 kilograms/meter 2 703.1pounds/inch 2 pounds/foot 2 144.

quarts (U.S. liquid) centimeters 3 946.4quarts (U.S. liquid) feet 3 0.03342quarts (U.S. liquid) inches 3 57.75quarts (U.S. liquid) meters 3 9.464x10 -4

quarts (U.S. liquid) gallons 0.25

radians degrees 57.30radians revolutions 0.15916radians/second revolutions/minute 9.5493radians/second revolutions/second 0.15916revolutions degrees 360.

revolutions radians 6.2831revolutions/minute degrees/second 6.revolutions/minute radians/second 0.10472revolutions/minute revolutions/second 0.01667revolutions/second revolutions/minute 60.revolutions/second radians/second 6.2831reyn pound f -second/inch

2 1.reyn microreyn 10 6

tons (short) ounces 32,000 .tons (short) pounds 2,000.

watts BTU/hour 3.413watts BTU/minute 0.05692watts ergs/second 10 7

watts horsepower 1.341x10-3

watts kilowatts 10 -3

watt-hours BTU 3.413watt-hours ergs 3.6x10 10

watt-hours foot-pounds 2,655.3watt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341x10 -3


21/40

801

A P P E N D I X D

Index D

A

a b r a d a b le s ea l s 4 40absolu te mot ion 781absolute or dynamic viscosity 487acce lera t ion 781

conversion to displacement 18

conversion to velocity 18leading displacement and velocity 15time derivat ive of velocity 15

acce lerometers 781a d v a n t a g es a n d d is a d v a n t a g es 2 84cal ibra t ion curve 282double in tegra t ion 501frequency response 279, 284, 367ICP descr ip t ion 280281mounted resonan t frequency 281, 282mounting techniques 282284opera t ing tempera tures 284piezoresist ive 280sensi t iv ity 184, 279typical cross section 280typical physical configurat ions 279

accordion effect , frequency modulation 360acetylene properties 796acoustic frequency 490acoustic resonan ce 286, 495, 498ADRE for Windows 382, 781ai r gap measurements 514ai r proper t ies 796Al ba n , L . E . 4 59a l id a de 781alignment procedures

indica tor bracket sag 672reverse indicator method 683690r im and face method 676681

alignment, reverse indicat ora d v a n t a g es a n d d is a d v a n t a g es 6 82based on shaft plus desired offsets 693extended shaft centerl ine 700format for d ia l ind ica tor readings 684graphica l so lu t ions 689moves based on shaft offsets 686

proper plot polari ty 688required ma chine d imens ions 682sag corrected dial indicat or readings 685ver t ica l and hor izonta l offsets 685

alignment, r im and faceadvanta ges and d isadvantages 673674angular misa l ignment moves 678dia l indica tor and bracket 674format for d ia l ind ica tor readings 677overa l l hor izonta l sh i f t s 680overa l l ver t ica l sh im changes 679required ma chine d imens ions 676shaf t ro ta t ion a t 90 increments 675

alignment, shafta n g u la r of fs et 67 1indica tor bracket sag check 672para l le l and angular offsets 671val id ity t est for d ia l ind ica tor readings 677ver t ica l and hor izonta l offsets 670

Al la i re, P.E . 151, 428aluminum and a l loy proper t ies 795ammonia proper t ies 796ampl i fica t ion fac tor 52, 97, 417, 781

ampl i tude ra t io approach 100curve fi t approach 98damping and s ta b i li ty inf luence 101from log decrement 214, 215hal f power poin t approach 98influenced by speed chan ge rate 101shaf t versus cas ing 101var ia t ions wi th opera t ing condi t ions 218

ampl i fica t ion , s igna l 781a m p li t u de 24 4, 323, 781

peak to peak definit ion 245r a t i o a t r e son a n ce 5 2ra t io be tween shaf t and cas ing 708root mean squa re def in it ion 246

