World & Indian History (Prelim & Mains)

8/19/2019 World & Indian History (Prelim & Mains)

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1 History- Mruna

Imperialism and Colonialism: Meaning, Factors responsible

Prologue

New Syllabus: General studies Mains Paper I contains following topics on World istory

History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundariescolonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.- their forms and effect on the society.

!ou already "a#e Younger$New NC%&'s, if not clic( on following:

)* India and t"e Contemporary World I +Class -

.* India and t"e Contemporary World II +Class )/-

0* '"emes in World istory +class ))-

1ut in terms of dept" $ co#erage $analysis of World istory, t"e older NC%&'s were better* 2lt"oug" for someone li#ing in a smalltown $ remote area, it3s impossible to find t"em* So, I3m uploading t"e summaries one by one for t"e benefit of suc" aspirants*

We start wit" Class )/ +4ld NC%&'-, 5Story of ci#ili6ation #olume II7, C"apter , 5 mperialism and !olonialism."

'"at c"apter re#ol#es around subtopics:

)* Meaning of Imperialism

.* Conditions t"at "elped growt" of Imperialism

0* Con8uest of 2sia, 2frica, 2mericas and t"e Pacific*

9* %ffects of Imperialism*

'"is first article deals wit" first two topics +Meaning and conditions-* Future articles will co#er t"e rest* eep in mind,

)* '"is is mere base $ foundation $ starting point to supplement your readings from IGN4; 12 , M2 etc*

.* '"ese are 5summaries7 +and not #erbatim paragrap"s-* I3#e ta(en liberty to include et"e total system of imperialist domination of a pre?capitalist country*

• 4ccupation $ direct rule o#er a country by anot"er country>not always an essential feature of imperialism

http://mrunal.org/2013/06/world-history-imperialism-and-colonialism-meaning-factors-responsible.htmlhttp://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-9-India-and-Contemporary-World-1.ziphttp://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-10-India-and-the-Contemporary-World-2-Social-Science.ziphttp://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-11-Themes-in-World-History.ziphttp://www.egyankosh.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2193http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/967http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/967http://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-9-India-and-Contemporary-World-1.ziphttp://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-10-India-and-the-Contemporary-World-2-Social-Science.ziphttp://www.neerajagarwal.info/ncert-books-for-class-11-Themes-in-World-History.ziphttp://www.egyankosh.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2193http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/967http://mrunal.org/2013/06/world-history-imperialism-and-colonialism-meaning-factors-responsible.html


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• '"e essential feature= exploitation, wit" or wit"out direct political control*

• ;ntil recent years, most countries of 2sia 2frica and ot"er parts of t"e world, w"ere under t"e control of one or anot"erimperialist country*

Imperialism Colonialism

Imperialism refers, more broadly, to control or influence t"at is e


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3 History- Mruna

Industrial &e#olution and Capitalism

Industrial &e#olution created t"e capitalist system of production* '"e capitalist entrepreneurs used two ways to ma(e big profits:

Met"od to increase profitA > Conse8uencesA

)* minimum wages to

wor(ers

• low wages > low purc"asing power of t"e ma=ority of t"e domestic population> low

demand of products in "ome country*

) More and moreproduction

• t"e production of goods was far in e 1ecause of t"e 5underconsumption7 in domestic mar(et, t"e capitalist nations "ad to find new mar(ets and buyers to sellt"eir products*

Mar Imperialism

Eenin argued t"at Imperialism t"e ig"est Stage of Capitalism, and it3d lead to t"e demise of Capitalism*

In Capitalist system, wealt" is concentrated in fewer and fewer "ands, t"e possibility for in#estment at "ome is e %uropean powers could not sell t"eir products to eac" ot"er* '"ey "ad to find totally new mar(ets and customers in 2sia, 2frica and t"e two 2mericas*

Mercantilism

It was t"e economic policy pre#ailing in %urope during t"e )Jt", )Bt", and )Dt" centuries* '"is policy assumed following:

• Kolume of world wealt" and trade was relati#ely static, so one country3s gain re8uired anot"er country$colony3s loss*

• Wealt" of a nation depended primarily on t"e possession of gold and sil#er*

• 2 colonial possession s"ould pro#ide wealt" to t"e country t"at controlled it*

• %


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4 History- Mruna

So nations acted accordingly* '"ey setup 5trading posts7 w"ic" would later become 5forts7, arm twisted local rulers to gain efood grains, tea, coffee, Indigo, tobacco, sugar, coal, iron, tin, gold, copper and later oil*

&esultA>

• Imperialists forced t"e colonies to culti#ate only one or two crops w"ic" were needed as raw material for t"eir own industries+e*g* indigo in India, Sugar in Cuba*-

• Smuggling: sometimes, goods produced in one country were sold to anot"er country to pay for t"e goods from t"at country* e*g'"e %nglis" promoted culti#ation of opium in India, t"en smuggled into C"ina to pay for t"e goods t"ey "ad boug"t from C"ina

In#estment

'owards t"e end of )t" century, Western countries began to loo( upon 2sia and 2frica is good places to in#est t"eir capital* 1ut W"yA

• 1ot" 2sia and 2frica "ad abundant supply of raw material and c"eap labour> good profit*

• 2s we saw under 5@emand7 topic, low wages L e underconsumption* '"erefore, if capital was in#ested in%urope, it would only fetc" 0 to 9 profit, because of little purc"asing power of local people*

