World War II

US Conflict with Japan SWBAT:

•explain events that led to conflict between Japan and the US

Do Now: What is the difference between isolationism and neutrality?

Japan & US Conflict • How did the US practice

discriminatory immigration policies toward Japan?

• The US also implemented state & local restrictions against Japanese Americans

Japan & US Conflict • Japan’s ambitions led to an invasion

of China in 1937, violating the Open Door Policy

Japan & US Conflict • The Panay Incident, 1937-

Japanese planes bombed & sank American gunboat, Panay, stationed in China

- several Americans killed - Japan apologized & paid damages, but hostility grew

Japan & US Conflict • Japan allied with Germany & Italy in

1937

- AKA “Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis”

Japan & US Conflict

• Japan annexed French Indo-China (Vietnam) in 1940

Japan & US Conflict • Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on

December 7, 1941 “a day that would live in infamy” - FDR

Timeline • 1935- “Cash-and-Carry”-

Congress prevented any loans to nations at war; sale of any goods were on a “cash-and-carry” basis

Timeline • 1935-1937: US passed Neutrality Acts

- US would withhold weapons, loans, and $ from any nation at war

(what idea does this exhibit?)

- US citizens traveling on ships belonging to nations at war, did so at their own risk!

Timeline • 1937- 94% of population wanted to

remain neutral • 1939 (start of WWII)- Americans had

3 different views: 1. US should fight with allies 2. US should provide aid, NOT

soldiers to allies 3. US should remain strictly neutral

Timeline • 1940- American

Government began to quietly prepare:

1. Built more planes

2. More $ to Navy

3. Began Manhattan Project- development of the atomic bomb

Timeline

• 1940- Peacetime enlistment- men 21-35 had to register for 1 year of military service

• 1940- FDR wins 3rd term as President

Timeline - FDR proposed (Congress passed 1941)

the Lend-Lease Act: The President has the power to sell, transfer, lend, lease arms & equipment to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the US” Britain & China; also placed an embargo (bans) & sanctions on the sale of oil, gasoline & scrap iron to Japan

US became “Arsenal of Democracy”

Timeline • 1941- Germany began attacking

American vessels - Regardless, Americans wanted to

avoid war - 12/7/41: Japan bombed Pearl Harbor - FDR declared war the following day - 3 days later Italy & Germany declared

war on the United States

Knowledge Check • What event in the nation’s history

caused the government to be wary of America’s involvement in ocean trade & travel?

“Four Freedoms” • FDR, now opposed to

isolationism more than ever, explained the “four freedoms” of mankind, which became the justification behind US participation in WWII

Wrap Up • In what sense was the United States

“involved” in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional declaration of war in December 1941?

WWII: Home Front

SWBAT: •Explain moral issues that grew

from minorities' wartime experiences

Do Now

• What groups found themselves in completely different roles once the US entered WWII?

Minorities on the Home Front

WOMEN - Served roles in the military at home bases, WAC- Women’s Army Corps - Filled industry positions men had before going to war - “Rosie the Riveter” Trend in women working outside the home -Happy to work, gained confidence, created new opportunities to earn $ & independence -Had to leave jobs for returning veterans

Rosie the Riveter Song

Minorities on the Home Front AFRICAN AMERICANS

- Great Migration met discrimination & inequality in the North “Double V” - Increase in membership of civil rights organizations - Employment in war industries (Exec. Order 8802) - Limited to support roles in segregated military units Tuskegee Airmen, few integrated units

Minorities on the Home Front

MEXICAN AMERICANS -Bracero program- Mexicans to work on US farms discriminated against & faced inequalities, but had equal rights under the law -Zoot Suit Riots- sailors & police looked for & attacked Mexican-American youths in LA -Good enough to defend the country, but not good enough to live here

Minorities on the Home Front

NATIVE AMERICANS

- Brought closer to mainstream American life - Served as “code-talkers” to transmit messages: Japanese could not decipher NA’s language - Employed in war industries, many chose not to return to their reservation when the war ended -Code Talkers Documentary I (9 min)

Minorities on the Home Front JAPANESE AMERICANS

- Faced anti-Japanese sentiment - Japanese on West Coast forced to leave homes imprisoned in US military zones guarded by troops (Exec. Order 9066) - Korematsu v. US: US Supreme Court upheld forced evacuation as “reasonable” in wartime -Nisei Soldiers fought honorably for the US in WWII - 1988- given payment for losses during internment

Your Task… • What moral/ethical issues grew from minorities' wartime

experiences? • How did WWII alter lives of women on the Home Front? • How do FDR’s “Four Freedoms” contrast to the treatment of

minorities during WWII? • How would you explain why membership of the NAACP grew

during the war years? • How did the US defend its internment of Japanese Americans?

