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World War I
1914-1918APUSH
Period 7
Key Concept 7.3 II: WWI changed
American conceptions about WOR
and ID
Key Concept 7.3: Global conflicts over resources,
territories, and ideologies renewed debates over the
nation’s values and its role in the world while
simultaneously propelling the United States into a
dominant international military, political, cultural, and
economic position.
II. World War I and its aftermath intensified debates
about the nation’s role in the world and how best to
achieve national security and pursue American interests
Causes of World War I
Militarism (not possible without
industrialism)
Nationalism (rivalry/self-determination)
Imperialism (rivalry)
Alliances
The Sun never sets on the
British Empire
World War I Begins
6/28/1914 – Gavrilo Princip, a Serb nationalist killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Alliance System spiraled Europe into total War –
World War I began July 28, 1914
World War I Alliances
Central Powers – Austro-Hungarian Empire,
Germany, Ottoman Empire (primary
members)
Allied Powers- France, Great Britain and the
Russian Empire (primary members)
USA later joined Allied Powers (1917)
Trench Warfare
Western Front (battle line) barely moved for years
Military leaders could only throw masses of men
over the trenches, millions died
WWI -“The War to End All Wars”
Militarism –European armies doubled 1890-1914
Weapons and war technologies were “improved”
Industrialized war – most deadly ever
Weapons “Innovations” of WWI
Poison Gas
Machine Guns
Tanks and Air Warfare
Not possible without
industrialization!
Death Tolls
At least 15 million died as direct result of war
Christmas truce – small glimmer of hope
1916 – election – Woodrow Wilson re-
elected
US Trade before entrance in WWI
US Attempts at Neutrality US tried to stay neutral in European slaughter
Americans preferences:
German/Irish-Americans favor Central Powers
British-Americans, Eastern-European
Americans favor Allied Powers
Trade and Neutrality
US maintained better trade with Allied Powers
Trade with Germany and the Central Powers
collapsed
Germany particularly annoyed with this
German U-Boats Germany U-Boats sank non-military
trading ships headed to Britain
Lusitania – 1915- ship that carried over
100 Americans – RAGE
Zimmerman Telegraph
January,1917 - German ambassador to Mexico
offered to help Mexico take back territory from the
US; start UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE!
A final straw – US joined Allied Powers by April
Entry of the US/Withdrawl of Russia
US entered WWI in April 1917
Total War – industry/military work together
**US changed pace of WWI
** Russian Revolution – Russia (Allies) quits – March
1918
Building military
April 1917 - 200,000 men in army
Selective Service Act – May 1917 –military draft by
lottery system – 2 million would serve
War at Home Congress gave Wilson broad powers to regulate
economy during WWI – Total War
War Industries Board (WIB)
Railroad and Fuel Administrations
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover - high gov’t
price on wheat – encouraged farmers to grow
Food Administration - FYI
Gospel of the Clean Plate
“Meatless” day
“Sweetless” day
Two “wheatless” days
Two “porkless” days
War Financing Raised income taxes on rich; War profits tax
Higher “sin” taxes (tobacco, liquor, luxuries)
“Victory” and “Liberty” loan bonds
War Industries
Shipyard workers – exempt from draft
Gov’t took over private/commercial ships
Emphasis on shipbuilding
Propaganda Propaganda - advertising that sells an idea
Committee on Public Information –
produced propaganda to create
enthusiasm for WWI among US citizens
Naval Blockades and Convoys
Germans had sought to create a blockade and
prevent US from entering Europe
Convoys – strategic clusters of ships used by US
Debs Speech - reenacted
http://zinnedproject.org/posts/11179
Espionage and Sedition Acts, 1917-1918
$10,000 fine, up to 20 years in prison for saying ANYTHING “disloyal, profane, or
abusive about the gov’t or the war effort)
Targeted mainly labor leaders
Eugene Debs – 10 year sentence
Big Bill Haywood – fled to Russia
Emma Goldman - deported
Repeal of the Sedition Act
Most controversial parts of Espionage Act; All of Sedition
Act repealed – 1920
Espionage Act – still exists
Debs – 1920 – ran for president from prison
Effects of War Hysteria
More patriotism but more hatred against various
ethnic groups (primarily German-Americans)
German-Americans – often changed names, denied
heritage in order to survive
FYI:
- People with German names – job discrimination
- Refusal to play German-made music
- Many schools stopped teaching German language
- Hamburger – Liberty Sandwich
The US and World War I 1917-18 Second Battle of the Marne- July-August 1918 –
US helps allies win– TURNING POINT
St. Mihiel – September 1918 – largely American
force – major blow to Germany
Battle of Meuse-Argonne- 9/1918-11/1918 – Last
major battle of war – Americans led Allied
Victory
Ending World War I
Armistice Day – November 11, 1918 –
Germany surrendered – fighting ended
Roughly 15 million killed
Shell Shock
Shell shock - psychological reaction to the stresses
of battle – flashbacks, unease, physical symptoms
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – modern
terminology – similar causes to Shell Shock
Aftermath of WWI
Paris Peace Conference - first half of 1919- sets
up a new order for after the war – Wilson goes to
Europe! – took a delegation of Democrats only
Big Four – US, Britain, France, Italy
Treaty of Versailles – 28 June 1919 – finalized
peace deals
Treaty of Versailles – 28 June
1919
9 new nations, boundaries shifted
Ottoman Empire – no more
Germany banned from having an army
Germany forced to pay $33 billion in reparations,
accept complete blame for war
Established League of Nations
** US – Treaty of Berlin – US refusal to sign onto
League of Nations - 1921
Wilson’s “14 Points” and the
League of Nations
President Wilson gave a 14 speech about creating a
lasting peace in Europe before war ended
First 5 points – addressed preventing war
Next 8 points – national boundary changes
Last point – development of League of Nations
Failure of the League
US never joined the league of nations
Wilson collapsed and had a stroke – 1919 –
could not combat Henry Cabot Lodge’s 14
Reservations
Isolationist Republican Senators –
“Irreconcilables” – feared lack of autonomy in
foreign affairs
League – virtually powerless
Hyperinflation in Germany
Germany forced to pay back its
debts
Solution – print lots of money
Germany’s money became
worthless
Germany left in a horrible state of
debt and despair
Rise of a Madman
The humiliated condition of Germany after World War I
creates the perfect environment for the rise of a
dictator – Adolf Hitler