zero to peak definit ion 245amplitude modulation 353359, 465, 510, 789

calculated t ime base plots 354defin ing charac ter i st ics 356genera l equat ion 353measured da ta p lots 355
http://0.0.0.9/Genl%20Excit/Chapter%209.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.8/Data%20Pro/Chapter%208.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.4/Bearings/Chapter%204.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://0.0.0.8/Data%20Pro/Chapter%208.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.4/Bearings/Chapter%204.pdfhttp://0.0.0.9/Genl%20Excit/Chapter%209.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.9/Genl%20Excit/Chapter%209.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.5/Analytical/Chapter%205.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.5/Analytical/Chapter%205.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.13/Cond%20Monit/Chapter%2013.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://0.0.0.10/Unique/Chapter%2010.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://0.0.0.13/Cond%20Monit/Chapter%2013.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.7/Signals/Chapter%207.pdfhttp://0.0.0.6/Transducer/Chapter%206.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.5/Analytical/Chapter%205.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.5/Analytical/Chapter%205.pdfhttp://0.0.0.5/Analytical/Chapter%205.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20A.pdfhttp://0.0.0.9/Genl%20Excit/Chapter%209.pdfhttp://0.0.0.3/Modes/Chapter%203.pdfhttp://0.0.0.2/Dynamic/Chapter%202.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://appendix/Appendix%20B.pdfhttp://0.0.0.9/Genl%20Excit/Chapter%209.pdfhttp://0.0.0.4/Bearings/Chapter%204.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%2012.pdfhttp://0.0.0.12/Align/Chapter%20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802 Appendix-D

var ia t ion wi th bear ing condit ion 717ana lysis tools, historic development 771analy t ica l resu l t s 142147angular coordina te sys tem 131aper iodic mot ion 41, 781Apple Macin tosh 574, 781Armst rong, E .H. 359art if icial intell igence 749aspects of vibration severity 294302asymmetr ic s t i ffness 200asymmetr ica l suppor t 782asynchronous 782a t t e n ua t i on , s i g n a l 78 2a t t i t u de a n g le 7 82auto-coll imation 652a u t om a t i c s h ut d ow n 7 09auto-reflection 652Avallone, E.A. 11, 13, 77, 82, 335average d i fferent ia l tempera ture 643a v e ra g i n g 7 82a xi al 782axial position, see thrust positionaz imuth ax is and mot ion 782

B

b a bb it t 397babbitt loss on auxil iary crosshead sl ipper 533balan ce planes with suitable effectiveness 546balance resonance 782balan ce sensit ivity vectors 26, 229, 540, 549,

559, 593repeat abil i ty betw een runs 549, 551

balance tolerance , API 634balan ce weight spli t t ing 626627

b a l a n ci n g 7 82force due to eccentricity 624genera l mat r ix solu t ion 616hole spl i t t ing 627ins ta l led weight spread 583phase reversal across nodal point 591predicted vibra tion response 619621sensit ivity for various machines 625t radi t iona l ru les 132, 133t r igger loca t ions 541t r i m ba l a n ce 6 22vectors and engineering units 539

balan cing considerationsbalan ce weight compromises 557, 563, 595balance weight re la ted quest ions 552

combined balan cing techniques 546disadvan ta ges of coupling corrections 538effective & accessible plan es 537, 552Keyphasor probe t r igger poin t 542linear mechan ical system 547, 560meta l lurgy of rotor, and weights 538

phase logic, 0 a t keyway 581phase logic, 0 at vibra tion probe 543problems that look l ike unbala nce 536proximity probe balancing rule 544, 545rotor mode shape 537runout compensa ted shaf t v ibra t ion 559speed , load , and tempera ture 537unbalance d iagnos is 536weight above or below the cri t ical 544weight correction method 537

balan cing force calculations 623625balan cing, shop

balance tolerances 634hard bear ing ba lanc ing machine 631sof t bear ing ba lanc ing machine 630tw elve point residual check 635

balan cing, single planebalance sens i t iv i ty equat ion 559shaf t and cas ing v ibra t ion vectors 563single mass rotor kit exam ple

balan ce weight placement 555556calculat ed mode shape at cri t ical 553orbits below & above critica l 554557phys ica l conf igura t ion 553

unbala nce correction equat ion 559vibra t ion response equat ion 558

balan cing, three planebalance sens i t iv i ty equat ions 613spreadsheet balan ce calculations 615s ta t ic and couple unbalance 617three ma ss rotor kit example

Bode plots, vert ical probes 607calcula ted mode shapes 606phys ica

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