Explain another example of internment of a minority group in history. Give an example in in world history, when rights of citizens have been restricted in wartime.

• 4 Corners: MUST be able to defend your answer. - How do you feel about FDR’s decision to intern Japanese Americans during WWII? - How do you feel about the government’s decision to force women from their jobs to make room for men who returned from war?

Why Were Japanese Americans Interned

During WWII?

SWBAT • Explain why Japanese-Americans were

interned during WWII Do Now: Review your homework and timeline with your partner & discuss… • What were some reasons for internment

offered in the newsreel? • How does the newsreel portray

internment? positive or negative? • Who do you think the audience was for this

newsreel?

Activity • In pairs, read the documents and

complete the corresponding sections of the Graphic Organizer

Wrap Up: Complete the questions at the bottom of your Graphic Organizer when you are finished *Use evidence from the documents to support your responses!*

Japanese Internment • Read the “Notice to Japanese Americans”

& answer the questions that follow with a partner

HOMEWORK • Read “Women in the Wartime

Workplace” & “Mother, when will you stay home again?” complete all questions on a SEPARATE piece of paper

• Saturday Evening Post, 1944

Questions: 1. What role does the

child play in the advertisement?

2. What purposes are served by placing the father/husband in the military?

3. How would the wartime experience of the mother/wife contribute to her postwar life according to the ad?

Your Task

• “Japanese Relocation” & answer the questions that follow

• Read “Korematsu v. United States, 1944” & complete questions 1-5

Mobilization for War

SWBAT: Explain how the U.S. mobilized for WWII

Do Now • Explain a current moral issue that has

arisen within our military: - killing civilians in an enemy nation - use of drones - how to treat detained POWs - benefits offered to veterans of war - “don’t ask, don’t tell” (DADT) - women in direct military combat

Mobilization for War • War Productions

Board- converted peacetime industries to war good industries

Ex- Typewriting Machine Guns

Cars Bombers

Mobilization for War • Office of War

Mobilization & Office of Price Administration

- Both regulated labor, fix wages, prices, manufacturing quotas, shipping industry, & rationing

Mobilizing for War • Liberty Ships • Higher taxes • War Bond Campaign

Europe During WWII

Europe During WWII

Allied vs Axis Powers

Allied Powers

• Great Britain

• France

• Soviet Union

• U.S.

Axis Powers

• Germany

• Italy

• Japan

Allied vs Axis Powers • How did the Allies defeat the Axis

Powers? - New weapon emerged which ended

the war changing warfare & global politics forever

European Front

•In 1943, Allied leaders open a second front in the war in Europe

•The operation was code-named Operation Overlord

•General Dwight Eisenhower was the mission commander

• American & British troops would cross the English Channel & invade France

Operation Overlord

Operation Overlord •Involved an elaborate hoax to fool the enemy about where troops would land

•On D-Day, June 6, 1944, the Allies landed at Normandy

• Allies captured the beaches & within a month; 1 million troops landed in France

Operation Overlord

• Hitler launched a counterattack, creating a bulge in the American lines •Americans pushed back, forcing German retreat

Battle of the Bulge

World War II in Europe, 1942–1945

•Allies surrounded Berlin, preparing for assault on Hitler’s capital

• Hitler fell into madness, giving orders that weren’t obeyed & planning attacks that weren’t carried out

V-E Day

•April 1945, Hitler committed suicide Germany surrendered

• New President Harry S. Truman

• With the German surrender, the Allies celebrated V-E Day

• FDR did not live to see the celebrations. He died a few weeks earlier.

