World Meteorological Day Ppt

8/3/2019 World Meteorological Day Ppt

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WORLD METOEROLOGICAL DAY

EXHIBITION @ HSV

23 MARCH 2011

AL

B.C.RAJAGOPAL

TEACHER-GEOGRAPHYCHENNAI


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What is Meteorology?

Meteorology is the

interdisciplinary scientificstudy of the atmosphere thatfocuses on weather processes

and short term forecasting


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History of MeteorologyIn 600 BC Thales the first Greek Meteorologist described water cycle made a

seasonal crop forecast.

In 400 BC Democritus predicted change in weather.

In 350 BC Aristotle who wrote Meteorology is considered the founder of

Meteorology.

In 250 BC Archimedes study the positive buoyancy that is necessary for the

formation of clouds.

In 25 AD Pomponius Mela a Geographer for the Roman Empire, formalizedthe climatic zone system.

In 80 AD, Wang Chang dispels the chinese myth that rains come from heaven.

The Greek scientist THEOPHRASTUS compiled a book on weatherforecasting, called the book ofsigns


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Visual Atmospheric Phenomena

In 1021 Mr.Ibn al HaythamAtmospheric refractionof light

Roger Bacon was the first to calculate the angular size of the rainbow

Theodoric of Freiberg & Kamal al-Din al farisi 1st to give the explanation forthe primary rainbow phenomenon.

Instrumentsand Classification Scales

In 1441, King sejongssonPrince Munjong invented Rain Gauge.In 1607, Galileo galiliconstructed the Thermoscope.In 1643, Evangelista Toricelli invents the Mercury Barometer.In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented, mechanical, self emptying Rain Gauge.

In 1960 the first Weather Satellite TIROS-1 was launched.

AtmosphericComposition Research

>In 1648, Blaise Pascal rediscovers - atmospheric pressure decreaseswithweight

>In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier discoversOxygen and developsan explanationfor combustion

>In 1824, Sadi Carnot analyzes the efficiency of Steam Engine using calorictheory

Researchinto Cyclone and airflow

*In 1494 Christopher Columbus writes about Hurricane.*In 1686, EdmundHalley studied Trade Winds & Monsoonsand identifies

solarheatingas the cause of Atmosphericmotions.*In 1735 George Hadley explained Global Circulation with the study of TradeWinds*In 1743 Benjamin Franklin described that cyclonesmove in acontrary

manner to the windsat theirperiphery

Observation Network and Weatherforecasting

#In 1654 the first weather observing network - by Ferdinando II de medici.#In 1832 Electro MagneticTelegraphcreatedby Baron Schilling.

#In 1854 United KingdomsMeteorologicaloffice was establishedand in1860 its first weather forecast werepublished in Times Newspaper.# In 1875 India Meteorological Department was established.# In 1881 Finnish Meteorological office was established in HelsinkiUniversity

Numerical Weather Predictions*In 1922 Lewis Fry Richardson - WeatherPrediction by Numerical Process*In 1950sweather forecast with Barotropicmodelspredict Rossby Waves

*In 1960s ChaosTheory was mathematically describedby Edward Lorenz.


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TYPES OFMETEOROLOGY DEALS WITH

SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY Day to day analysis and forecasting of weather

DYNAMIC METEOROLOGYDescribe the atmospheric process through

mathematical equations

PHYSICAL METEOROLOGYSolar radiation, absorption and scattering in theearth-atmospheric system, cloud physics and rain

process

AGRICULTURALMETEOROLOGY Crop yields and reduction of crop losses

APPLIED METEOROLOGY

Design of aircraft, control of air pollution,architectural design, urban planning, exploitation

of solar and wind energy, air conditioning and

development of tourism


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METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENONAnticyclone, Arctic cyclone, Clouds

Derecho, Diamond dust,Drought, Dust devil , Dust storm, Foehn wind, Hail,Halo, Hurricane, Ice pellets, Indian summer,

Lake effect snow, Light pillar, Lightning,

Mesocyclone, Morning glory cloud,Novaya Zemlya Effect, Rain,Rain and snow mixed, Rainbow,

Sleet, Snow,

Subtropical cyclone, Sun dog, Sun shower,Supercell, Temperature inversion, Thunder,

Thundersnow, Tornado, Tropical storm,


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WEATHERWeather is a day to day condition

of a particular place

CLIMATEThe climate is the common

weather conditions at a particularplace over a longer period of time.


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APPLICATIONS

WEATHER FORECASTING

AVIATION METEOROLOGY

AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY

HYDROMETEOROLOGY

NUCLEAR METEOROLOGY

MARITIME METEOROLOGY


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Air Pressure and Humidity

Air pressure is the weight of theatmosphere pressing down on theearth. It is measured by a barometer inunits called millibars. Most

barometers use mercury in a glasscolumn, like a thermometer, to

measure the change in air pressure.