• 1ut if t"e same amount was in#ested in 2sia or 2frica, you could earn as "ig" as ./ profit*

• 1esides, 'owards t"e end of )t" century, financial institutions suc" as ban(s e political domination became necessary*

W"y Political domination necessaryA

2s t"e foreign powers in#ested more and more money in business and infrastructure in 2sia, 2frica and 2mericas, t"eir ris( increased:

• w"at if t"e wea( local prince, Nawab or tribes c"ief could not contain an uprising or rebellionA

• W"at if t"ere was a c"ange in t"e go#ernmentA

Suc" t"ings could lead to reduction in profit or e#en loss of w"ole in#estment*

For t"e same reasons, Frenc" in#estors in Morocco +N*2frica-, appealed to t"eir "ome go#ernment in France, to anne< it* '"us Morocco became 5Frenc" Morocco7*

Sla#e trade


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5 History- Mruna

• '"e Spanis" rule in 2mericas "ad resulted large?scale e


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6 History- Mruna

• So#iet union3s policy to liberate3 t"e peoples of %astern %urope and t"e '"ird World, and ;S23s 5protecting Freedom7 > alsoe leading to a c"ain reaction andrace for grabbing more and more colonies* +2nd ultimately first World war-*

Ci#ili6ing mission

Many %uropean writers and t"in(ers used to blatantly support and =ustify Imperilism and coloni6ation*

&udyardipling

%ngland

Wrote a poem titled 5W"ite man3s burden7* It gi#es a r"etorical command to w"ite men to coloni6e andrule people of ot"er nations*

ules Ferry France Superior races "a#e t"e duty of ci#ili6ing t"e inferior races*

• 'o many %uropeans and 2mericans, t"e prospect of sa#ing souls seemed as important as t"e prospect of e


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7 History- Mruna

• '"ey "ad prominent role in %urope3s ta(ing o#er of 2frica*

• '"ey first went into un(nown or little?(nown territories and broug"t bac( t"e reports t"at often indicated opportunities fortrade and de#elopment*

• 4n t"e basis of suc" reports, a trading post would be first setup*

• Gradually, t"e e


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9* ow did nationalism "elp to ma(e imperialism popular in %uropeA

* 5'"e dominant directi#e moti#e be"ind imperialism was t"e demand for mar(ets and for profitable in#estment*7 Comment

J* 52ll great nations in t"e fullness of t"eir strengt" "a#e desired to set t"eir mar( upon barbarian land and t"ose w"o fail toparticipate in t"is ri#alry will play a pitiable role in time to come*7 Comment

B* Write a note on t"e role of writers, missionaries and e


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9 History- Mruna

'emi-colonization of !hina

&he opium Wars

• '"e imperialist domination of C"ina begin wit" t"e opium Wars

• 1efore t"ese opium Wars, only two C"inese ports were open to foreign traders*

• C"ina was already a prosperous ci#ili6ation t"at "ad in#ented paper, printing and gunpowder* '"ere was no demand for 1ritis"goods in C"ina*

• So t"e 1ritis" "ad to pay bac( in gold and sil#er for importing C"inese tea, sil(, =ade and porcelain*


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• '"is Eed to trade deficit for 1ritain +2nd recall t"e mercantilism policy ? %uropeans preferred e


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11 History- Mruna

* C"ina was defeated again and was forced to grant e#en more pri#ileges to t"e winners* 1y t"e end of )DJ/s, C"ina "ad to open)9 ports to Foreigners*

'st ino .apan War

• For centuries orea was a tributary state of C"ina*

• but apan was trying increase "er influence o#er orea* W"yA

o orea is strategically located opposite t"e apanese islands

o orea3s natural resources of coal and iron

• '"is ultimately leads to War between apan and C"ina*

• %


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12 History- Mruna

)* %conomic % semi?coloni6ation*

1ritain gained t"e monopoly of controlo#er India*

no single imperial power "ad a monopoly of control* C"ina was simultaneously e


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13 History- Mruna

• In )D/s, ;nited States sent wars"ips under Commodore Perry, and forced t"e apanese to open t"eir country for t"e 2mericans"ipping and trade* +t"is is (nown as 53un-%oat diplomac( 7-

• later, apan made similar agreements wit" 1ritain, olland, France and &ussia*

• 1ut apan itself became an Imperialist country after t"e Mei=i &estoration*

Mei)i 2estoration

It was a political re#olution under w"ic" t"e erstw"ile (okugawa shogunate +feudal?military go#ernment- was replaced wit" a newimperial go#ernment under t"e %mperor Mei=i*

apan adopted t"e slogan 5 wealth( countr( and strong arms7 and soug"t to create a nation?state capable of standing e8ual among Western powers*

Following reforms were underta(en by Mei=i go#ernment:

)* Go#ernment s"ifted from %do to 'o(yo

.* 2 national constitution, bicameral parliament +diet-*

0* @ismanted of t"e old feudal regime and introduced prefecture system of administration*

9* 2dministration was centrali6ed

* Modern ci#il ser#ice bureaucracy was setup*

J* Modern ban(ing and fiscal system*


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14 History- Mruna

B* Modern industrial enterprisesT railroad, telegrap"s*

D* ;ni#ersal primary education

* Modern army and na#y and adopted western military tec"nology*

'"us, wit"in a few decades, apan became one of t"e most industriali6ed countries in t"e world*