V-E Day

Allied & Axis Powers, Atomic Bomb

SWBAT:

• Explain why the dropping of the atomic bomb was a controversial decision

Pacific Front

•Battles during the island-hopping campaign were fierce, with high casualties on both sides

•Kamikazes crashed into American ships •Japanese troops fought to the death •An intense bombing campaign leveled much

of Tokyo Still, Japan refused to surrender

War still raged in the Pacific, where the Allies were fighting their way toward Japan

War in the Pacific

• FDR authorized scientists to develop an atomic bomb

•Top secret program, code-named the Manhattan Project

•The bomb tested successfully in N.M., in July 1945

Days later Allies warn Japan to surrender or face “utter destruction” (Up to Truman to decide if & when to use the bomb)

War in the Pacific

• Truman’s priority was to save American lives

• An invasion of Japan could cost up to 1,000,000 American lives

• Japanese refused to surrender

War in the Pacific

Atomic Bomb • Alternatives were

considered before dropping the bombs

• The final decision was to drop the atomic bombs to end the war quickly and avoid more American casualties of war

Why is the decision still discussed & debated today?

• August 6, 1945, U.S. pilots dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima • 3 days later, they dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki On August 10, Emperor Hirohito surrendered

HIROSHIMA: AFTER THE BOMB

Model from the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima Nagasaki

Pre-bomb Population 255,000 195,000

Dead 66,000 39,000

Injured 69,000 25,000

Total Casualties 135,000 64,000

Atomic Bomb

Distance From X (In Feet)

Percent Mortality

0 – 1000 93%

1000 – 2000 92%

2000 – 3000 86%

3000 – 4000 69%

4000 – 5000 49%

5000 – 6000 31.5%

6000 – 7000 12.5%

7000 – 8000 1.3%

8000 – 9000 0.5%

9000 – 10,000 0%

Atomic Bomb • Atomic Bomb Damage Radius The world had entered the Atomic Age! • Complete the DBQs, Summary, and

Wrap Up Questions

• The Allies celebrated V-J Day, marking victory in Japan

• US occupied Japan under leadership of Gen. Douglas MacArthur as a democracy

The most costly war in history was finally over

Atomic Bomb

Wartime Diplomacy • Review of WWII Conferences &

complete “Interpreting Events” questions with a partner

Wartime Diplomacy

• Casablanca, 1943- Roosevelt met with Churchill to discuss “victory on all fronts” & “unconditional surrender”

Wartime Diplomacy • Tehran Conference, 1943- Roosevelt &

Churchill meet with Stalin to discuss war strategy and postwar world

Wartime Diplomacy • Yalta, 1945-

Roosevelt, Churchill & Stalin plan division of Germany, & trials of war criminals; Stalin promises to enter war against Japan

Wartime Diplomacy

• Potsdam, 1945- Allied leaders (Truman took Roosevelt’s place) warned Japan to surrender to prevent utter destruction of Japan

Domestic Post-War Policies

• Fair Deal- Truman’s program to promote employment, higher min. wage, more unemployment compensation, & housing assistance

Domestic Post-War Policies • GI Bill of Rights- billions of dollars to

pay for veteran’s benefits (college education, med. treatment, unemployment ins., home & business loans) • End to price controls increase in

prices inflation

Domestic Post-War Policies • Council of Economic Advisors was

established

• Taft-Hartley Act- a set-back for organized labor/unions

- workers wages couldn’t keep up with inflation post-WWII strike

- gave president power to stop any strike in an industry deemed important to nation’s health or safety

Domestic Post-War Policies • National Security Act 1947- est. current

day Department of Defense & CIA • Truman banned discrimination in the

armed forces • Many voters dissatisfied with Truman

b/c of inflation, strikes, actions toward civil rights, & developing cold war

Truman pulls off upset victory over Gov. Thomas Dewey (NY) in 1948 Presidential Election

• What’s wrong with this picture?

Wrap Up • In what sense was the United States “involved”

in World War II before the Pearl Harbor attack and the Congressional declaration of war in December 1941?

• How was the US fighting a 2 Front war?

• How did Truman enhance the civil rights of African-Americans?

• Compare the role of the President in planning the peace after WWI and WWII.

• There were several moral issues that grew out of the war experience. List and Explain 3: