WP7 - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYSIS FOR STARCH, FIBER AND β -GLUCAN AVEQ Second meeting Quedlinburg, 2-4 March 2009

WP7 - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYSIS FOR STARCH, FIBER

AND β-GLUCAN

AVEQ Second meeting

Quedlinburg, 2-4 March 2009

STATE OF ART

Genotype & environment (year or location): The variability of the results from statistical analyses and the significance of the correlations among physical and nutritional grain traits might depend on both the genotypes and the experimental design used.

Climatic conditions: it was reported that dry conditions before harvest result in higher β-glucan contents (Brennan & Cleary, 2005; Grebruers et al., 2008)

AVEQ Second meeting, Quedlinburg, 2-4 March 2009

THE HEALTHGRAIN CEREAL DIVERSITY SCREEN: CONCEPT, RESULTS AND PROSPECTS

J.L. WARD, K. POUTANEN, K. GEBRUERS, V. PIIRONEN, A-M. LAMPI, L. NYSTRÖM, A.A. ANDERSSON, P. AMAN, D. BOROS, M. RAKSZEGI, Z. BEDŐ, P.

SHEWRY

J. Agric. Food Chem. , 2008, 56: 9699-9709


WARD et al. - INTRODUCTION

HEALTHGRAIN is an integrated project in the 6th Framework Programme of European Union, started in 2005 with the aim of improving the well-being and reducing the risk of metabolic diseases of European consumers by increasing the intake of protective grain factors through improved availability of health-promoting and safe ceral-based foods and ingredients of high eating quality.

As part of this research program it was initially determined the extent of variation of bioactive compounds in cereals: bread and durum wheat, spelt, monococcum, dicoccum, barley, oat, rye. The target compounds were chosen on the basis of the hypotheses in the literature about their protective properties.


WARD et al. - 2008

WARD et al. - CONCLUSIONS

The HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen has generated the most extensive database on bioactive components in wheat and other cereals currently available.

Detailed comparison of the bread wheat lines show that it is possible to identify lines in which high levels of phytochemicals and dietary fiber components are combined with good yield and processing quality. This means that commercially competitive lines with high levels of bioactive components are a realistic goal for plant breeders.


PHYTOCHEMICAL AND FIBER COMPONENTS IN OAT VARIETIES IN THE HEALTHGRAIN

DIVERSITY SCREEN

P. SHEWRY, V. PIIRONEN, A-M. LAMPI, L. NYSTRÖM, L. LI, M. RAKSZEGI, A. FRÁS, D. BOROS, K. GEBRUERS, C.M.

COURTIN, J.A. DELCOUR, A.A. ANDERSSON, L. DIMBERG, Z. BEDŐ, J.L. WARD

J. Agric. Food Chem. , 2008, 56: 9777-9784


SHEWRY et al. - GRAIN COMPOUNDS

PROXIMATES: moisture, crude protein, ash content, lipid, available starch, free sugars

FIBER COMPONENTS: β-glucan (total and MW distribution), arabinoxylan (total and WE), estimated dietary fiber, Klason lignin

PHYTOCHEMICALS: sterols, folates, phenolics, avenanthramides, tocols.


SHEWRY et al. - RESULTS

Ash content: 2.1 – 2.6% Protein (wholemeal): 16.9 – 18.7% Lipid: 5.8 – 9.6% Available starch: 47.0 – 57.3% Dietary fiber (est): 18.5 – 23.4%; 10.6% (naked) Klason lignin: 4.2 – 5.9%; 2.6% (naked) β-glucan (wholemeal): 4.5 – 5.6% Total arabinoxylan (flour): 0.97 – 1.26% Folates: 495 – 604 ng/g Tocols: 16.1 – 36.1 μg/g Phenolics: 351 – 874 μg/g Avenanthramides: 42 – 91 μg/g


SHEWRY et al. - CONCLUSIONS

Substantial variation was demonstrated in the contents of phytochemicals and more limited variation in the contents of fibre components.

The fact that the varieties were grown in adjacent sites reduces the differences due to environment, and indicates that at least some of the differences were genetically determined.

In conclusion, there is sufficient genetic variation in the contents of bioactive components to be exploited by breeders to develop varieties with enhanced quality for human nutrition.


