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WORLD METOEROLOGICAL DAY23 MARCH 2013
B.C.Rajagopal. M.Sc., B.EdTeacher-geography
HARISHREE VIDYALAYAMRAJA ANNAMALAIPURAMChennai - India
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Dr.A. P. J. Abdul KalamA recipient of Bharat Ratna, Former President, Aerospace Engineer, very significantContributor to DRDO and ISRO. Great Inspirer to millions of Students and Teachers.Rocket Scientist, Missile Man, Writer of Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds,,, list endless,,
Born on 15th October 1931
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LANGUAGE METEOROLOGY LANGUAGE METEOROLOGY
ENGLISH METEOROLOGY LATIN Meteorologia
GREEK METEOROLOGIA RUSSIAN
ARABIAN CHINESE
DUTCH METEOROLOGIE FRENCH MTOROLOGIE
GERMAN Meteorologie HEBREW
HINDI HANGARIAN METEOROLGIAI
INDONESIAN METEOROLOGI IRISH MeitareolaochtITALIAN METEOROLOGIA JAPANESE
KOREAN MALAY METEOROLOGI
MALTESE METEOROLOIJA NORWEGIAN Meteorologi
PERSIAN POLISH Meteorologia
PORTUGUESE METEOROLOGIA ROMANIAN METEOROLOGIE
SERBIAN SLOVAK METEOROLGIA
SLOVENIAN martinska SPANISH METEOROLOGA
SWEDISH METEOROLOGI THAI
TURKISH METEOROLOJ URDU
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What is Meteorology?
Meteorology is the
interdisciplinary scientificstudy of the atmosphere thatfocuses on weather processes
and short term forecasting
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INDIA METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENTNational Weather Service Provider
>IMD was established in 1875.>Mr.H.F. Blanford was appointed meteorological reporter.>Sir John Eliot was the first Director General of Observatories at Calcutta in May 1889.>The first head quarter was at Shimla, then Puna and finally to New Delhi.>Memories of the IMD was published by Mr.Blanford
>Blanford initiated system of Long Range Forecasting.>Sir Gilbert walker linked the monsoon with Global Meteorological situations which laterwas called as Southern Oscillation Phenomenon>Blanford inducted first time two indians into IMD, they are Lala Ruchi Ram Sahani andLala Hemraj in 1884 and 1886 respectively.>Sir C.W.B. Normand was Director-General during 1928 to 1944.
>Dr.S.K.Banerjee was the first Indian Director General of Observatory in 1944.>IMD the first in India to have message switching computer for supporting its globaldata exchange.>India, the first developing country to have its own geostationary satellite, INSAT forweather monitoring and cyclone warning.
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INDIA METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENTMinistry of Earth Sciences
Specialized Divisions
Agricultural MeteorologyCivil AviationClimatologyHydrometeorology
InstrumentationMeteorologicalTelecommunicationRegional SpecializedMeteorological CentrePositional AstronomySatellite MeteorologySeismologyTraining
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History of MeteorologyIn 600 BC Thales the first Greek Meteorologist described water cycle made a
seasonal crop forecast.
In 400 BC Democritus predicted change in weather.
In 350 BC Aristotle who wrote Meteorology is considered the founder of
Meteorology.In 250 BC Archimedes study the positive buoyancy that is necessary for the
formation of clouds.
In 25 AD Pomponius Mela a Geographer for the Roman Empire, formalizedthe climatic zone system.In 80 AD, Wang Chang dispels the chinese myth that rains come from heaven.
The Greek scientist THEOPHRASTUS compiled a book on weatherforecasting, called the book ofsigns
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Visual Atmospheric Phenomena
In 1021 Mr.Ibn al Haytham Atmospheric refraction of light
Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow
Theodoric of Freiberg & Kamal al-Din al farisi 1st to give the explanation for
the primary rainbow phenomenon.
Instruments and Classification Scales
In 1441, King sejongs son Prince Munjong invented Rain Gauge.
In 1607, Galileo galili constructed the Thermoscope.In 1643, Evangelista Toricelli invents the Mercury Barometer.In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented, mechanical, self emptying Rain Gauge.In 1960 the first Weather Satellite TIROS-1 was launched.
Atmospheric Composition Research
>In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovers - atmospheric pressure decreases with
weight
>In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discovers Oxygen and develops an explanation
for combustion
>In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of Steam Engine using caloric
theory
Research into Cyclone and airflow
*In 1494 Christopher Columbus writes about Hurricane.
*In 1686, Edmund Halley studied Trade Winds & Monsoons and identifies
solar heating as the cause of Atmospheric motions.
