World Trade Center, NYCWorld Trade Center, NYC

PentagonPentagon

Defining TerrorismDefining Terrorism

1.1. Political AgendaPolitical Agenda

2.2. Violence as the methodViolence as the method

3.3. Civilians as TargetsCivilians as Targets

4.4. PublicityPublicity

5.5. Non-State Actors?Non-State Actors?

1. Political Agenda1. Political Agenda

HAMAS HAMAS Covenant (Islamic (Islamic Resistance Movement)Resistance Movement)

Sinn Fein home page (political home page (political wing of Provisional Irish wing of Provisional Irish Republican Army)Republican Army)

Hizbollah home page Hizbollah home page (English) AQAM 1996 fatwa AQAM 1998 fatwa

2. Violence: The Terrorist “Logic”2. Violence: The Terrorist “Logic”

Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy Assumption: You cannot beat the enemy in a direct fight, so…in a direct fight, so…

Terrorist Violence

Publicizes a political

agenda

Causes pain and fear

in targeted audience

Public demands change in gov’t policy

Coercion of gov’t;

pressure to change policy

Change in

gov’t policy

The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004 Spain supports US in IraqSpain supports US in Iraq People’s Party in favor of People’s Party in favor of

Spanish interventionSpanish intervention Socialist Worker’s Party wants to Socialist Worker’s Party wants to

withdraw;withdraw; AQ warns Spain to leave or face AQ warns Spain to leave or face

reprisal; reprisal; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; Parliamentary elections on 3/14; PP favoredPP favored

The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004The “Logic” at Work: Spain 2004

March 11 attack on

train station;200 killed;

1400 wounded

Debate on Spanish

Iraq policy takes

center stage

Electoral Surprise;PP loses; Worker’s Party wins

PP blames ETA; fears linkage of

bombs to Iraq policy

New gov’tled by

Worker’s Party

Changes policy

Voters fear more reprisals

Terrorist Strategic StudiesTerrorist Strategic Studies IRA IRA Green Book (1956/1977) (1956/1977) Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, ,

Carlos Marighella, 1969 Carlos Marighella, 1969 The Urban Guerilla Concept April April

1971 (Red Army Faction)1971 (Red Army Faction) Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of

Savagery (AQAM)Savagery (AQAM) Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM)Manchester Manual 1990s (AQAM)

3. Target Civilians3. Target Civilians Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2003

Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004

4. Publicity4. Publicity

Munich 1972Munich 1972

What is TerrorismWhat is Terrorism

CRIMECRIME

Or Or

War?War?

Typology?Typology?

1.1. IdeologicalIdeological

2.2. EthnonationalistEthnonationalist

3.3. Narco-TerrorismNarco-Terrorism

4.4. Religious Religious nationalism/extremismnationalism/extremism

Current TrendsCurrent Trends

1.1. Religious MotivationReligious Motivation1.1. PLO Charter vs. Hamas CharterPLO Charter vs. Hamas Charter

2.2. WMDWMD

3.3. GlobalizationGlobalization

4.4. Independence of Terrorist Independence of Terrorist GroupsGroups

Two Basic IssuesTwo Basic Issues

1.1. Does it Work?Does it Work?

2.2. Means and Ends?Means and Ends?

The tale of two independence The tale of two independence movements movements

GandhiGandhi ArafatArafat