Writing Strategies, Book 2 - Pro Lingua Associates ... · 2 Writing Strategies Two • Advanced p. 11-12, Ex. 1 1- NG ⇒ This does not explain only one step in the process. 2- G

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Writing Strategies One • Advanced

Answer Key

Writing Strategies, Book 2Copyright © 2007 by David Kehe and Peggy Dustin Kehe

ISBN 0-88647-276-2; 978-0-86647-276-0

Section 1:Modes

Mode 1, Process

p. 3, Ex. 1: 1- To begin with, Next, Right after, 2-Thefirststep,Thesecond,Last 3-First,After,Thethirdstep 4-Thefirststep,Meanwhile,Afterwards

p. 4, Ex. 2 1- NA, 2- A, 3- A, 4- NA, 5- A, 6- NA, 7- NA

p.5,Ex.3-Free-style

p.6,Ex.4-,Free-style

p. 7, Ex. 5 A- Chron, B- Chron, C- Not Chron, D- Chron, E- Chron, F- Not Chron

p. 8, Ex. 1 1- eat breakfast 2-chocolate a-endorphins b-low-fat 3-exercise,spirits 4-lights,smells,music a-lamp b-candle,cologne

p.10,Ex.1andEx.2-Free-style

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Writing Strategies Two • Advanced

p. 11-12, Ex. 1 1- NG ⇒Thisdoesnotexplainonlyonestepintheprocess. 2- G 3- G 4- NG ⇒Thisdoesnotexplainonlyonestepintheprocess. 5- NG ⇒Thisincludesmorethanonestep. 6- G 7- NG ⇒Thisdoesnotexplainthereasonforthestep. 8- G 9- G 10- NG ⇒Thisdoesnotexplainthereasonforthestep.

p.13,Ex.2-Free-style

p. 14, Ex. 1 1-Astudentswhoisinterestedinmeetingnewpeopleatcollegemaywanttofollowthese stepstoachieveanactivesociallife. 2-Thereareseveralvaluablelessonsthatchildrencanlearnbyvisitingazoo. 3-Infact,therearesomeimportantreasonswhyexercisingintheafternoonisbestforour health. 4-Aperson’srelationshipwithfamilymembersandco-workerscansufferifthepersonworks morethan50hoursaweek,asthefollowingexamplesofnegativeeffectsillustrate.


p. 15, Ex. 3 1- W, 2- R, 3- R, 4- W


p. 16-17, Ex. 1 1-NotDram 2-Dram⇒Nevertheless,therearesomestepsthatstore-ownerscantaketopreventthis problem. 3-NotDram 4-NotDram 5-Dram⇒Parentswhowanttheirchildrentoenjoyagoodrelationshipmaywishtofollow theseprocedures.

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p.18Ex.2-Free-style

p.18Ex.1:1-howtochooseapet,2-howtoprepareforamarathon,3-howtoimpressanemployer


p. 20, Ex. 1 1-Inordertohelprelievestressatwork,somecompaniesallowpetsintheoffices. 2-Becauseitiscommonforstudentstocarrybackpackstoschoolthesedays,theyshould followthesetipsinordertoavoidbackproblems. 3-Onewayinwhichsomepeopletrytogetmoneyillegallyisbycheatingandinsurance company.

p. 20-21, Ex. 2 1-NG 2-G ⇒Thereareproblemswiththeearlyclosingtimeofthecomputerlaboncampus. 3-G ⇒Therearetwotechniquesthatwecanfollowinordertodevelopabetterrelationship withourboss. 4-NG 5-NG 6-G ⇒Surprisingly,gangmemberswhojointhearmymakegreatsoldiers,accordingto research.



p. 22, Ex. 1 1-Myroommate;heunderlined;Duringtheofficevisit 2-Forexample,Mary;shetakesabreak;wereonthecomputer 3-Let’ssaythattwopeople,TomandSue;interestedinherjob;Tom’sexpensiveboat


p.24,Ex.1-[Studentsread.]



p.26-27,Ex.1andEx.2-Free-style

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p. 27-29 Ex. 1 Paragraph1:fullofenergyandenthusiasm/dragshimselfoutofbed/Afteraquickbreakfast ofcoffeeandtoast,heshufflesofftoclass/filledwithworkinclassrooms,labsandthe library/depressed Paragraph2:sufferpsychologicallyandphysicallyfromthedecreasedsunlightandthecold Paragraph3:eatsbreakfastinordertoreplacethecaloriesheburnedduringthepreviousnight /Tomakesure/lunchtime,healways Paragraph4:itisrecommendedthatheeat/endorphins,which/low-fatforms,suchasthe drinkhotchocolateorasmallcandybar Paragraph5:someexerciseinorderto/canhelprelievestressandimproveone’smood Paragraph6:Wheneverheneedstocheerhimselfup/listeningtomusicthatheenjoyscan cheerhimup/feelhappier,sinceitreminds Paragraph7:ondark,gloomy/Byfollowingthesestepsandpayingattentiontotheirhabits andenvironment,theycankeeptheirspiritsup