*In 1735 George Hadley explained Global Circulation with the study of Trade
Winds
*In 1743 Benjamin Franklin described that cyclones move in a contrary
manner to the winds at their periphery
Observation Network and Weatherforecasting
#In 1654 the first weather observing network - by Ferdinando II de medici.#In 1832 Electro Magnetic Telegraph created by Baron Schilling.
#In 1854 United Kingdoms Meteorological office was established and in
1860 its first weather forecast were published in Times Newspaper.
# In 1875 India Meteorological Department was established.
# In 1881 Finnish Meteorological office was established in Helsinki University
Numerical Weather Predictions*In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson - Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
*In 1950s weather forecast with Barotropic models predict Rossby Waves
*In 1960s Chaos Theory was mathematically described by Edward Lorenz.
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TYPES OF
METEOROLOGY DEALS WITH
SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY Day to day analysis and forecasting of weather
DYNAMIC METEOROLOGYDescribe the atmospheric process throughmathematical equations
PHYSICAL METEOROLOGYSolar radiation, absorption and scattering in theearth-atmospheric system, cloud physics and rainprocess
AGRICULTURALMETEOROLOGY Crop yields and reduction of crop losses
APPLIED METEOROLOGYDesign of aircraft, control of air pollution,architectural design, urban planning, exploitationof solar and wind energy, air conditioning and
development of tourism
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METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON
Anticyclone, Arctic cyclone, CloudsDerecho, Diamond dust,
Drought, Dust devil , Dust storm, Foehn wind, Hail,Halo, Hurricane, Ice pellets, Indian summer,
Lake effect snow, Light pillar, Lightning,Mesocyclone, Morning glory cloud,
Novaya Zemlya Effect, Rain,Rain and snow mixed, Rainbow,
Sleet, Snow,
Subtropical cyclone, Sun dog, Sun shower,Supercell, Temperature inversion, Thunder,Thundersnow, Tornado, Tropical storm,
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WEATHER
Weather is a day to day conditionof a particular place
CLIMATEThe climate is the common
weather conditions at a particularplace over a longer period of time.
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APPLICATIONS
WEATHER FORECASTING
AVIATION METEOROLOGY
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY
HYDROMETEOROLOGY
NUCLEAR METEOROLOGY
MARITIME METEOROLOGY
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Air Pressure and HumidityAir pressure is the weight of theatmosphere pressing down on the
earth. It is measured by a barometer inunits called millibars. Mostbarometers use mercury in a glasscolumn, like a thermometer, to
measure the change in air pressure.
Relative HumidityRelative humidity is the amount ofmoisture the air can hold before it
rains. The most it can hold is 100percent. Humidity is measured by aPsychrometer, which indicates theamount of water in the air at any one
temperature.
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NORTHEAST MONSOONThe Period October to December is referred to as Northeast Monsoon season overpeninsular India. Earlier this period was also referred to as "Post-Monsoon Season" or"Retreating southwest Monsoon Season".
YEARRainfall in MM
CHENNAI Date of OnsetRainfall in MM
Tamil Nadu
1990 97 19th October 468
1991 79 20th October 488
1992 73 2nd November 517
1993 90 21st October 784
1994 118 18th October 534
1995 53 23rd October 260
1996 126 11th October 592
1997 157 13th October 810
1998 72 28th October 619
1999 53 21st October 517
2000 40 2nd November 346
2001 108 16th October 382
2002 99 25th October 385
2003 31 19th October 435
2004 57 18th October 435
2005 211 12th October 773
2006 89 19th October 497
GLOBAL WARMING
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GLOBAL WARMINGThe increase in the average temperature of Earths near surface air and Oceanscaused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. The green house gasreferred to absorb and emit radiation within thermal infrared range. Infrared light
is electromagnetic radiation within a wavelength longer than that of visible light.The process is fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The green house effectis a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed byatmospheric green house gases.
Greenhouse effectschematic showing
energy flows betweenspace, the
atmosphere, andearth's surface.Energy exchanges areexpressed in watts per
square meter (W/m2).
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Lewis Fry RichardsonJule Charney
The Birth of Scientific Forecasting
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Vilhelm BjerknesNorwegian
March 1862 April 1951
WeatherForecasting
Modern Practices
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in_en/59_2_lynch_en.html
i h i
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Jean Baptise Joseph Fourier
French Mathematician and Physicist from March 1768 to May 1830, is generally creditedwith the discovery of Greenhouse effect.