1ut apan "as few raw materials to support "er industries* So s"e also wants new lands for raw material and mar(et for "er finis"edgoods* &esultA>

)* apan also started "er imperialist e ultimately, &usso?apanese war* &ussia is defeated*&esultA>

• President '"eodore &oose#elt of t"e ;nited States ser#ed as mediator between &ussia and apan and a peace treaty was signed

)* &ussia "anded o#er Port 2rt"ur and t"e Sout" Manc"urian railroad +w"ic" led to Port 2rt"ur- to apan*

.* &ussia ga#e "alf of Sa("alin Island to apan*

0* &ussia agreed to e#acuate sout"ern Manc"uria

9* &ussia recogni6ed apan3s control of orea +ultimately in ))/, orea became a colony of apan-

apan: %pilogue

• apan3s rise as an imperialist power s"ows t"at imperialism was not limited to any one region, religion or people*

• Imperialism was rat"er t"e result of greed for economic and political power w"ic" could distort t"e policy of any countryregardless of its race, culture or religion*

• W"en first world war started, apan could loo( bac( wit" some pride t"at s"e too "ad become a great power and could e


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15 History- Mruna

4sia! outh and outh 5ast

$urma

• in )DD/, t"e ing of 1urma ga#e France t"e rig"t to build a railway in "is territory

• 1ritis" go#ernment feared Frenc" et"ey formed B$Dt" of Sri Ean(an e


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16 History- Mruna

• between &ussia and 1ritain

• on "ow to di#ide control of Iran, 2fg"anistan, and 'ibet between t"em*

Part ;nder 2nglo?&ussian agreement

Iran

• @i#ided Iran into Sp"ere of influence +similar to C"ina-

• Nort" Iran> &ussiaT Sout"ern Iran> 1ritainT central Iran was neutral and open to bot"*

2fg"anistan

• &ussia agreed to recogni6e 2fg"anistan is being outside "er influence*

• 1ritain agreed not to anne< 2fg"anistan as long as 2fg"ani ruler remained loyal to "er*

'ibet bot" retain and &ussia agreed not to interfere in t"e affairs of 'ibet

let3s c"ec( indi#idual countries

4fghanistan

• '"e 1ritis" "ad a minor economic interest in 2fg"anistan, t"ey were mainly worried about defending t"eir crown =ewel +India-against &ussian e


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17 History- Mruna

• )/B: %ngland and &ussia reac"ed t"e 52nglo?&ussian agreement7 for controlling Iran #ia 5sp"ere of influence7:

• Nort" Iran> &ussiaT Sout"ern Iran> 1ritainT central Iran was neutral and open to bot"*

• '"us, a =oint 2nglo O &ussian supremacy was establis"ed o#er Iran*

• ))B: &ussian &e#olution establis"ed a new So#iet go#ernment*

• '"e new So#iet go#ernment denounced t"e old 2nglo &ussian agreements and ga#e up "er rig"ts in Iran*

• 2fter t"e disco#ery of oil, t"e 1ritis" and 2merican oil interests became more powerful in Iran*

• W"ile Iran remained nominally independent, but under t"e domination of foreign oil companies from ;nited States and%ngland*

Western 4sia

• @uring t"ese years, Germany was e


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18 History- Mruna

)* 1riefly e


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19 History- Mruna

) Con8uest of 2sia +1o


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20 History- Mruna

)* 2frican sla#es came from an en#ironment w"ere t"ose w"o sur#i#ed into adolescence ac8uired some immunity to suc" 54ld World7 diseases as smallpoSpain only boug"t sla#es from 1ritain, to wor( in t"eir 2mericancolonies-*

'riangular trade

It is t"e term used to describe t"e prosperous trading cycle across 2tlantic as a result of Sla#e trade:


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21 History- Mruna

'riangle W"at "appenedA

First leg • %uropean merc"ants purc"ased sla#es from 2frican c"iefs in e truc(load of profit*

• '"ey will use some of t"is profit to buy manufactured goods, t"en go bac( to 2frica and get new sla#esU**andt"us trade cycle continued*

&esult of 'riangular tradeA

• Millions of 2fricans were uprooted from t"eir "omes*

•

Many were (illed w"ile resisting t"e raids on t"eir #illages*


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• In t"e 2merican plantations, t"ey were forced to wor( in in"umane conditions*

• If a sla#e tried to escape from 2merican plantations, "e was beaten and tortured*

• If a +w"ite- man (illed a runaway sla#e, local aut"orities e#en ga#e "im reward*

Middle Passage

• It is t"e term used to describe brutal manner in w"ic" sla#es were transported from 2frica to 2mericas, in 2tlantic 4cean*

• Sla#es were ta(en in s"ips as inanimate ob=ects* '"ey were gi#en less t"an "alf t"e space allotted con#icts or soldierstransported by s"ip at t"e same time*

• male sla#es were (ept constantly s"ac(led to eac" ot"er or to t"e dec( to pre#ent mutiny*

• In t"e s"ips, t"ey were (ept in suc" un"ygienic conditions t"at sometimes e#en sailors re#olted*