Mode 2, Cause and Effect

p. 30, Ex. 1

underline(causes) double-underline(effects)1 thetrafficwasheavy wewerelatefortheconcert2 thepopularityofthesuperstarplayer therewasalargecrowdattendingthegame3 shehaddrunktoomuchcoffeeafterdinner shewasn’tabletogettosleep4 Ihadleftmycarlightsonallnight thebatterywasdeadinthemorning5 Joegotaterriblestomachache hequitrunningatthehalfwaypoint


p. 31, Ex. 3

underline(causes) double-underline(effects)1 it was raining myhairgotwet2 SambecamefluentinFrench hewasabletomakesomeFrenchfriends3 mybrotherfeelsalotofstressfromhisjob helikestospendtimealoneinthe

mountainsonweekends4 theirsoncouldhavehisownroom theNelsonsbuiltanextraroomintheir

house5 thewarlastedforseveralyears theeconomywasruined


p.32Ex.5-[Studentsread.]

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p. 33-34 Ex. 6 OrganizationPattern1:

Cause1⇒lackself-discipline Cause2⇒havepoorstudyhabits Cause3⇒haveweakskills Effect⇒somestudentsareunabletosucceed

OrganizationPattern2: Cause⇒travelershavecultureshock Effect1⇒feelconfuse Effect2⇒loseenergy Effect3⇒becomeillduetostress Effect4⇒developabadattitude

OrganizationPattern3: Jimliedabouthisexperience.Thiscausedemployertohirehimforahighposition. Thiscausedproblemswithstaff.Thiscausedstafftomakemistakes.ThiscausedJim togetfired.

p.3,Ex.1-Free-style


p. 37, Ex. 1 1-nightmares/killed/lion 2-say/prepare/van 3-energetic/talk/alone 4-instance/complete/relaxation


p. 41, Ex. 1 1-Therearethreetypesofteachersinourschool;funny,serious,andodd. 2-Mostpeoplewantagoodmarriage. 3-Inthisessay,IwilldescribeanimportantchildhoodexperiencethatIhadandexplainhow itchangedmylife. 4-Anunbornchild(fetus)cansufferseriouseffectsifitsmotherdrinksalcoholwhile pregnant. 5-Mybrotherisgoodatmeetingpeople. 6-Inthisessay,Iwillexplaintheprocedurewhichatrainershouldfollowinordertoteacha horsehowtojump.

p.42-43,Ex2andEx.3-Free-style

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p. 44, Ex. 1 1-Inotherwords,computerswillbringmanyconveniencestodrivers. 2-Tosumup,moreandmorewomenhavebecomepoliticallyactive.


p. 46-47, Ex. 1 a-However,studentswhoareunpreparedarelikelytofail. b-Studentscouldoversleep… c-Finally,anumberofstudentsfail… d-Theytendtoperformpoorly,ingeneral,onassignments. e-Afterarrivinginaforeigncountry,manypeoplefeelexcited… f-Travelerswithcultureshockoftenexperienceavariety… g-…thetravelermighthaveproblems… h-Thetravelermayjustwanttostayinbed… i-…travelerswithcultureshockoftenbecomeill… j-Itisnotunusualfor… k- Insomecases,becauseexperiencesdonotmeetthetraveler’sexpectations,theyare apt to blamethepeopleorculture… l-…theycanusuallyovercometheseuncomfortablefeelings.

p. 48-50, Ex 1 1-Infact,thereareseveralcausesforthewarinmycountry. 2-Inordertostayhealthy,weshouldunderstandhowpeopleactuallydocatchcoldsandhow coldscanbeprevented. 3-Thereareseveralreasonswhyalargenumberofcollegegraduatesareattractedtomytown. 4-Today,unfortunately,otherformsofdiscriminationcanstillbefound. 5-Infact,therearesomeuniquewaystosolvetheirproblemsineducation. 6-People,likeme,whospendalotoftimeatthecomputer,shouldbeawarethatextensiveuse cancausephysicalproblems. 7-Someonewhoisplanningtoshopforacarmaywanttoconsiderthefollowingfactors beforemakingafinalchoice.