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GABRIEL FAHRENHEITPoland
May 1686 to Sep 1736
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
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WILLIAM MORRIS DAVIS
USA
Feb 1850 to Feb 1934
Cycle of Erosion
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JOHN DALTON England
Sep 1766 to July 1844
Law of Partial Pressure
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Christophorus Henricus Diedericus Buys Ballot
Netherlands
Oct 1817 to Feb 1890
First chairman of the International
Meteorological Organization
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William Ferrel - USA
1817 to 1891
Theories on Mid-latitude Atmospheric Circulation
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ALFRED WEGENERGermany
Nov 1880 To Nov 1930
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Wladimir Koppen - RussiaSep 1846 To June 1940
Koppen Climate Classification System
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Anders Celsius - SwedenNov 1701 To Apr 1744
Proposed the Celsius Temperature scale
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Aristotle
Attempted to forecast weather with astrological events
G lil G lil l
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Galileo Galilee - ItalyFeb 1564 to Jan 1642
In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer
E li t T i lli
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Evangelista TorricelliItaly
Oct 1608 to Oct 1647
Invented Barometer
Sir Christopher Michael Wren
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Sir Christopher Michael WrenEngland
Oct 1632 to Feb 1723
Fabricated Weather-Clock for Observations
Clement Lindle Wragge
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Clement Lindley WraggeEngland
Sep 1852 Dec 1922
Started the trend of using people's names forCyclones
Dmitr Lachino
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Dmitry LachinovRussia
1842 to 1902
Wrote the first book on Meteorology
P l M l h
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Pavel MolchanovRussia
Feb 1893 to Oct 1941
Invented and launched
Radiosonde
l d ikh il i h b kh
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Alexander Mikhailevich Obukhov
Russian May 1918 to Dec 1989
Founder of Modern Boundary Layer of Meteorology
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Prem Chand PandeyIndia
Born 10/08/1945
Known for Weather
Satellite & Remote
Sensing Satellite
Research
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Pisharoth Rama PisharotyIndia
Feb 1909 to Sep 2002
Member of the ScientificAdvisory Board of theWorld Meteorological
Organization from1963 to 1968
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Shen KuoChina 1031 to 1095
Hypothesized the
Concept of ClimateChange
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Edmond HalleyEngland
Nov 1656 to Jan 1742
Identified Solar
Heating is the cause of
Atmospheric motions.First one to put the
Trade winds and
Monsoon on charts
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Francis GaltonEngland
Feb 1822 to Jan 1911Devised first Weather
Map & Proposed a
Theory ofAnticyclone
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Helmut LandsbergUSA - Feb 1906 to Dec 1985
Led the field of ClimatologyUsing Statistical Methods.
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Sydney ChapmanBritish 1888 to 1970
First IntroducedAeronomy - the
science of the upperregion of theatmosphere.
HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY
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Both of them discovered the OZONE LAYER in 1913
HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY
Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &
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Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &Lon Teisserenc de Bort(French Meteorologist)
Discoverers of STRATOSPHERE
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Royal Meteorological Society
PROFESSOR TIM PALMER
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JON MALAYAmerican Meteorological Society
ALEXANDER BERRITSKIY
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ALEXANDER BERRITSKIY
WMO
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Mitsuhiko Hatori, JapanMeteorological Agency
MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION
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PIETER VAN
MUSSCHENBROEK ATMOMETER
MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION
ALTIMETER
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ALTIMETER
Diagram showing
the face of the"three-pointer"
sensitive aircraft
altimeterdisplaying an
altitude of 10,180
feet.
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HYGROMETER
is a deviceused for
measuring theHUMIDITY of
the air
ACTINOMETER
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ACTINOMETERTo measure the heating power of radiation
JOHN HERSCHEL -ENGLAND
1792 TO 1871
ACTINOMETER
CEILOMETER
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CEILOMETERTo determine the height of a cloud base using laser
HELIOMETER
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HELIOMETERDesigned for measuring the variation of the
suns diameter at different seasons.
HYPSOMETER
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Instrument used to measure height or altitude
MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
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MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE
PYROMETER
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PYROMETER
A PYROMETER is anon-contacting
device thatintercepts and
measures thermal
radiation, a processknown as pyrometry
THE HAIL
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The hail on Egypt. Hail is a solid form of Precipitation
THE HAIL
Th fi h lli V d
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The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2,was launched on February 17, 1959
GOES-8, a United States weather
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GOES 8, a United States weathersatellite launched on October 16, 1975,
at Florida USA
TIROS - 1 First Successful Weather Satellite
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Date of Launch : 01/04/1960 at Florida, USA
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RISAT 2 A
Radar imageSatellite
With allWeather
Capacity totake imagesof the earth.
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FULMINOLOGY
The study or science
of lightning is calledFulminology
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BRONTOLOGY
The study or science of
THUNDER is calledBrontology
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ACID RAIN
Acid rain is a rain or any otherform of precipitation that is
unusually acidic, i.e. elevatedlevels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
Acid Rain was noted in the 17th
century by John Evelyn.