• Not e#en "alf of t"e sla#es captured reac"ed 2merica ali#e*

• Ea("s of t"em died during t"e long #oyage, @ysentery was t"e biggest (iller*

• So many dead bodies were t"rown into t"e ocean t"at s"ar(s regularly followed t"e sla#e s"ips on t"eir westward =ourney*

Sla#e 'rade: W"y declinedA

2fter )D/s, sla#e trade 8uic(ly declined* W"yA

)* %uropean economies began to s"ift from agriculture to industry* Plantations remained profitable, but %uropeans "ad promisinnew areas for in#estment*

.* '"e sla#e?operated 2merican plantations "ad to compete for capital and preferential laws wit" te not muc"

need for furt"er sla#e?import from 2frica*

9* Sla#ery was also a "indrance if t"e interior of 2frica was to be opened to colonial e


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23 History- Mruna

• 2frican culture mi


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24 History- Mruna

) arl Peters %ast 2frica

Wh( 4frica was easil( conuered?

Eate part of )t" Century

• %uropeans start e


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25 History- Mruna

Ein( for maps file:Clic( me to download t"e Map files for 2frican Coloni6ation

• 2ll %uropean countries were eager to get t"e mawere fraudulent and bogus*

• '"e %uropeans ga#e gifts to 2frican c"iefs and made t"em sign t"eir t"umbs on any treaties* +We3ll see t"e e


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26 History- Mruna

Congo Free State +Yaire-

• Sir enry Morton Stanley, an e w"en our Congress was formed-: ing Eeopold claimed "is rig"ts o#er t"is entire +!ongo &ree/0 'tate.

Congo %


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27 History- Mruna

• ing Eeopold alone made profit ./ million dollars from e 51ra66a#ille7 +after "is own name @e 1ra66aH-

• Now France set out to e


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• 2fter )DD/, Germany also starts adventures in 2frica*

• First s"e occupied an area called 'ogoland on t"e west coastT t"en Cameroons, a little fart"er sout"*

• Still fart"er sout", t"e Germans establis"ed t"emsel#es in Sout"?West 2frica* '"is led to local rebellion and German troopsmassacred more t"an "alf of t"e population*

• Still s"e was unsatisfied, and wanted t"e Portuguese colonies of 2ngola and Mo6ambi8ue and Congo*

• 1ut t"en defeat in First World War started +))9- s"attered "er dream*

• 2fter t"e war, w"en t"e German colonies were gi#en to t"e #ictorious powers,

German colony before WW) 2fter WW) colony gi#en to

'ogoland L Cameroons @i#ided between %ngland L France

Sout"?West 2frica Gi#en to Sout" 2frica*

German %ast 2frica

• %ngland* '"is region was renamed 'anganyi(a*

• +'anganyi(a and Yan6ibar now form t"e republic of 'an6ania-*

&uanda?;rundi 1elgium*

Spain

"ad only two colonies on t"e western coast of 2frica

)* &io de 4ro +Spanis" Sa"ara-

.* Spanis" Guinea*

Portugal Possessed #aluable regions of 2ngola and Portuguese Guinea* +and t"e 1ritis" and Germans lusted for t"ese colonies-*

West 2frica: Eiberia

• %


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29 History- Mruna

• '"is company ac8uired territories in sout"?central 2frica and named t"is area 5&"odesia7 after Cecil &"odes*

&"odesia Now

Nort"ern region Yambia

Sout"ern &egion Yimbabwe +)D/-

&"odes became famous as a great p"ilant"ropist* e founded t"e &"odes sc"olars"ips3 in 4


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30 History- Mruna

• In )/J, t"e Yulu &ebellion bro(e out in Natal pro#ince of Sout" 2frica

• '"is was actually a campaign against ta< being imposed by t"e 1ritis" on t"e Yulus, w"o were demanding t"eir rig"ts in t"eirown land*

• owe#er, t"e w"ites declared war against t"e Yulus*

• In t"is Yulu war$rebellion, Gand"i ser#ed from 1ritis" side, as t"e officer in c"arge of t"e Indian #olunteer ambulance corps* was gi#en Yulu War Medal for "is ser#ices*

Gand"i &eturned Medals

)./: @uring "ilafat mo#ement, Gand"i returned t"e medals to 1ritain and wrote,

t is not without a pang that return the 4aisar-i-Hind gold medal granted to me by your predecessor for my humanitarian work in 'outh 5frica, the 6ulu $ar medal granted in 'outh 5frica for my services as officer in charge of the ndian volunteer ambulance corpin 179 and the 2oer $ar medal for my services as assistant superintendent of the ndian volunteer stretcher-bearer corps during the 2oer $ar of 1877-17. venture to return these medals in pursuance of the scheme of non-cooperation inaugurated today inconnection with the 4hilafat movement. :aluable as these honours have been to me, cannot wear them with an easy conscience solong as my ;ussalman countrymen have to labour under a wrong done to their religious sentiment. 3vents that have happenedduring the past one month have confirmed me in the opinion that the mperial


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31 History- Mruna

%ast 2frica

• 2rea @i#ided between Germany and %ngland*

• 1ritis" called t"eir region 51ritis" %ast 2frica7 +present day enya*-

Mo6ambi8ue

• It was Portuguese possession* Germany and %ngland "ad planned to di#ide it but first world war cancelledt"e agreement*