Relative HumidityRelative humidity is the amount of

moisture the air can hold before it

rains. The most it can hold is 100percent. Humidity is measured by aPsychrometer, which indicates theamount of water in the air at any one

temperature.


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GABRIEL FAHRENHEITPoland

May 1686 to Sep 1736

Fahrenheit Temperature Scale


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WILLIAM MORRIS DAVISUSA

Feb 1850 to Feb 1934

Cycle of Erosion


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JOHN DALTON England

Sep 1766 to July 1844

Law of Partial Pressure


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ChristophorusHenricus DiedericusBuys BallotNetherlands

Oct 1817 to Feb 1890

First chairman of the International

Meteorological Organization


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William Ferrel - USA1817 to 1891

Theories on Mid-latitude AtmosphericCirculation


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ALFRED WEGENERGermany

Nov 1880 To Nov 1930


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Wladimir Koppen - Russia

Sep 1846 To June 1940

Koppen Climate Classification System


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AndersCelsius - Sweden

Nov 1701 To Apr 1744

Proposed the CelsiusTemperature scale


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Aristotle

Attempted to forecast weather withastrological events


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Galileo Galilee - ItalyFeb 1564 to Jan 1642

In about 1593, Galileo constructed a thermometer


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EvangelistaTorricelliItaly

Oct 1608 to Oct 1647

Invented Barometer


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Sir Christopher Michael Wren

EnglandOct 1632 to Feb 1723

Fabricated Weather-Clock for Observations


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Clement Lindley WraggeEngland

Sep 1852 Dec 1922

Started the trend ofusing people's names forCyclones


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Dmitry LachinovRussia

1842 to 1902

Wrote the first book on Meteorology


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Pavel MolchanovRussia

Feb 1893 to Oct 1941

Invented and launched

Radiosonde


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Alexander MikhailevichObukhovRussian May 1918 to Dec 1989

Founder of Modern Boundary Layer of Meteorology


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Prem Chand Pandey

IndiaBorn 10/08/1945

Known for Weather

Satellite & RemoteSensing SatelliteResearch


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Pisharoth Rama PisharotyIndia

Feb 1909 to Sep 2002

Member of the ScientificAdvisory Board of theWorld Meteorological

Organization from1963 to 1968


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JagdishShukla

India Born 1944

Member ofJointScientificCommittee

Of World ClimateResearch Programme

Of World Meteorological

Organization.


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Shen KuoChina 1031 to 1095

Hypothesized the

Concept of ClimateChange


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Edmond HalleyEngland

Nov 1656 to Jan 1742

Identified SolarHeating is the cause of

Atmosphericmotions.First one to put the

Trade windsandMonsoon on charts


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FrancisGaltonEngland

Feb 1822 to Jan 1911Devised first Weather

Map& Proposed aTheory ofAnticyclone


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Helmut LandsbergUSA - Feb 1906 to Dec 1985

Led the field of ClimatologyUsing Statistical Methods.


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Sydney Chapman

British 1888 to 1970First IntroducedAeronomy - the

science of the upperregion of theatmosphere.


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Both of them discovered the OZONE LAYER in 1913

HENRI BUISSONCHARLES FABRY


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Richard Assmann (German Meteorologist) &Lon Teisserenc de Bort(French Meteorologist)

Discoverers of STRATOSPHERE


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The President of the Royal Meteorological Society

PROFESSOR TIM PALMER


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JON MALAYPresident - American Meteorological Society


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ALEXANDER BERRITSKIYPRESIDENT - WMO


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Mitsuhiko Hatori, Director-General of

the Japan Meteorological Agency


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PIETERVAN

MUSSCHENBROEK ATMOMETER

MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION


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ALTIMETER

Diagram showingthe face of the"three-pointer"sensitive aircraft

altimeterdisplaying an

altitude of 10,180

feet.


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HYGROMETER

is a deviceused for

measuring the

HUMIDITY ofthe air


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ACTINOMETERTo measure the heating power of radiation

JOHN HERSCHEL -ENGLAND

1792 TO 1871

ACTINOMETER


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CEILOMETERTo determine the height ofacloud base using laser


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HELIOMETERDesigned for measuring the variation of the

suns diameter at different seasons.


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HYPSOMETER

Instrument used to measure height or altitude


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MANOMETER PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICE


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Thehail on Egypt. Hail is a solid form of Precipitation

THE HAIL


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The first weather satellite, Vanguard 2,was launched on February 17, 1959


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GOES-8, a United States weathersatellite launched on October 16, 1975,

at Florida USA

f l h ll


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TIROS - 1 First Successful Weather Satellite

Date of Launch : 01/04/1960 at Florida, USA


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RI

SAT 2 ARadar imageSatellite

With allWeather

Capacity totake images

of the earth.


