World War I (1914-1918) The Great War Europe Changes
forever
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Intro Video Start at 39 minutes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRtdSo eYQYk
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The Isms The world had changed and influence had been put on
three things 1)Imperialism 2)Militarism 3)Nationalism 1)M.A.I.N.S
Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism, Significant
People
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1-Imperialism The movement in the late 19 th and early 20 th
century To obtain land and expand your empire European version of
the Manifest destiny Countries in Europe had laid claim to areas
all over the world
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Imperialism and the Balance of Power
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1-Issues of Imperialism When nations in Europe claimed their
lands it often led to conflicts Opposing colonizing forces would
often fight one another Boer War occurred in South Africa between
the Dutch and the English
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2-Militarism An expanding German army caused other powers in
Europe to take notice An arms race began in Europe Military power
was to be shown through army size and new naval tech.
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Navy power before and after Former War shipsDreadnought
Class
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2-The Dreadnought Germany threatened Britain's greatest claim
the strength of their navy In response to this action, Britain
devolved the Dreadnought (made all other warships obsolete)
Britain's navy doubled, as did Germanys, as did France's and so
on.
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2-Militarism Frances, Germanys, Britain's, Russia and other
European nations standing armies doubled
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2- Secret alliances The nation was entangled in alliances that
were unknown to other countries Often made to keep other countries
from invading seized land Scenario.. Japanese-Russo war Great
Britain is an ally of both, who do they support?
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3-Nationalism Nationalism is the idea that you must band
together with people similar to you The thought that your nation is
greater than any other Combined with militarism, this made tensions
high in Europe
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Alliance Systems. Go back to 1860 During American civil war the
states of Prussia were waging war trying to unite the German
Kingdoms The succeeded in unifying Germany Destroyed the balance of
power in Europe By 1871 had unified and had become one of the
international powers
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Alliance System In 1870 German attacked France for territory
From this point on Germany and France are enemies To protect itself
Germany signed a secret alliance treaty with.. Italy
Austria-Hungary The Three were known as the Triple Alliance
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Alliance system Triple alliance caused fear for Russia How
could Germany expand? Both wanted influence in Southeast Europe Why
would this be important for Germany? Russia? Russia opposed
Austria-Hungary Slavs
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Alliance System As a result France and Russia signed
Franco-Russian Alliance Why? Due to the Common interest in opposing
Germany and A.H.
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Alliance System G.B. Wanted to remain neutral Naval Race When
Germany tried to equal G.B. navy the tensions increased Refused to
sign a formal alliance with Russian and France but had friendly
understanding entente cordiale
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Triple Entente
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The spark of War Archduke of Austria- Hungary Target of Serbian
assassin group The black hand Was touring Bosnian Capital, Sarajevo
Franz Ferdinand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCTIaii GB4o
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Spark of war The black hand was brought in to assassinate the
archduke It took place under the knowledge of Serbian Government
They had hoped that it would start a war Hoped to bring down
Austro-Hungarian empire
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Spark of War Austria-Hungary was angered by the assassination
They decided that Serbia had to be crushed to prevent a Slovak
uprising however
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Spark of War A.H. knew that if they attacked Serbia would
declare war on A.H. So they asked for Germany to back their cause
-- They agreed A.H sent an ultimatum List of demands Austrian
control in Serbia Repayment Etc
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Sparks of War Germany had made it known that it was going to
back A.H Forced them into the war Russia informed everyone that
they were going to back Serbia They asked for Frances aid Fearing
Germany, France agreed
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The War Begins! On August 1 st 1914 Germany Declares war on
Russia Aug. 3 rd Germany declares war on France Aug. 4 th Britain
declares war on Germany Aug. 6 th A.H. declares war on Russia Aug.
12 th A.H. declares war on GB and France
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Kaiser Wilhelm II Leader of Germany during World War One
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Von Schlieffen plan Germanys Ultimate Idea Through a series of
invasions they would blitz through France and Capture Paris in a
matter of days There were a few problems with the plan however
Russia had mobilized their army faster than Germany expected (had
to remove troops from A. to B.)
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Von Schlieffen Plan German soldiers were to gather on the
French German border and rush to Paris The thought was eliminate
France and focus on Russia A quick defeat would keep Britain out of
the war The plan ultimately failed
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What are problems with this plan?
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World War One As soon as Germany stepped foot in Belgium G.B.