p.50Ex.2-Free-style

p. 51, Ex. 1 1-Explainwhytheinformationintheessayisimportant. 2-Completethedramaticintroduction. 3-Quotation 4-Summarizethethesisstatementandmainpointsoftheessay 5-Completetheexperiencewiththetopicfromtheintroduction

p. 55, Ex. 1

1-Let’ssaythatyoualwaysdreamedofvisitingHawaii;asniceastheonesinthemovies 2-Imaginethata16-year-oldboynamedJim;beginthrowingrocks,too 3-Forexample,ifamanhasthreedrinksinanhour,it;hisbraintoomuchtime

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p. 56-57, Ex. 1 Paragraph1:whichmeansthatitisthefirsttimeforthemtomakedailydecisions⇒ Introductiontype:Statistics Paragraph2:decisions(suchaswhentogotobed,whentogetup,orwhentostudy)/ sacrificerecreationalactivitiesforstudying⇒Strategy:Hypothetical Paragraph3:Inadditiontoweakself-discipline/Becausehighschoolcoursesarequite different/failure,studentsneedtodevelopgoodones⇒Strategy:Example Paragraph4:Insum,studentsneedstrongbasicskills⇒Strategy:Summingup Paragraph5:it’simportantforstudentstoknowthat/However,intheend,itis⇒Conclusion type:Explainwhyinformationisimportant

p. 58, Ex. 2 1-self-discipline b-recreationalactivities 2-studyhabits a- take notes 3-basicskills

p.58,Ex.1-,Free-style

p.59,Exercise-Free-style

Mode 3, Extended Definition

p.61Exercise.1-W,2-G,3-W,4-G

p.62,Exercise 1-aspects/opinions/vote 2-Tostartwith/student/routine 3-interesting/emotion/afraid

p.63,Exercise 1- NC, 2- B, 3- B, 4- NC

p.64,Exercise

double-underline fill-ins1 doesnotnecessarilymean problems2 doesnotonlymean physicalsuffering3 notsomethingthatjust lookgood4 doesnotnecessarilymean lose5 isnotsomeonewhojust knows6 isnotsomeonewhoisjust evil7 doesnotnecessarilymean overandover

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p.65,Exercise:1-H,2-NH,3-H,4-H,5-NH,6-H

p. 66, Ex. 1 1-Compareandcontrast 2- Use negation 3-Tellhistory 4-Explainparts 5-Giveexamples


p. 68, Ex. 1 1-Introduction 2-Giveexamples(or)Usenegation 3-Compareandcontrast 4-Explainparts 5-Giveexamples 6-Conclusion



p.72-73,Ex.3-[Studentsread.]

p. 74-75 Ex. 4 Workingthesis:Thisessaywillexplainthe I.A.hisvacation 2.fromtheFrench,“amusant.” B. 1.Whatis“fun”? 2.HowaretermsinFrenchandJapanesedifferentfromEnglish? II.B.Boardgames,cardgames,puzzlesare“amusing.” III.A.“cheerful”and“pleasant” 1.“tanoshi” 3.makesmoresensethan IV.funactivity C.wascompletelyfocused V.Funofteninvolves B.“fonne”meaning“fool,”or“fonnen”meaning“tobefoolish” VI.alone B.concentration VII.Threecharacteristicsof B.Absorbsourattention

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p.76-77,Exercise 1-Introduction 2-Givehistory(or)Giveexamples 3- Use negation 4-Givehistory 5-Compareandcontrast 6-Explainparts 7-Giveexamples 8-Givehistory 9-Conclusion

p.78,Exercise-Free-style

p.78-79,Ex.1-OnlySentence19doesnotstartwiththesubject.

p.78and80,Ex.2-Sentences1,4,6,8,9and16startwiththesubject.

p. 81-82 Ex. 3 a-AlthoughmostAmericanscanaffordtobuyavarietyoffoodatthesupermarket,manyof themarenotchoosinghealthyfood. b-Addictedtosugar,manyAmericansareeatingmoresweetsthantheyshould. c-Despitethefactthatasugaraddictmanythinkthattheycannotlivewithoutsugar,some expertssay… (or)Despitethefactthatsomeexpertssaythatalowsugardietincreasesenergyandimproves sleep,asugaraddictmaythinkthat… d-Becauseofdoctors’concernaboutthissugaraddiction,theyaretellingtheirpatientstobe carefulaboutwhattheyeat. e-ThoughJoePottertriedtostopeatingsugar,hecouldn’tbecausehewasaddicted. f-AfterreadingafamousbookentitledSugar Blues,Joemadeafirmdecisiontostopeating sugar. g-AlthoughJoecontinuedhisno-sugardietforsevenyears,heeventuallygaveinandbegan eatingalotofsugaragain. h-Discouragedthathisaddictionhadreturned,Joejoinedaself-helpgroupforsugaraddicts. i-Aftersharinghisexperienceswithotheraddictsintheself-helpgroup,hefinallystopped eatingsugarcompletely.

p. 83, Ex. 1: 1- A, 2- B, 3- B, 4- A

p. 83, Ex. 2: 1- B, 2- A

p.83Ex.3-Free-style

p.84,Ex.1and2-Free-style

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Mode 4, Argumentation

p.86,Ex1-[Studentsread.]

p. 87 Ex. 2 -Writer’s position ⇒Studentsshouldchooseamajororbeexpelled. -Firstsupport⇒Studentsaretakingupspace. -Secondsupport⇒Spendingmanyyearsatacommunitycollegeisawasteoftime. -Thirdsupport⇒Administratorsfeelpressurefromthetax-payers. -Otherside’sopinion⇒Studentsshouldnotbeforcedtohurryandchooseamajorbecause someofthemdon’tknowwhattheiroptionsareandneedtoexperiencedifferent courses. -Refutation⇒Studentscantalktocounselorsandothersinordertogetinformationon differentmajors.

p. 88, Ex. 3 1- Paragraph 4 2- Paragraph 2 3- Paragraph 3 4- Paragraph 5 5- Paragraph 5


p.89,Ex2-Free-style

p. 90, Ex. 1 1-News,2-Commonknowledge,3-Others’experience,4-Personalexperience, 5-Hypotheticalsituation


p. 92-93, Ex. 1 Topic1:catsarebetterpets/areindependentandrequirelessattentionfrom/their independencemakesthemlessattractive/givesattentiontotheowner Topic2:becausetheybelievethat/IcanhearthevoicesofpeopleandtheTVs/lateatnight/ aremoreenjoyabletolistento Topic3:runningisbetterbecauserunnerscanrunatanytime/buttheyshouldn’tbecause thereisachancethat/evenafterdarkandwhentheweatherisawful

p.94,Ex.2:1a-NG;1b-G;2a-G;2b-NG;3a-NG;3b-G


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p. 96-98, Ex. 2 1-answertomultiple-choicequestion⇒b.dramaticintroduction 2-thesisstatement⇒Ifeelthatitisabsolutelynecessarytohaveaminimumdrinkingage because,withoutit,youngpeopleandsocietyingeneralwouldsufferanumberof negativeeffects. 3-typesofsupport(inorderofappearance)⇒Commonknowledge,News;News, Hypotheticalsituation,Commonknowledge,Personalexperience,Others’experience, Commonknowledge

p. 98-99, Ex. 1 I.Inthispaper,Iwillexplainwhywemustestablishaminimumdrinkingage. II.Causeaccidents A.Spendalotoftimedrivingaround B.Takerisksincars 1.Drivefast 2. Show off for others III.Becomeanalcoholic IV.Othernegativeeffects A.Makenoise B.Getinfights C.Getintroublewithsex V.Youngpeopleshouldbeallowedtodrink A.Canvote B.Fightinthemilitary C.Refutation:Thereisnoconnection…



p.102,Exercise 1-G;2-NG;3-NG;4-G;5-G;6-NG;7-G;8-NG;9-NG;10-G


p.104-05,Exercise-Free-style


p.106Ex.2-Free-style

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Section 3: Grammar Exercises

Unit 1: Individual Work p. 140, Ex. 1

S AV V1 Tigers are2 We want3 Tony, Karen were;were cheating;caught4 They needed5 I;he am;is6 tourist will have7 flowers were given



S AV V Conj S AV V1 They invited so we could see2 you Will take or I should call3 Tom had planned but he lost4 teacher wants and teacher has asked


Unit 3: Group Work p. 144-146 1-by,under,in 2-in,during 3-D:Change“at to on;E:Omitto. 4- no 5-[Studentsread.] 6-thebeach 7-onhisbed;overhisface 8-Circlein.[Studentsfillintheblankfree-style.] 9-Freestyle 10-[Studentsread.] 11-S=man 12-no,becauselectureisinprepositionalphrase. 13-prepositionalphrase=inthebathtub;S=water 14-Weneedarebecausethesubjectisprograms. 15-prepositionalphrases=Towardtheend;ofmyvacation;aboutmynewjob;S=I 16-Weneedhasbecausemanisthesubject. 17-Weneedasubject,forexample,it.

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Unit 4: Individual Work p. 147 Ex. 1 Notpropositions:also,be,become,frequently,just,often,soon,set,then,while

p. 147, Ex. 2

prepositionalphrases S1 With great effort Sam2 forwork;at6a.m.;onthebus He3 (none) friend

p. 147, Ex. 3 1-In,2-On,3-for,4-during

p. 147, Ex. 4 1-During,2-While,3-During,4-While

p. 148, Ex. 5 1-at;2-During;3-Inside;to;about;4-Accordingto

p. 148, Ex. 6

S V prepostions1 they unpacked After2 everyone went Becauseof3 leaders asked of;with;with


Unit 5: Individual Work p. 149, Ex. 1 Clauses⇒1,4,and6

p. 149, Ex. 2 1-can;2-cannot

p. 149, Ex. 3 1- I, 2- I, 3- D, 4- I, 5- D, 6- D, 7- D, 8- I, 9- D,10- D

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Unit 6: Individual Work p. 150 Ex. 1

subordinators dependentclauses1 because wewereoutofgas2 While thesunwassetting3 as soon as itreceivedthecall4 When youfeelhungry5 if yourefusetoseeadoctor6 eventhough heownsacar7 Before Annboughtherdog8 until itbecamedark9 As soon as wefindtheinstructions10 until mylandlordraisestherent

p. 151, Ex. 2*

subordinators dependentclauses1 After hehadfoundthemistake2 as soon as shefinishesherbook3 Evenif helosestheelection4 before shewrappedit5 eventhough itwasveryexpensive6 Because hiscarwouldn’tstart7 While Iwaitforthebustoarrive

*Thischartidentifiessubordinatorsanddependentclauses.(StudentsshouldlabelS,V,andAVtoo.Thoselabelsarenotincludedhere.)

p. 151, Ex. 3

subordinators dependentclauses1 Although;while itupsetsherstomach;shereadsthemorningnewspaper2 When;because whentheconcertisover;theperformance…enjoyable3 After thesnowstoppedfalling4 before nightcame5 Eventhough;since Tomwasable…job;weplantostay…amonth


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subordinators dependentclauses verbsofindependentclauses1 that myparentswerethere know2 that theirplanewouldarrivelate worried3 that hedidn’tknowhislines realized4 that hecouldflytosomeforeigncountries hoped5 that hecouldhelpthepatient thought6 that hecandoit says7 that thatwasaproblem believed8 that shehadtogotoameeting forgot9 that Iwasflying dreamed

p. 153 Ex. 2

subordinators dependentclauses verbsofindependentclauses1 how myparentsdiscoveredmysecret know2 why shehadfailedthetest realized3 what youmean know4 where he is know5 how Ididit forgot6 why hewasdoingit understand7 where he went notice8 what hedid see

Verbsthatintroducedthenounclauses:1-know,2-realized,3-forgot,4-understand,5-notice,6-see


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Unit 8: Individual Work p. 154, Ex. 1 1-Sinceheboughtacomputer⇒Sincebuyingacomputer 2-AfterIfinishedmywork⇒Afterfinishingmywork 3-whileshewasplayingsoccer⇒whileplayingsoccer 4-beforeyoutakeatest⇒ before taking a test

p. 155, Ex. 2

subjects adverbclauses modifyingphrases1 we/we Sincewecamehere Sincecominghere2 I/I afterIsearchedthroughmydeskdrawers aftersearchingthrough

mydeskdrawers

p. 155, Ex. 3 Subjects⇒I;baby Adverbclause⇒WhileIwasdrivingthecar

QuestionA-No QuestionB-Subject

p. 155, Ex. 4 1-Afterstoppingthefight… 2-…beforeleavingtheroom 3-[noreductionpossible] 4-Sinceleavinghome… 5-…whiledrivingtowork 6-[noreductionpossible] 7-[noreductionpossible]

p. 156, Ex. 5 1-leaving,2-left,3-learned,4-learning,5-taking,6-hadtaken,7-wasdriving,8-driving, 9-arrives,10-arriving

p. 156, Ex. 6 -they start ⇒ starting -theyleave⇒leaving -they are sitting ⇒ sitting -theflightattendantsserve⇒[nochangepossible] -thebusortaxidrops⇒[nochangepossible]

