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1SDS Workshop Seoul 7 August 2007
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The WMO Sand and Dust Storm Warning System: Helping Society Reduce Risk Through Research and Forecasts
Leonard Barrie, Director&
Slobodan Nickovic, Scientific Officer
Atmospheric Research and Environment ProgrammeWorld Meteorological Organization Geneva
WMO/AREP
Aerosols & Dust Severe Storms
Prediction Research &
Observations
O3
Weather Prediction & Nowcasting
Air Quality
CO2
Operational Global Aerosol Observations Are Coming:So Far Only In Research Mode
A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- based AOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).
4SDS Workshop Seoul 7 August 2007
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SDS Impacts
Human Health
(Asthma, infections, Meningitis in Africa, Valley Fever in the America’s)
Aviation ( air disasters) Ground Transportation Improved Weather and
Seasonal Climate Prediction Agriculture (negative & positive
impacts) Marine productivity
Meningitis occurrence under dusty weather conditions
Sahel region: within the meningitis epidemics area BSC DREAM model – 48 years of
dust & weather reanalysis (Perez et al., 2007)
Opportunity to study possible [dusty weather] [meningitis] correlation
6SDS Workshop Seoul 7 August 2007
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Health Impacts: Valley Fever
Endemic regions: located mainly in western hemisphereSource: Hector & Laniado-Laborin, 2002
Valley Fever spores transported by SDS storms
Number of Valley Fever cases in Arizona
Respiratory AsthmaHeart stress
Dust PM 2.5 predicted at Univ. Arizona and student absentees, Lubbock, Texas; Yin et al, 2005
Health Impacts
“…Endospores of Bacillaceae bacteria isolated from non-saline Japanese soil may be transported by dust events…”
Akinobu Echigo et al., 2003
Sample filter collected during African dust event in the US Virgin Islands Griffin et al., 2003
Transcontinental Transport of Micro-organisms
Saharan dust carries bacteria and fungi across the Atlantic
10,000 microbes/(g of soil) 30 percent of the bacteria isolated from
airborne soil dust are known pathogens, able to affect plants, animals, or humans (Griffin et al., 2003)
Impacts on Agriculture
A Chinese farmer walks amid a heavy sand storm in Minqin County, northwest of China's Gansu Province April 10, 2006. A strong sandstorm hit northwest China on Monday, killing one person in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and compelling dozens of trains to halt for for safety reasons. 330,000-ton sand fell on Beijing. Sand covered about one-eighth of China from April 14 to 18 and about 330,000 tons of sand fell in Beijing on Sunday night.
SDS IMPACTS: Dust and Tropical Storms
New evidence for a relationship between Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and African dust outbreaks Evan et al., 2006 JRL. Increased % of dust cover in the Eastern Atlantic has a decreased number of tropical cyclones. A hypothesis: Cyclogenesis and cyclone evaluation is reduced in the presence of sand and dust aerosol.
Saharan dust, rich in nitrogen, iron and phosphorus, helps to fertilize the huge plankton blooms that occur in the tropical eastern Atlantic.
MODIS satellite true colour image of dust storm over tropical North Atlantic
Ocean, March 2004.
Beijing Roof CMA Beijing Roof CMA March 20 2002March 20 2002
DUST WWRP Sand and Dust Storm Project Initiated in 2005
~45 WMO Members are involved ~12 research or operational
forecasts are available 2006 Shanghai SDS group
resolved to focus on global coordination led by WMO.
A WMO Sand and Dust Storm SDS Warning System
Impacts on: human health, long range disease transmission, aviation, agriculture,
Programmes in WMO exist to link a Sand and Dust Storm Warning System with stakeholders (e.g. GAW, WWW, WCP, Space, DPM)
Barcelona November 2007: A WMO-GEO International Experts Meeting on SDS Implementation
Annual Mean Aerosol Optical Depth
13SDS Workshop Seoul 7 August 2007
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Objective Of The WMO SDSWS
To enhance the ability of participating countries to establish and improve systems for forecasting and warning to suppress the impact of SDS
By
Establishing a coordinated global network of SDS
forecasting centers delivering products useful to a wide range of users in understanding and reducing the impacts of SDS
Many SDS Countries
OBSERVATIONS: Satellites, Aircraft and Surface Networks
NASA A-Train
CALIPSO Aerosol Lidar
Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004
Total count = 90
AERONET-LTOther
GAW/AERONET Aerosol Remote Sensing Stations
18 UTC, 7 May 2002 30-hr forecast
Forecast
European EARLINET Asian AdNet
NASA Micro-pulse Lidar Network MPLNET
LIDAR NETWORKS
Global Coordination Through WMO
GAW Aerosol Lidar Network (GALION)
Long Term Data Archives
Reanalysis
Forecast Models &Data Assimilation
Cal/Val &
Quality Assurance
Globally GriddedSDS Air Concentration
and Deposition
Applications- Better Weather Forecasts- SDS Air Quality Warnings- SDS Agriculture Products- SDS Health Research- Marine Ecosystem Impacts- SDS Aviation Warnings- SDS Surface Transport Warnings - etc. etc.
Observations• Satellite• Aircraft• Surface(in situ, remote)
ObservationOptimization
Real Time Data Delivery
And Assimilation
Air/Surface Exchange & Emissions
Components: Integrated SDS Warning System System
Inversion
All Data Delivery
Next Step
http://salam.upc.es/wmo/
WMO/GEO Expert Meeting on an International Sand and Dust Storm Warning System
7-9 November 2007, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC)
Barcelona, Spain
Australia
Thank You