• ing of Yan6ibar says 5%ast 2frica as is my property*7

• Germany and %ngland appease "im by gi#ing a strip of coast land, )J// (ilometers long and )J (ilometers deep*

• %#en "ere, Germany and %ngland di#ide t"e Nort"ern and Sout"ern "alf of t"e strip under sp"ere of influences3*

• )/: +same year w"en Eord Cur6on partitioned 1engal-, t"e local 2fricans start re#olt again Germans* )./,/// 2fricans were(illed in t"is German colony*

;ganda

• In )D/, t"ere was an agreement between Germany and %ngland according to w"ic" ;ganda was3 reser#ed3 for %ngland* Ine


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33 History- Mruna

Morocco

• Morocco is situated on t"e nort" coast of 2frica, =ust sout" of Gibraltar*

• ence #ery important to t"e western entrance of t"e Mediterranean*

• 1ot" France and Italy wanted Morroco* 1ut t"ey don3t go for war, t"ey also ma(e an agreement*

France Gets Morocco

Italy

Gets 'ripoli and Cyrenaica +east of 'unisia-*

'"is region was already under 'ur(is" %mpire* So Italy sent troops, occupied two pro#inces and called it 5Eibya7*

;n"appy Germans

• W"ile France, Italy and %ngland were busy di#iding Nort" 2frica among t"emsel#es, t"ey "ad ignored Germany*

• German Minister said, 5You&rench0 have bought your liberty in ;orocco from 'pain, 3ngland, and even from taly, and you

have left us out.7

• '"ere were many international crises and it appeared as if war would brea( out*

• 1ut France appeased Germans by transfering ./,/// s8uare (ilometres of Frenc" Congo to Germany*

• Similarly France also appeased Spain by gi#ing "er a small part of Morocco*

• In )). France establis"ed "er protectorate o#er Morocco* owe#er, it too( t"e Frenc" many years after t"e First World War tosuppress t"e rebellions t"ere*

%gypt, Sue6 Canal

• @uring t"is era, %gypt was a pro#ince of t"e 'ur(is" empire

• %gypt was ruled by a 5Pas"a7 +representati#e$Go#ernor appointed by t"e 'ur(is" Sultan-

• 1ut France was interested in %gypt, Since t"e time of Napoleon

• 2 Frenc" company "ad gained a concession from Ismail Pas"a, t"e Go#ernor of %gypt, to dig a canal across t"e ist"mus of Sue6

• Sue6 Canal Connects Mediterranean and t"e &ed seas* '"e canal e


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34 History- Mruna

%gypt: t"e cotton colony

• 1ritain de#eloped %gypt as a supplier of cotton for "er te


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36 History- Mruna

mar(s +/ words-

)* 1attle of 2dowa

.* Yulu War

0* 1oer War

9* Congo Free State

* &"odesia

J* Gand"i3s parturition in 1oer War*

Comment on following +)/ mar(s eac"-

)* I put my life in peril four times for t"e sa(e of t"e %mpire: at t"e time of t"e 1oer war, at t"e time of t"e Yulu re#oltU* I did allt"is in t"e full belief t"at acts suc" as mine must gain for my country an e8ual status in t"e %mpire* 1ut t"e treac"ery of Mr*Eloyd George and its appreciation by you, and t"e condonation of t"e Pun=ab atrocities "a#e completely s"attered my fait" int"e good intentions of t"e Go#ernment and t"e nation w"ic" is supporting it*

.* W"en t"e war was declared, my personal sympat"ies were all wit" t"e 1oers, but U I felt t"at, if I demanded rig"ts as a 1ritis"citi6en, it was also my duty, as suc" to participate in t"e defence of t"e 1ritis" %mpire*

0* I #enture to return t"ese medals in pursuance of t"e sc"eme of non?cooperation inaugurated today in connection wit" t"e"ilafat mo#ement* Kaluable as t"ese "onours "a#e been to me, I cannot wear t"em wit" an easy conscience so long as myMussalman countrymen "a#e to labour under a wrong done to t"eir religious sentiment*

). mar(s +)./ words-

)* 1ritis" Interests in following: )- Sue6 Canal .-Cape Colony 0-

.* %


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37 History- Mruna

9* Write a note on t"e Paper partition of 2frica

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL

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Imperialism, Coloni6ation of 2sia, 2frica, 2mericas

Prologue

• ;PSC "as included World istory in General studies +Mains- syllabus from ./)0* ence 4ld NC%&', particularly Chapter 7to 'A from Class )/> becomes necessary as t"e foundation$base material3 for t"e topics of World istory*

• Problem> "ard to t"at boo( find in mar(et, e#en if you3re willing to spend money*

• '"at 4ld NC%&'3s boo(3s Eow 8uality P@F scan a#ailable>#ery stressful on eyes> ard to read continuously* +still if you wantt"e P@F, clic( me to download-

• I3#e con#erted t"at P@F to te


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military or strategic importance* For e