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subordinators dependentclauses1 who workonholidays2 which iswarmeveninwinter3 which isavailablealmosteverywhere4 which includesbothspeakingandwriting5 that lastedfourhours6 who ismyadvisor

p. 158, Ex. 2 1-…,whichisthenationslargestcity,…/Yes;No 2-[nocommasneeded]/No;Yes 3-[nocommasneeded]/No;Yes 4-…,whoisamarathonrunner,…/Yes;No 5-…,whichhasabasement,…/Yes;No

p. 158-59, Ex. 3 1-which/…,whichisanEnglish-speakingcountry,… 2-that/[nocommasneeded] 3-that[nocommasneeded] 4-which/…,whichisafamouscarcompany. 5-who/[nocommasneeded];who/[nocommasneeded] 6-who/…,whoallliketoswim,… 7-that/[nocommasneeded] 8-which/…,whichisanisland-nation,… 9-which/…,whicharegrownonlyinwarmcountries,… 10-that/[nocommasneeded] 11-which/…,whichbecamewarmaswewerehiking,… 12-who/[nocommasneeded]


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Unit 10: Individual Work p. 160, Ex. 1 Rule1:However,Moreover;Asaresult,Furthermore,Nevertheless,Consequently,Therefore, Inaddition,Also

Rule2:and,but,so

p.160,Ex.2-Sentences2,3,5,7,9,12and14areOK.

p. 161 Ex. 3 and⇒Inaddition,Moreover,Furthermore,Also but⇒However,Nevertheless so ⇒Asaresult,Consequently,Therefore

p. 161, Ex. 4 1-Furthermore,2-However,3-but,4-Nevertheless,5-Asaresult

p. 161, Ex. 5 1-However(or)Nevertheless 2-Furthermore(orotherexpressionsmeaning“and”) 3-but 4-and


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Unit 11: Group Work: Review I p. 163-165 1-Yes.“Also”cannotconnecttwosentences 2-and 3-Asaresult,Consequently,(or)Therefore 4-Punctuationneedstobechanged 5-Consequently 6-Beforehestartedtoclimbthemountain 7-Beforestartingtoclimbthemountain 8-whiletheyaredriving 9- Yes 10-afterhisdaughterwonthebeautycontest 11- No 12-WhenKenarrivedatthebeach;becausehedidn’twanttogetasunburn 13-Althoughsheisallergictocheese;whichismadefromgoat’smilk 14-Yes.Weneedanindependentclause 15- Yes 16-Useanounclauseafter“doubt.” 17-whocaughtthethief 18-necessary 19-Wedon’tneedcommas. 20-whichisred,white,andblue 21-extrainformation 22-Weneedcommas. 23-Beforeshebeganhertennismatch;whoisagreatplayer;becauseshebrokeastringon herfavoriteracket 24-Beforeshebeganhertennismatch,myoldestsister,whoisagreatplayer,feltnervous becauseshebrokeastringonherfavoriteracket. 25-Yes[Threecommasareneeded.] 26- No 27-IfTomwinsthelottery;whichhassomefamouscastles 28-IfTomwinsthelottery,heplanstotraveltoIreland,whichhassomefamouscastles. 29-Yes[Twocommasareneeded.]

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Unit 12: Individual Work p. 166, Ex. 1 1-conjunctiveadverb,2-conjunction/independent,3-dependent,4-introductoryphrase

p. 166-67, Ex. 2 1-verbs,2-anindependentclause,3-asubordinator,4-subjectandverb

p. 167, Ex. 3 1-independent,2-dependent/independent

p. 167, Ex. 4 1-[nocommasneeded] 2-…vacation,she… 3-….Therefore,he… 4-…envelope,which…/…there,you… 5-…answer,I… 6-…race,so… 7-[nocommasneeded] 8-[nocommasneeded] 9-…music;my… 10-…arrived,she… 11-[nocommasneeded] 12-[nocommasneeded] 13-…traffic,we… 14-…band;however,…


gerunds S AV V1 Writing Writing will get2 Signing Signing is3 Eating Eating has4 Drinking Drinking is

p. 168, Ex. 2 1- prepositions ⇒to/of;gerund⇒listening 2- prepositions ⇒to/about;gerund⇒finishing

p. 169, Ex. 3 1-gerund,2-participle,3-participle,4-gerund/gerund,5-participle

p.169,Ex.4,Ex.5andEx.6-Free-style

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Unit 14: Individual Work p.170,Ex.1,1-torepair,2-tobuy,3-toread

p. 170, Ex. 2

1 toanamusementpark⇒ P2 tosend⇒ I

toourparents⇒ P3 tobecome⇒ I

to the area ⇒ Pto try ⇒ Itocontrol⇒ I

p. 170, Ex. 3

subjects verbs1 Tolearn requires2 Tom enrolled3 we canput4 Touse is5 doctors areexperimenting6 Tofind is7 To be became8 Toleave seemed

p.171,Ex.4,1-toperform/practicing,2-totake,3-toget,4-applying


Unit 15: Group Work p. 172-74 1- Starting 2-Translating/Yes 3- Yes, to earn 4-Having 5- are 6-Yes,theverbshouldbe“is,”because“Having”issingular. 7- renting 8- No 9-Agerundisanoun,andweneedanounafterapreposition. 10-Tobecome 11-infinitive 12- Yes 13- No 14- takes 15- No 16- preposition 17-Yes.Weneed(thegerund)“watching”after“enjoy.” 18-No.Weneed“tohelp.”