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Highest Rainfall @ Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1484m MSL
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g @ p j g y 4 425.3 degree N & 91.7 degree East
Holds two Guinness world records for1).22,987 millimeters (905.0 in) of rainfall between August 1860 andJuly 18612).9,300 millimeters(370 in) in July 1861
Why? - Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian
summer Monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains ofBangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which abruptlyrise out of the plains to reach a height of about 1370 m above mean sea levelwithin of 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channelsthe low-flying (150300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge
over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up thesteep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastensthe cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the resultof air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extremely large amount ofrainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain innortheast India.
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Dont run, otherwise the rain may stop
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RAIN GAUGE orUDOMETERor
PLUVIOMETER orOMBROMETER to measure
RAINFALL
Ancient Greek periodabout 500 BC the firsttime the rainfall was
recorded.
DISDROMETER
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DISDROMETER
A disdrometer is aninstrument used tomeasure the dropsize distribution andvelocity of fallinghydrometeors.Some disdrometers
can distinguishbetween rain,graupel, and hail.
DERECHO
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DERECHO
Violent Windstorm associated with Thunderstorm in Minnesota
DIAMOND DUST
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DIAMOND DUSTGround level Clouds composed of Ice Crystals referred as Cleary Sky Precipitation
Most common in Antarctica and Arctic
DUST DEVIL
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Dust devil, a strong long-lived whirlwind in Arizona
DUST DEVIL
Whirlwind /
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Whirlwind /(Atmospheric Phenomenon)
A whirlwind is a weatherphenomenon in which a
vortex of wind (a verticallyoriented rotating column of
air) forms due toinstabilities and turbulencecreated by heating and flow
(current) gradients.Whirlwinds occur all over
the world and in anyseason.
FOEHN WIND
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FORMATION OF FOEHN WIND FOEHN CLOUDS IN GENEVA
FOEHN is a dry down-slope , rain shadow
wind at the lee of the mountain side
NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECT
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A polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight give theimpression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should
TORNADOTornado is a violent dangerous column of
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Tornado is a violent, dangerous column ofair mostly in the form of condensation funnel
SUN DOG
A d l ll d k h
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A sun dog also called a mock sun or a phantomsun) is an atmospheric phenomenon that creates
bright spots of light in the sky, often on a luminousring or halo on either side of the sun.
Halo (optical phenomenon)
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p p
A man with a halo around him
A halo is an optical phenomenon produced by ice crystalscreating colored or white arcs and spots in the sky
SUNLIGHT
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SUNLIGHTThe total
frequencyspectrum of
electromagneticradiation givenoff by the Sun
An ANTICYCLONE is a large-scale circulation of windsd t l i f hi h t h i
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around a central region of high atmospheric pressure,clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise
in the Southern Hemisphere
POLAR CYCLONES
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POLAR CYCLONES
A polar cyclone is a low pressureweather system usuallyspanning 1,0002,000
kilometers (6201,240 miles) inwhich the air is circulating in a
counter-clockwise fashion (inthe northern hemisphere).
SLEETrefers to two distinct forms of precipitation:d d h ll l f ll
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Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls.Ice pellets, one of three forms of precipitation in a US-styleWintry Mix", the other two being snow and freezing rain.
A LIGHT PILLAR
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A LIGHT PILLARis a visual phenomenon
created by the reflection
of light from ice crystalswith near horizontal
parallel planar surfaces.The light can come from
the sun (usually at or lowto the horizon) in whichcase the phenomenon is
called a sun pillar or solar
pillar. It can also comefrom the moon or from
terrestrial sources such asstreetlights.
A MESOCYCLONE is a vortex of air
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A MESOCYCLONEis a vortex of air,approximately 2 to 10 miles in
diameter (the mesoscale ofmeteorology), within a
convective storm. That is, it is airthat rises and rotates around a
vertical axis, usually in the samedirection as low pressure systemsin a given hemisphere.
MESOCYCLONE
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Dr. Robert Palmer, ARRC Director
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Innovations in Meteorology
Terminologies in Meteorology
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g gyAcid Rain Rain that is especially acidic as the result of water vapor condensing
onto particles of sulfate or nitrogen oxide
Advection The horizontal transport of air, moisture, vorticity or otheratmospheric properties; commonly used in describing the transportof moisture and temperature.
Air The mixture of gases that make-up the earth's atmosphere
Air Mass Large body of air that has similar temperature and moisturecharacteristics
Anticyclone A body of air in which the atmospheric pressure is higher than thepressure in the surrounding air; a high or high pressure area
Atmosphere The mass of air surrounding the earth and bound to it more or lesspermanently by the earth's gravitational attraction
Avalanche A large mass of rapidly moving snow down a steep mountain slopeAWIPS The Advanced Weather Information Processing System; this new
computer system integrates computer graphics, satellite and radarimagery. (This system is scheduled to be put in all National WeatherService offices by the end of the 1990s)