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www.bea.gov
U.S. Benchmark Input-Output Accounts: Data and methods
Comments on “China’s Input-Output Survey and Its Tabulation Method”
Brian C. Moyer13th OECD-NBS Workshop on National Accounts
Haikou, China
November 30 – December 4, 2009
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U.S. I-O Accounts
• Benchmark I-O Accounts• Based primarily on Economic Census data• Prepared every five years• 400 industries and commodities
• Annual I-O Accounts• Rely heavily on benchmark I-O accounts• Based on annual survey data• 65 industries and commodities
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Census data supplemented with …
• Annual survey data
• Business expenses data
• Data from the tax authority
• Administrative data
• Trade association data
• Data from other government agencies
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Building the benchmark accounts
• Output by industry and commodity
• Intermediate purchases by industry
• Value added by industry
• Final uses; transportation and trade margins
• Reconciliation and balancing
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Industry and commodity output
• Industry output • Establishment based• Classified by NAICS• Includes all production activities—primary
and secondary
• Commodity output Prepared on a “where-ever-made” basis
For example, car repair services include all receipts for car repair, regardless of whether the service is performed in the auto repair industry, by gasoline service stations, or by automotive dealers
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Output by sector
• Agriculture: receipts
• Utilities: receipts
• Manufacturing: shipments
• Trade: margin = sales - cost of goods
• Services: receipts
• Non-profits and auxiliaries: expenses
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Adjustments to Census data
• Non-employers
• Imputations
• Tips
• Misreporting/non-filers
• Sales and excise taxes
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Coverage gaps
Sectors not covered by the Economic Census• Agriculture• U.S. Postal Service• Rail transportation• Education • Religious organizations• Labor unions
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Mining and Construction
ManufacturingTrade and
TransportationUtilities
Finance, Insurance, and
Real EstateOther
Mining and Construction
Manufacturing
Trade and Transportation
Utilities
Finance, Insurance, and
Real Estate
Other
COMMODITIES
Total Industry Output
IND
US
TR
IES
Total Commodity Output
Make table
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Intermediate purchases
• Input category controls• Census data on broad groups of commodities
purchased by industries—materials consumed, legal services, advertising, repair services, rental, etc.
• Variety of additional data used from other government agencies, trade associations, etc.
• Detailed intermediate purchases by industry at the transactions level
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Value added by industry
• Value added = Gross Output – Intermediate
Inputs
• Value added = Compensation + Gross Operating
Surplus + Taxes on production
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Quality weighting
• Reliability indicators assigned to components of intermediate inputs and gross operating surplus by industry—in most cases, coefficients of variation
• I-O constraints imposed
• Less reliable components of value added adjust more; more reliable components adjust less
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Quality-weighted results
59,000 60,000 61,000 62,000 63,000 64,000 65,000 66,000 67,000
Value added (Millions of dollars)
Income-based
Combined
Production-based
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Final uses
• Estimated in one of two ways• Directly from Economic Census data using
“class of customer” data• Indirectly using commodity-flow method
Consumer purchases = shipments + imports –
exports – intermediate purchases – government purchases - change in inventories –
investment in equipment + margin + transportation costs
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Distribution of margins
• Transportation, wholesale trade, and retail trade output distributed to commodities based on a variety of data sources• Transportation: commodity flow survey• Wholesale trade: product-line sales by type of
wholesaler• Retail trade: product-line sales by type of retailer
• Margin distributed to detailed commodities based on levels of transactions
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Use table
Mining and Construction
ManufacturingTrade and
TransportationUtilities
Finance, Insurance, and
Real EstateOther
Personal Consumption Expenditure
Private Fixed Investment
Change in Private
InventoriesNet Exports
Government Consumption
and Investment
Mining and Construction
Manufacturing
Trade and Transportation
Utilities
Finance, Insurance, and
Real Estate
Other
Compensation
Taxes on Production and
Imports
Gross Operating Surplus
Total Commodity Output and
Value Added
CO
MM
OD
ITIE
S
Total Industry Output and Final Uses
VA
LUE
AD
DE
D
FINAL USESINDUSTRIES
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Reconciliation and balancing
• Value added reconciled with Industry Accounts; final uses reconciled with National Accounts
• Balancing• Based on RAS procedure—scaling of
transactions• High-quality cells are “frozen”
• Outputi = Inputsi + Value addedi
• Total commodity output = Total industry output
• Total final uses = total value added = GDP