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Unit 16: Individual Work p. 175, Ex. 1 1-Frag/Comp,2-Comp,3-Frag,4-Frag,5-Frag,6-Comp,7-Comp/Frag, 8-Comp/Frag,9-Frag,10-Comp

p.175Ex.2-Free-style

Unit 17: Individual Work p. 176-77, Ex. 1 1-is/willtake,2-get/willeat,3-attended/wouldlive,4-had/wouldwear, 5-got/wouldtake,6-hadgone/wouldhaveenjoyed,7-Free-style;8-Free-style


p.178,Ex.3-Thereare8“would”andone“could.”


Unit 18: Group Work p. 180-82 1-[Studentsunderline.] 2-[Studentswrite.] 3-[Studentswrite.] 4-[Studentsunderline.] 5-[Studentswrite.] 6-[Studentswrite.] 7-dependentclause⇒thatisgoingtoChicago/newsentence⇒TheplanegoingtoChicago isdelayed. 8-dependentclause⇒whichwasboughtin1820/newsentence⇒Myemployerboughta housebuiltin1820. 9-whowantstopassthiscourse 10-Anystudentswantingtopassthiscoursemustwritearesearchpaper. 11-Yes[“wants”becomes“wanting”] 12-whodoesnotwanttofail 13-Anystudentnotwantingtofailmustattendclassregularly. 14- Yes 15-Theactorgiventheawardlivesnearmyhouse. 16-Yes,“wait”shouldbe“waiting.” 17-Customersnotwearingshoeswillnotbeallowedtoenterthecafé. 18-Weshouldn’teatthefishcaughtinthatriverbecauseofthepollution. 19-Free-style[forexample:I’dliketotalktothatgirlwearingareddress.] 20-Heshowedeveryoneatreethatwasplantedbyhisgreat-grandfather. [or:hadbeenplanted] 21-Thechildrenwhoareplayinginhergardenmakeherangry.[or:wereplaying]

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dependentclauses newsentences1 whowasdrivinganunmarkedcar Apolicemandrivinganunmarkedcargave…2 whoweregivenaraise Onlytheworkersgivenaraisewere…3 thatistakingustoGreece ThetourtakingustoGreeceis…4 whowantanewpresident Thevoterswantinganewpresidentdecided…5 thatdoesnothaveastamponit Anyletternothavingastamponitwill…



dependentclauses newsentences1 who is sitting in the front seat Thepassengerinthefrontseatshould…2 whoiswearingtheheadband Thegirlwiththeheadbandis…3 whichisnearourhouse …thestorenearourhouse.4 whoiswearingtheredsweater Ifyoumeetthemanintheredsweater,ask…5 whocomefromforeigncountries …peoplefromforeigncountries.6 thatisnexttomine …thecitynexttomine.



adjectives prepositions reductions1 sick with Sickwiththeflu,myfather…2 excited about Excitedaboutourplans,we…3 exhausted by Exhaustedbytheclimb,thehiker…4 bored by Boredbythelecture,somestudents…5 disappointed with Disappointedwithmytestscores,I…

p. 187, Ex. 2

adjectives prepositions reductions1 shocked by Shockedbyhisson’sgrades,the…2 worried about Worriedaboutthelowsalary,my…


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Unit 22: Group Work p. 188-90 1-Yes,becauseweusuallyputacommaafterconjunctiveadverbslike“Therefore.” 2-Yes,becauseadependentclausestartsthesentence. 3-Yes,thereisaproblem. 4-Thecommashouldcomebefore“so.” 5- No 6-Yes,there’ssomethingwrong.Wedon’tneedthecommaafter“plane,”becausean independentclausestartsthesentence. 7-Yes,wecouldn’tbecausetherearetwoindependentclauses. 8-No,wedon’tneedacommabecausethereisonlyonesubject. 9-Yes,thereisaproblem.Wedon’tneedthecomma. 10-No,thereisnoproblem. 11-Weneedasemi-colonbecausetherearetwoindependentclauses. 12-Yes,weshouldputinacommabecausetherearetwoindependentclauses. 13-Yes,weshouldputinacommabecauseadependentclausesstartsthesentence. 14-No,thesemi-colonisamistake.Weneedacommabecausethe“because”clauseis dependent. 15-No,thereisnoproblem.