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Imperialism in C"ina

Imperialist domination of C"ina began wit" w"at are (nown as t"e 4pium Wars 1efore t"ese wars, only two ports were open to foreigntraders 1ritis" merc"ants boug"t C"inese tea, sil( and ot"er goods, but t"ere was no mar(et for 1ritis" goods in C"ina* '"en 1ritis"merc"ants started smuggling opium into C"ina on a large scale* '"e illegal opium trade was profitable to t"e 1ritis" traders but didimmense p"ysical and moral damage to t"e C"inese* In )D0, w"en a C"inese go#ernment official sei6ed an opium cargo and destroyedit, 1ritain declared war and easily defeated t"e C"inese* '"e C"inese were t"en forced to pay "ea#y damages to t"e 1ritis" and to openfi#e port cities to 1ritis" traders '"e C"inese go#ernment also agreed t"at in future, 1ritis" sub=ects in t"ese ports would be tried for anycrimes in %nglis" rat"er t"an in C"inese courts '"is pro#ision, w"ic" ot"er Western countries copied, came to be (nown ase


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t"e ;nited States occupied Cuba and t"e P"ilippines '"e Filipinos re#olted against t"e 2merican occupation but were suppressed andt"e P"ilippines became an 2merican possession '"e ;nited States paid ./ million dollars to Spain for t"e P"ilippines*

Imperialism in Central and Western 2sia

%ngland and &ussia were ri#als in t"e struggle to control Central 2sia, Iran +Persia-, 2fg"anistan and 'ibet '"e &ussian empiresucceeded in anne


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of t"ese contacts was t"e purc"ase and sale of people Rt"e sla#e trade* '"e Spanis" rule in t"e 2mericas "ad resulted in t"e large?scalee


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epaper partition as, t"e actual partition too( muc" longer and was accomplis"ed by t"e use of t"e superiormilitary mig"t of t"e %uropean powers to suppress t"e resistance by t"e 2fricans 2 loo( at t"e map of 2frica after partition will s"ow "ot"e continent of 2frica was partitioned on paper in conference rooms in %urope 2bout t"irty per cent of all boundaries in 2frica are instraig"t lines* It will be easier to understand t"e con8uest of 2frica by %uropean powers if we study it region by region* We mustremember, "owe#er, t"at occupation did not ta(e place in t"e order described "ere

West and Central 2frica

In )DBD, wit" t"e financial assistance of ing Eeopold II of 1elgium, M* Stanley founded t"e International Congo 2ssociation w"ic"made o#er 9// treaties wit" 2frican c"iefs '"ey did not understand t"at by placing t"eir mar(s3 on bits of paper t"ey were transferringt"eir land to t"e Congo 2ssociation in e


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in e


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'"e financial troubles of t"e Pas"a led to increased =oint 2nglo?Frenc" control o#er %gypt W"en t"e Pas"a tried to resist, "e was forcedto abdicate and anew go#ernor was appointed In )DD., t"ere was a re#olt against t"e 2nglo?Frenc" control and, in suppressing t"e re#olt"e 1ritis" armies con8uered %gypt &estoration of law and order and protection of t"e Sue6 Canal were t"e reasons gi#en for t"e militaryinter#ention in %gypt* %ngland announced t"at s"e would wit"draw "er troops as soon as order was restored 2fter t"e re#olt wassuppressed, %gypt came under 1ritis" control* In ))9, w"en t"e First World War started, %ngland announced t"at %gypt was no longera 'ur(is" pro#ince but a 1ritis" protectorate* '"e %gyptians ne#er reconciled t"emsel#es to t"e 1ritis" con8uest* 2fter t"e war was o#erleaders of %gypt started for t"e Paris Peace Conference to plead t"e case of %gypt, but t"ey were arrested* In ).., t"oug" s"e stillretained "er rig"ts o#er t"e Sue6 and many ot"er concessions, 1ritain was forced to recogni6e %gypt as an independent so#ereign state

Sudan, or w"at was earlier (nown as %gyptian Sudan, was =ointly enited 'tates is practicallysovereign on this !ontinent 5* 2 new corollary was added to t"e Monroe @octrine in )/9 by t"e t"en ;*S* President, '"eodore &oose#el1ritain and Germany "ad imposed a na#al bloc(ade of Kene6uela as s"e "ad failed to repay t"e loan w"ic" s"e "ad ta(en from t"em*'"eodore &oose#elt forced 1ritain and Germany to lift t"e bloc(ade and declared t"at t"e ;nited States alone "ad t"e rig"t to inter#enein t"e affairs of "er neig"bouring countries if t"ey were unable to maintain order on t"eir own* '"e ;nited States too( control of t"efinances of t"e @ominican &epublic w"ic" s"e retained for t"ree decades and occupied t"at country in ))J for eig"t years* In )/J, 2merican troops were sent to Cuba and remained t"ere for t"ree years to protect3 Cuba from disorder* In )/, 2merican troops weresent to Nicaragua in support of a re#olt w"ic" "ad been inspired by an 2merican mining company* '"e ;nited States secured from t"ego#ernment w"ic" "ad been installed t"ere t"e ug" t to inter#ene in t"at country to protect 2merican interests In )), 2merican troops

Were sent to aiti and remained t"ere till )09*

Me


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Most of t"e countries of Sout" 2merica, t"oug" political independent, came under t"e economic and political control of t"e ;nitedStates*

Panama Canal

4ne of t"e ma=or ac8uisitions by t"e ;nited States in t"is period was t"e Panama Canal* 2 Frenc" company "ad started t"e constructionof t"e canal in t"e Ist"mus of Panama in Colombia +Central 2merica-* '"e canal w"ic" would lin( t"e 2tlantic and t"e Pacific 4ceans was of great economic interest In )/), t"e ;nited States decided to underta(e t"e canal pro=ect alone*

