World War I

World History

Stinger 1. Speaker: Who drew this cartoon?

2. Occasion: What event prompted the drawing of this cartoon?

3. Audience: For whom was this cartoon drawn?

4. Purpose: What is the purpose of this cartoon.

5. What is the subject of this cartoon?

6. Tone: What emotion is the cartoonist trying to convey? So What: How does this cartoon deepen your understanding of this historical event?

Causes of World War I

Militarism Imperialism

Nationalism Secret Alliances

The Spark

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Primary account

• Memoir of Count Franz von Harrach• As the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's

mouth onto my right check.  As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess cried out to him, "For God's sake!  What has happened to you?"

• At that she slid off the seat and lay on the floor of the car, with her face between his knees.

• I had no idea that she too was hit and thought she had simply fainted with fright.  Then I heard His Imperial Highness say, "Sophie, Sophie, don't die.  Stay alive for the children!"

• At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain.  He answered me quite distinctly, "It is nothing!"

• His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, "It's nothing!"

• Then came a brief pause followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood.  This ceased on arrival at the governor's residence.

• The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death was soon established.

A Drawing of the Event From the Period

Are there any details of this drawing that seem inconsistent with the primary source account? Why might the artist have made these changes?

A Second Image From the Period

How is this image similar to the precious image? How is this image different from the last image? Why might this artist have drawn the scene in this way? Based on the primary sources and both images, identify some historical facts that can be ascertained about this event.

Secondary Account- Austrian Report on Archduke's Assassination in

June 1914• Gavrilo Princip, Nedeljko Cabrinovic, Trifko Grabez, Vaso Cubrilovic

and Cetres Popovic confess that in common with the fugitive Mehemed Mehmedbasic they contrived a plot for the murder of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and, armed with bombs and in the case of some of them with Browning pistols, laid wait for him on June 28, 1914, on his progress through Serajevo for the purpose of carrying out the planned attack.

• Nedeljko Cabrinovic confesses that he was the first of the conspirators to hurl a bomb against the Archduke's carriage, which missed its mark and which on exploding injured only the occupants of the carriage following the Archducal motor car.

• Gavrilo Princip confesses that he fired two shots from a Browning pistol against the Archducal motor car, by which the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg received fatal wounds.

• Both perpetrators confess that the act was done with intent to murder.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Austral-Hungarian Archduke • Trip to Serbia• Assassination plot • Gavrilo Principe• Aftermath

– Death penalty for assassin – No official apology – Declaration of war on Serbia

Alliances

Alliances

Alliances

Old Techniques Modern Weapons

• Trench Warfare • Blockades • Long range artillery

(cannon) • Land Mines • Traditional naval

engagment

• Submarines • Machine guns • Poisoned gas • Blimps • Submarines • Airplanes • Armored vehicles • Hand Grenades

Some Clips

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=VYWlhwmxg7g

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=Ha4SHiHf8Vw

Philosophy and War • Socialism/Communism

– Imperialism is caused by overabundance of capitalism on the backs of the workers

– The war is about money– Capitalists need to destroy the competition and some

means of production in order to require production of new materials

– Schenck v. United States?• Liberalism

– War is, in itself, unjust– Peace is achievable through cooperation – In a transparent world, all countries would choose

peace out of their best interests– Peace and Democracy

The Communist Manifesto

• Society suddenly finds itself put back into a state of momentary barbarism; it appears as if a famine, a universal war of devastation, had cut off the supply of every means of subsistence; industry and commerce seem to be destroyed; and why? Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce. The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.

• Karl Marx and Frederich Engels 1848

Communism• Anti-war movements in countries with

large labor unions • Russia

– Vladimir Lenin, exiled in Germany, smuggled back to Russia to lead Bolsheviks

– Dissent grows in Russia over economic issues

– Democratic (white) forces and Communist (Red) forces fight for control

– Russian Revolution leads to Russian withdrawal

Perpetual Peace• Reason would drive [states] to give up their savage

lawless freedom, to accommodate themselves to public coercive laws, and thus to form an ever-growing State of Nations, such as would at last embrace all the Nations of the Earth. But as the Nations, according to their ideas of international Right, will not have such a positive rational system, and consequently reject in fact (in thesi) what is right in theory (in hypothesi), it cannot be realised in this pure form. Hence, instead of the positive idea of a Universal Republic-if all is not to be lost-we shall have as result only the negative surrogate of a Federation of the States averting war, subsisting in an external union,

and always extending itself over the world. • Immanuel Kant 1798

Liberalism

• Importance of Woodrow Wilson– PhD in International Relations from Princeton – Liberal scholar in his own right

• Initial movements towards decolonization– Germany divested of its colonies in Africa– Still a belief that the savages needed

guidance toward liberal democracy • League of Nations

– Peace can be achieved through cooperation – League provides space for negotiations

Why the War to End all Wars Wasn’t

• Reparations in the Treaty of Versailles

• Failure of the League of Nations – No US entry – No real power

Exit Ticket

• Identify three causes of World War I

• Discuss two new technologies that affected warfare

• Explain how philosophy influenced the outcome of the war.