V adj correctionsRight 1 comes beautiful xRight 2 was frightened xWrong 3 tired …sonowheistired.Right 4 was terrible xWrong 5 confused Theywereconfusedby…Wrong 6 shocked …news,shewasshocked.Right 7 was glad xWrong 8 disappointed …thechildrenweredisappointed…Wrong 9 surprised Iwassurprised…Wrong 10 proud …soherparentswereproud…

p. 192, Ex. 2

wordsdescribed correctionsWrong 1 Tom embarrassing⇒embarrassedRight 2 shopping xWrong 3 I exciting⇒excitedWrong 4 noise frightened⇒ frighteningRight 5 he xWrong 6 students interesting⇒interested

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Unit 24: Group Work: Review II p. 193-95 1-Nocommasareneeded. 2-It’sarestrictiveclause.It’snecessaryinformation. 3-Weneedacommaafter“Times.”It’sextrainformation. 4-Weneedacommaafter“Boston.”It’sextrainformation. 5-Irealizethathehasalotoftalent. 6- Yes 7-Underline“thatisatourhealthclub.” 8-Forexercise,weusuallyswiminthepoolatourhealthclub. 9-Underline“whohavepronunciationproblems.” 10-Studentswithpronunciationproblemscanusuallygethelpinthelanguagelab. 11- Yes 12-Underline“whohadcomefromforeigncountries.” 13-Thetravelguidetriedtohelpthevisitorsfromforeigncountries. 14-Tiredoftrafficjams,Tomdecidedtotakethebus. 15-Worriedabouttheweather,thepilottoldthepassengerstobuckletheirseatbelts. 16-[Students’answerswillvary.Hereisasamplesentence:Satisfiedwithhergoodscore, Ginadecidedtocelebrate.]

p. 196, Ex. 1 -play:tennis/basketball/golf -go:swimming/dancing,/camping/skiing/skating/bowling

p. 196, Ex. 2- go

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Unit 25: Individual Work p.196,Ex.3-a,c,d

p.196,Ex.4-travel/trip

p.197,Ex.5-b,d,e,h

p.197,Ex.6-hope/wish

p. 197, Ex. 7-a, b


p. 198, Ex. 9 Rule1-evenif Rule2-eventhough Rule3-even

p. 198, Ex. 10 - 1- W, 2- R, 3- R, 4- W, 5- R, 6- W

p. 199, Ex. 11 1-Evenif,2-Eventhough,3-even,4-eventhough,5-Eventhough,6-Evenif


Unit 26: Individual Work p.200Ex.1-Sentences1,2,4and6arePassive

p. 201, Ex. 2 1- Right 2-Wrong(take⇒taken) 3- Right 4-Wrong(wasbroken⇒broke) 5- Right 6-Wrong(wasdied⇒died) 7-Wrong(weregiving⇒weregiven) 8-Wrong(wasfallen⇒fell) 9-Wrong(wasreceived⇒received) 10- Right 11-Wrong(washappened⇒happened) 12-Wrong(willheld⇒willbeheld) 13-Wrong(build⇒wasbuilt) 14- Right


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Unit 27: Individual Work p. 202, Ex. 1 1-likes⇒liked 2- is⇒was 3-will⇒would 4-cannot⇒couldn’t 5-attended⇒hadattended

p. 202, Ex. 2 6- her are ⇒ifherclasseswere,doesshewant⇒ifshewanted 7-canI⇒ifIcould 8-doesshelike⇒ifsheliked 9-domyfriendsprefer⇒ifmyfriendspreferred

p. 202, Ex. 3 10-willeveryonearrive⇒everyonewouldarrive 11-canshe⇒shecould 12-dotheyfeel⇒theyfelt 13-doestheteachermean⇒theteachermeant

p. 203, Ex. 4 14- take ⇒ to take 15-don’t⇒ not to


p. 204, Ex. 6 1-shehad/wanted/him/howhefelt/graduate 2-itdepended 3-whathemeant 4-his/wasliving/didn’thave/couldn’tafford 5-ifhisparentswereupset/his 6-theywere/his/washelpful/his/hadfixed/woulddrive/couldavoid 7-shecouldneverlive/couldn’tget/her/theywere/howshecouldimprove 8-nottoexpress;her 9-shewouldtry

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