S"e paid 9/ million to t"e Frenc" company and entered into an agreement wit" t"e go#ernment of Colombia* 2ccording to t"eagreement, Colombia was to gi#e t"e ;nited States perpetual rig"ts to a si< mile wide canal 6one3 across "er territory in e


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of t"e industries of t"e imperialist countries or for ma(ing profits for t"e companies of t"e imperialist countries* '"e modern industriesin t"e colonies "ad little impact on t"e life of t"e people t"ere* '"e patterns of agriculture in t"e colonies were also c"anged to meet t"ere8uirements of t"e industries of t"e imperialist countries* In some countries, t"e entire agriculture was reduced to t"e growing of one otwo crops For e


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))* ow did t"e empires of t"e nineteent" and twentiet" centuries differ from t"e empires of ancient times Rfor e


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Conflicts within 5urope

1esides t"e conflicts resulting from ri#alries o#er colonies and trade, t"ere were conflicts among t"e ma=or %uropean powers o#er certainde#elopments wit"in %urope* '"ere were si< ma=or powers in %urope at t"is timeR1ritain, Germany, 2ustria?ungary, &ussia, Franceand Italy* 4ne of t"e 8uestions wit" w"ic" almost all t"ese countries got in#ol#ed concerned t"e countries comprising t"e 1al(anpeninsula in %urope* '"e 1al(an countries "ad been under t"e rule of 4ttoman 'ur(s* owe#er, in t"e nineteent" century, t"e 4ttomanrule "ad begun to collapse* '"ere were re#olts by #arious nationalities for independence* '"e &ussian C6ars "oped t"at t"ese areas woulcome under t"eir control once t"e 4ttomans were ousted from t"ere* '"ey encouraged a mo#ement called t"e Pan?Sla# mo#ement w"ic" was based on t"e t"eory t"at all t"e Slays of eastern %urope were one people* Many

areas in 2ustria?ungary were in"abited by t"e Slays &ussia, t"erefore, encouraged mo#ements bot" against t"e 4ttoman empire and 2ustria?ungary '"e ma=or 1al(an country, Serbia, led t"e mo#ement for uniting t"e areas in"abited by t"e Sla#s in t"e 4ttomanempire as well as in 2ustria?ungary * '"e Serbian nationalism was encouraged by &ussia* 4t"er ma=or %uropean powers were alarmedat t"e growt" of &ussian influence in t"e 1al(ans, '"ey wanted to c"ec( t"e &ussian influence, w"ile 2ustria ungary "ad plans ofe


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"a#e larger and larger armies and na#ies*

2 series of crises too( place during t"e years preceding t"e war* '"ese crises added to t"e bitterness and tension in %urope andengendered national c"au#inism %uropean countries also entered into secret treaties to gain territories at t"e e


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In anuary ))D, Woodrow Wilson, President of t"e ;nited States, proposed a peace programme* '"is "as become famous as President Wilson3s Fourteen Points* '"ese included t"e conduct of neotiations between states openly, freedom of na#igation, reduction ofarmaments, independence of 1elgium, restoration of 2lsace Eorraine to France, creation of independent states in %urope, formation ofan international organi6ation to guarantee t"e independence of all states, etc* Some of t"ese points were accepted w"en t"e peace treatie were signed at t"e end of t"e war

1ritain, France and ;S2 launc"ed a military offensi#e in uly ))D and Germany and "er allies began to collapse* 1ulgaria wit"drewfrom t"e war in September, and 'ur(ey surrendered in 4ctober*

Political discontent "ad been rising in 2ustria?ungary and Germany* '"e emperor of 2ustria?ungary surrendered on 0 No#ember* IGermany re#olution bro(e out* Germany became a republic and t"e German emperor aiser William II fled to olland* '"e new Germago#ernment signed an armistice on )) No#ember ))D and t"e war was o#er* '"e news was recei#ed wit" tremendous ubilation all o#ert"e world*

Peace &reaties

'"e #ictorious powers or t"e 2llies, as t"ey were called, met in a conference first in Kersailles, a suburb of Paris, and later in Paris, between anuary and une ))* '"oug" t"e number of countries represented at t"e conference was .B, t"e terms of t"e peace treaties were really decided by t"ree countries R 1ritain, France and ;S2* '"e t"ree persons w"o played t"e determining role in framing t"eterms of t"e treaties were Woodrow Wilson, President of t"e ;nited States, Eloyd George, Prime Minister of 1ritain, and GeorgeClemenceau, Prime Minister of France* '"e defeated countries were not represented at t"e conference* '"e #ictorious powers alsoe


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di#ision of t"e spoils* Eegally most of t"e colonies w"ic" were transferred to t"e #ictorious powers were mandates3 and could not beanne


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* 4n a map of t"e world, s"ow t"e areas in 2sia and 2frica w"ic" caused conflicts among #arious %uropean countries 2lso s"owt"e %uropean countries w"ic" emerged as independent states after t"e First World War*

)/* ow was t"e world redi#ided3 among t"e #ictorious powersA Prepare a map to s"ow t"e territories w"ic" were ta(en o#er fromt"e defeated countries by t"e #ictorious countries*