Declared war on Germany The Allied Powers (Allies) were formed (GB,
France, Russia, (Italy-1915)
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Central Powers Germany A.H. Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
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Von Schlieffen plan fails Although the plan seemed to work in
the beginning, it was impossible for the northern soldiers to keep
up with the southern ones Got within 30 miles of Paris but was
fought off Now what were the armies to do? They flanked and dug
in
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Napoleon tactics Much Like the civil war, Europe still used the
old style of warfare The idea was to rush the opposition with full
frontal attacks Bad idea against machine guns The two sides
constantly tried to outflank one another
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Race to the Sea The constant flanking moved the war north
Multiple battles due to constant interaction Lead to trench
warfare
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The Warfare The strategy for war had now changed Rather than
frontal assaults, it had turned into trench warfare Why?
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Trench Warfare The race to the sea showed the nations that the
nature of war had changed How? They dug themselves into trenches To
avoid what?
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A common Trench
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Trenches The sole purpose of a trench was it offered protection
from Explosives Machine guns Enemy line of vision Poison gas?
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Advantages of the Trench It was very effective in protection
For days, months or even years Effectively stopped enemy advances
Good communication lines, and ability to move from A to B
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Negatives of the Trench To effective at protection Any
advancement lead to massive amount of deaths Were the trenches to
effective? Or was it human error? Disease Pests Filthy living
conditions Shell shock
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Death Tolls Huge numbers of troops would die as they tried to
rush enemy trench Constant barrage of bullets Bodies were left in
trenches
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Pest and infestation With the dead bodies left to rot, pests
began to move into the trenches Rats*** Often they were hunted down
as a source of food Also for protection for the soldiers
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Trench Foot Condition in which someones foot is wet for too
long. The skin begins to blister, rot and eventually falls off
Swelling also occurs If left untreated for too long, amputation is
necessary
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Louse Small Parasite Feeds on human blood
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Trench Conditions German TrenchAllied Trenches
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How did Trench Warfare change the war? 1) caused the war to
last much longer than anticipated 2) made the war more violent How?
3) changed the landscape of Europe forever
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New Techs Machine Gun Guns that could fire anywhere from 600 to
1,200 shells in a minute 20 shells a second! Known to cut trees
down
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Tanks The First Tanks were introduced during WW1 Primitive,
bulky, and mostly ineffective Usually broke down before it had a
chance to go anywhere
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Planes Wooden Cloth vehicles Mainly used to scout Adapted
machine guns TRIED to drop bombs late in the war
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America Enters the War Until 1917, America had a very Isolated
view of the war President Wilson urged American's to stay Imperial
through all this Difficult for Americans to do
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America choosing sides Americans could not keep their interests
out of Europe They were left with a choice Central Powers Allied
Powers? Who do you think a majority of Americans sided with?
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Pro British Sentiment Many Americans were very pro-British Many
of Wilsons Cabinet were pro-British They pushed to aid G.B Great
Britain used propaganda to try and influence America into the
war
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America pulled into the war Germany knew that if they could
stop American Trade to G.B. they could force them out of the war
Announced they would sink any vessel in G.B. waters Angered U.S.A
(Unrestricted Submarine Warfare) What is this?!
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The Lusitania British Passenger Liner Entered A war-zone Fired
on by German U-Boat Kills 1,200 passengers (128 americans)
Americans viewed it as an act of terrorism not war but America was
very much so angered
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Other events The sinking of the Sussex Another merchant ship
sunk by German U-boat Sussex Pledge Germany promised to no longer
sink citizen ships without warning Wanted to keep US out
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Zimmerman Telegram Letter intercepted by British intelligence
and published in American newspapers Stated: to Mexico from Germany
1) Aid us in war with the United States 2) in doing so, you will be
returned lost lands TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA Ultimately pushed
America into the war
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America Declares War Feb. 1 st 1917 (Germany resumed
unrestricted warfare) Sink 6 American ships in two months April 2
nd, 1917 America Declares War War had been fought already for three
years
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The American Soldier Doughboy
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Getting America Ready for War Not all Americans were sold on
the war Committee on Public Information (CPI) Their goal was to
sell the war to the American Public Actors, Song writers, Authors
and others with a voice were recruited to paint a positive image of
war Are the same practices used today?
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American Propaganda
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Troubles at home Espionage (Spying) was a major fear of the USA
Espionage Act (1917) made to allow prison terms to ones found
guilty Sedation Act (1918) made it illegal to speak negatively
about the war Or anyone who talked badly about the president! 1,000
convictions
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German Americans At this time in historyhard place to live for
German-Americans some were beaten for their heritage One was
lynched for seeming disloyal Other common things changed as
well
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American Pride Sauerkraut was changed to Liberty Cabbage
Hamburgers were changed to Salisbury Steak
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Limitation of Free Speech Schenk vs. The US Stated that free
speech could be restricted if it posed a danger to America 1 st
amendment states: Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom
of speech What do you think about this?