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FULMINOLOGY

The study or science

of lightning is calledFulminology


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BRONTOLOGY

The study or science of

THUNDER is calledBrontology


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ACID RAINAcid rain is a rain or any other

form of precipitation that is

unusually acidic, i.e. elevatedlevels of hydrogen ions (low pH).Acid Rain was noted in the 17th

century by John Evelyn.


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Highest Rainfall @ Cherrapunji Meghalaya 1484m MSL

25.3 degree N & 91.7 degree EastHolds two Guinness world records for

1).22,987 millimeters (905.0 in) of rainfall between August 1860 andJuly 1861

2).9,300 millimeters(370 in) in July 1861

Why? - Cherrapunji receives rains from the Bay of Bengal arm of the Indian

summer Monsoon. The monsoon clouds fly unhindered over the plains of Bangladesh for about 400 km. Thereafter, they hit the Khasi Hills which abruptlyrise out of the plains to reach a height of about 1370 m above mean sea levelwithin of 2 to 5 km. The geography of the hills with many deep valleys channelsthe low-flying (150300 m) moisture-laden clouds from a wide area to converge

over Cherrapunji. The winds push the rain clouds through these gorges and up thesteep slopes. The rapid ascent of the clouds into the upper atmosphere hastensthe cooling and helps vapours to condense. Most of Cherrapunji's rain is the resultof air being lifted as a large body of water vapour. The extremely large amount ofrainfall at Cherrapunji is perhaps the best-known feature of orographic rain innortheast India.


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Dont run, otherwise the rain may stop


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RAIN GAUGE or

UDOMETER orPLUVIOMETER orOMBROMETER to measure

RAINFALL

Ancient Greek periodabout 500 BC the firsttime the rainfall was

recorded.

DISDROMETER


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DISDROMETER

A disdrometer is aninstrument used to

measure the drop

size distribution andvelocity of falling

hydrometeors.Some disdrometers

can distinguishbetween rain,graupel, and hail.


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DERECHO

Violent Windstorm associated with Thunderstorm in Minnesota


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DIAMOND DUSTGround level Cloudscomposed ofIce Crystals referred asCleary Sky Precipitation

Most common in Antarcticaand Arctic


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Dust devil, astrong long-lived whirlwind in Arizona

DUST DEVIL

FOEHN WIND


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FOEHN WIND

FORMATION OF FOEHN WIND FOEHN CLOUDS IN GENEVA

FOEHN isa dry down-slope , rain shadow

wind at the lee of the mountain side

NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECT


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NOVAYA ZEMLYA EFFECTA polar mirage caused by high refraction of sunlight give the

impression that the sun is rising earlier than it actually should

TORNADO


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TORNADOTornado is a violent, dangerous column of

air mostly in the form of condensation funnel

SUN DOG


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SUN DOGA sun dog also called a mock sun or a phantomsun) is an atmospheric phenomenon that creates

bright spots of light in the sky, often on a luminousring or halo on either side of the sun.

H l ( ti l h )


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Halo (optical phenomenon)

A man withahalo around him

A halo isan optical phenomenon produced by ice crystals

creating colored or white arcsand spotsin the sky


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SUNLIGHT

The totalfrequencyspectrum of

electromagneticradiation givenoff by the Sun

An ANTICYCLONE is a large-scale circulation of winds


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An ANTICYCLONE is a large scale circulation of windsaround a central region of high atmospheric pressure,

clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise

in the Southern Hemisphere


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POLAR CYCLONES

A polar cyclone is a low pressureweather system usuallyspanning 1,0002,000

kilometers (6201,240 miles) in

which the air is circulating in a

counter-clockwise fashion (in thenorthern hemisphere).

SLEET refers to two distinct forms of precipitation


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SLEET refers to two distinct forms of precipitation:Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls.Ice pellets, one of three forms of precipitation in a US-style

Wintry Mix", the other two being snow and freezing rain.


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A LIGHT PILLARis a visual phenomenon

created by the reflectionof light from ice crystals

with near horizontalparallel planar surfaces.

The light can come fromthe sun (usually at or lowto the horizon) in whichcase the phenomenon is

called a sun pillar or solarpillar. It can also comefrom the moon or from

terrestrial sources such asstreetlights.


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A MESOCYCLONEis a vortex of air,

approximately 2 to 10 miles indiameter (the mesoscale of

meteorology), within a

convective storm. That is, it is airthat rises and rotates around a

vertical axis, usually in the samedirection as low pressure systems

in a given hemisphere.

MESOCYCLONE


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MESOCYCLONE


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S.No ABBREVIATIONS

1 ACYC ANTICYCLONE

2 BRM BAROMETER

3 CLD CLOUD

4 DRZL DRIZZLE

5 E ENDING OF PRECIPITATION (IN MINUTE-METAR)

6 FAH FAHRENHEIT

7 GV GROUND VISIBILITY

8 HIXAT HIGHEST TEMPERATURE EXCEEDED FOR ALL TIME

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World Meteorological Day Ppt