NAKED OATS FOR IMPROVING HUMAN NUTRITION. GENETIC AND AGRONOMIC VARIABILITY OF GRAIN

BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS

Redaelli R., Sgrulletta D., Scalfati G., De Stefanis E., Cacciatori P., Crop Science, in press.

Seven naked oat genotypes and two husked cultivars (testers)

Two years: 2001-02 and 2002-03

Two locations: Rome and Bergamo

Two preceding crops: cereal or legume

Two seeding seasons: winter and spring

Bioactive compounds: protein, β-glucan, TDF


REDAELLI et al. - RESULTS

PROTEIN β-GLUCAN TDF

ABEL 18.25 c 4.26 a 12.75 b

BIKINI 18.83 b 3.78 c

HJA72095N 19.22 a 3.73 c 12.80 b

KONRADIN 17.52 d 3.41 d 15.23 a

KYNON 18.37 c 3.14 e

NAVE 18.46 c 3.93 b 12.10 cd

RHEA x PADARN 542

18.48 c 3.48 d 11.56 d

DONATA (H) 16.43 e 4.31 a 12.42 bc

FLAVIA (H) 19.01 ab 3.92 b 12.62 bc

MEAN 18.29 3.77 12.78

REDAELLI et al. - CONCLUSIONS

Protein content was strongly influenced by environment, for β-glucan a significant effect was observed for rotation and genotype, and for their interaction with the other factors.

TDF content was largely determined by genotype, but the interaction with the environment was always significant.

A significant correlation (r = 0.56*) was found between β-glucan and yield.

On a de-hulled basis, husked cultivars contained more β-glucan than the naked cultivars.


IN VITRO DETERMINATION OF THE INDIGESTIBLE FRACTION IN FOODS: AN ALTERNATIVE TO DIETARY

FIBER ANALYSIS


Saura-Calixto F., Garcia-Alonso A., Goi I., Bravo L., J. Agric. Food Chem., 2000, 48: 3342-3347

AOAC method for DF determination aims to measure the content of the fraction composed by NSP (non starch polysaccharides) plus lignin. However, a significant part of the starch remains in foods (resistant starch, RS) and is not digested in the small intestine, along with other substances such as proteins, oligosaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, etc.

FOODS

ENZYMATIC TREATMENTS

CENTRIFUGATION

RESISTANT STARCH

RESISTANT PROTEIN

CONDENSED TANNINS

LIGNIN

MINERALS

INSOLUBLE NSP

OTHER COMPOUNDS

RESIDUE =

INSOLUBLE IFSUPERNATANT - Oligosaccharides

SOLUBLE NSP

Neutral sugars + uronic acids

DIALYSIS

Solvent removal

SOLUBLE IF

SAURA-CALIXTO et al. –CONCLUSIONS

The method for IF determination combines in a single procedure the methodologies for DF and resistant starch analysis. In this method, samples are analyzed as eaten (fresh, boiled or fried), and the analytical conditions are close to the physiological ones.

In DF analysis starch digestibility is altered artificially, whereas IF can remove most digestible starch, avoiding alterations of naturally occurring RS.

IF values could be more useful than DF values from a nutritional point of view and could be a valid alternative to DF for food labeling and food composition tables.

WORKPACKAGES 7 & 8 – DECISIONS

Total B-glucan analysis will be carried out on the samples from the trials held in Estonia, Bulgaria and Poland in 2008. The samples from Estonia will be the first set to be ready; Matthias is going to de-hull samples from Bulgaria, whereas samples from Poland should be sent to Alf for de-hulling.

Alf will analyse all the samples by NIRS to make a screening for the amount of total B-glucan, and to check if the ranking of the genotypes is the same in all environments. Then 70 accessions will be chosen, that represent a large variability for B-glucan content.

These 210 samples (70 genotypes x 3 environments) will be analysed chemically for: total B-glucan (Alf), soluble B-glucan (Rita), starch and fibre (Malgorzata); antioxidants (tocols by Rita and AVAs by Lena) will be determined on about 100 samples (more samples if possible).









Documents

WP7 - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ANALYSIS FOR STARCH, FIBER AND β -GLUCAN AVEQ Second meeting Quedlinburg, 2-4 March 2009