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America Enters / Russia Leaves When America was deploying,
Russia Dropped out of the war Why? Here is a hint To
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Bolsheviks Czar Nickolas II -- former leader of Russia Abducted
his throne (gave up power) Vladimir Lenin (leader of Bolsheviks)
takes control of Russian Government Communist Russia is born
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Cont Signed a treaty with Germany Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Gave
them land for Germany to remove troops that remained in Russian
Territory
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Why did America get involved? Yes they wanted to support GB and
France, but not the biggest issue Yes they were attacked Yes they
were plotted against The Biggest reason however was for Economical
Reasons US had so much Invested in GB and France (Trade and
Stock)
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Effect America had on Europe Allys moral was low Americas entry
sparked a fighting sprit Likewise, lowered the moral of the Central
Powers All but spelled doom for Germany and Central Powers Had to
do something drastic Germany Makes a final offensive, but
ultimately fails
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Battle of Argonne Forest German Attack stalled USA and French
launch massive counter attack 600K Troops, 40K tons of Supplies, 4K
artillery pieces Started on September 26 th, 1918 Slowly but
surely, America and France advanced through German Lines
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The War Comes to an End As war raged on the Western Front
(France- German boarder) A.H and O.E. Surrender and leaves Germany
Alone With a naval Mutiny influence reaching Berlin, an uprising
begins Kaiser Wilhelm is forced to step down
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Germany Surrenders On the 11 th day, on the 11 th hour, in the
11 th month Germany Surrenders (1918) How long was the war? Germany
Signed an Armistice (cease fire)
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A Flawed Peace In January 1919 a peace conference began in
Paris to resolve the issue of WW1 The big four were present 1) USA
Wilson 2) Great Britain David Lloyd 3) France Clemenceau 4) Italy
Orlando Germany was not Present Does this seem fair?
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Wilsons 14 points At the conference President Wilson presented
his 14 point plan Wanted to eliminate the general causes of the war
Disarmament Freedom of the seas The biggest point however was his
idea for the League of Nations
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The 14 th point The league of nations was Wilsons brainchild
Nations would preserve peace They would also prevent events leading
to other wars And act as protectors of others territories
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Rejection The conference in Paris ultimately rejected the
Wilsons ideas saying it was far to easy on Germany And it did not
align with our nations interests Is this a precursor for anything
in history?
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Treaty of Versailles Despite Wilsons hopes, Germany signed a
document that was far to harsh than he preferred Under the treaty
Germanys army was stripped They had to pay reparations (33 Billion)
Made Germany take blame for the war (in hindsightworst part of the
treaty) Why?
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Broken Peace This treaty is what lead Germany to allowing A
Fascist government to take control in the 30s It belittled Germany,
it caused a lot of resentment Resulted in 10+ countries being
formed in Europe Poland Czechoslovakia
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Effect the War had on America After the war was over the
government released control of the economy they had taken Rationing
ended Capped prices ended Companies began to raise prices and
produce more goods What would this cause?
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Effects By 1919 Prices had risen by 15% Increased the cost of
living (Clothes, Food, Shelter and other essentials)
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Inflation leads to strikes Seattle General Strike Shipyard
workers *more money less hours* Was a General Strike Workers of the
city, not just the industry went on strike Paralyzed the city
Americans hated it (COMMON Communist action)
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Strikes Boston Police Strike 75% of Boston's Police force
walked out on the job Lead to wide spread rioting and chaos When
Workers tried to return, Police Commissioner refused to hire them
back Calvin Coolidge gained political notoriety by solving
conflict
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Racial Unrest White and Black Soldiersand menwere competing for
jobs Tensions were high between the two Over 20 Racial riots in
1919 In Chicago a riot was started that killed 38 people/ 15 white
23 Black
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The Red Scare Americans viewed Communist as enemies seemed
unpatriotic Many Americans accused immigrants for starting riots in
the name of communism (Communist International) organization for
coordinating communist activities in other countries
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Red Scare Wide Spread fear that Reds were trying to take over
America Wide spread bomb attacks to place in America One of which
took place on US Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
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Palmer Raids Palmer established special division Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) Focused their actions on Radical
organizations and immigrants 500 Deported
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Palmer Raids Failed to turn up any hard evidence Used dirty cop
techniques Failed to use warrants and disregarded rights
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End of Progressivism After Wilsons tenure America elected
Warren Harding on the ideas of Returning America back to Normalcy
This idea ends the progressive age