))* Study t"e Fourteen Points of President Wilson and t"e peace treaties t"at were signed after t"e war* Ma(e a c"ec(list to s"ow w"ic" of t"e Fourteen Points were co#ered by t"e peace tea ties and w"ic" were not*

).* ow far were imperialist ri#alries t"e basic cause of t"e First World WarA

)0* @o you t"in( t"e peace treaties laid t"e foundations of a =ust and stable peaceA @iscuss*

)9* ow is it t"at an ot"erwise minor incident led to t"e outbrea( of a world warA @iscuss*

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&ussian &e#olution: Causes, Conse8uences, Comintern

;PSC "as included World istory in General studies +Mains- syllabus from ./)0* ence 4ld NC%&', particularly C"apter to )0 from

Class )/> becomes necessary as t"e foundation$base material3 for t"e topics of World istory* 1ut for non?@el"i candidates, it is almostimpossible to get t"at boo(, because NC%&' c"anged syllabus, "ence boo( is no longer printed* '"erefore I3m uploading t"e c"aptersone by one* 2nd, =ust because t"ese c"apters are uploaded, doesn3t mean I3m stopping my )ack 'parrow series on ZWorld istory[, it wicontinue at its own pace*

Conditions in 2ussia %efore the 2e:olution

IN a pre#ious c"apter, you "a#e read about t"e rise and growt" of t"e socialist mo#ement* 1y t"e early years of t"e twentiet" century,political mo#ements based on t"e ideas of socialism "ad emerged in a number of countries in %urope* Wit" t"e outbrea( of t"e First World War, "owe#er, t"e socialist mo#ement in most countries of %urope suffered a setbac(* '"e Second International faced a split ont"e 8uestion of attitude to t"e War and ceased to function* @uring t"is period, "owe#er, unrest was brewing in &ussia* '"e &ussian&e#olution too( place in ))B, affecting t"e course of world "istory for many decades*

In t"e nineteent" century, almost, entire %urope was undergoing important social, economic and political transformation* Most of t"e

countries were republics li(e France or constitutional monarc"ies li(e %ngland* '"e rule of t"e old feudal aristocracies "ad been replace by t"at of t"e new middle classes* &ussia, "owe#er, was still li#ing in t"e old world3 under t"e autocratic rule of t"e C6ars, as t"e &ussianemperors were called* Serfdom "ad been abolis"ed in )DJ), but it did not impro#e t"e condition of peasants* '"ey still "ad miserablysmall "oldings of land wit" no capital to de#elop e#en t"ese* For t"e small "oldings t"ey ac8uired, t"ey "ad to pay "ea#y redemptiondues for decades* Eand "unger of t"e peasants was a ma=or social factor in t"e &ussian society*

Industriali6ation began #ery late in &ussia, in t"e second "alf of t"e nineteent" century* '"en it de#eloped at a fairly fast rate, but moret"an "alf of t"e capital for in#estment came from foreign countries* Foreign in#estors were interested in 8uic( profits and s"owed noconcern for t"e conditions of wor(ers* &ussian capitalists, wit" insufficient capital, competed wit" foreign in#estors by reducing wor(ers wages* W"et"er factories were owned by foreigners or &ussians, t"e conditions of wor( were "orrible* '"e wor(ers "ad no political rig"tand no means of gaining e#en minor reforms* '"e words of Mar< t"at wor(ers "a#e not"ing to lose but t"eir c"ains3 rang literally true tot"em

'"e &ussian state under t"e C6ars was completely unsuited to t"e needs of modern times C6ar Nic"olas II, in w"ose reign t"e &e#olutionoccurred, still belie#ed in t"e di#ine rig"t of (ings* '"e preser#ation of absolutism was regarded by "im as a sacred duty* '"e only people

w"o supported t"e C6ar were t"e nobility and t"e upper layers of t"e clergy* 2ll t"e rest of t"e population in t"e #ast &ussian empire was"ostile* '"e bureaucracy t"at t"e C6ars "ad built was top "ea#y, infle


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W"en t"e wor(ers3 organi6ations were set up after industriali6ation began, t"ey were dominated by ideas of socialism* In )DD0, t"e&ussian Social @emocratic Party was formed by George Ple("ano#, a fol lower of Mar


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$eginning of the 2e:olution

Minor incidents usually set off re#olutions* In t"e case of t"e &ussian &e#olution it was a demonstration by wor(ing?class women tryingto purc"ase bread* 2 general stri(e of wor(ers followed, in w"ic" soldiers and ot"ers soon =oined* 4n ). Marc" ))B t"e capital city of StPetersburg +renamed Petrograd, later Eeningrad and once again, after t"e collapse of t"e So#iet ;nion, St* Petersburg- fell into t"e "andof t"e re#olutionaries* Soon t"e re#olutionaries too( Moscow, t"e C6ar ga#e up "is t"rone and t"e first Pro#isional Go#ernment wasformed on ) Marc"* '"e famous poet Maya(o#s(y, e


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go#ernment, called t"e Council of People3s Commissars, "eaded by Eenin was formed* '"ese first acts of t"e new go#ernment were "aileas t"e beginning of t"e era of socialism*

'"e 4ctober &e#olution "ad been almost completely peaceful* 4nly two persons were reported (illed in Petrograd on t"e day t"e&e#olution too( place* owe#er, soon t"e new state was in#ol#ed in a ci#il war* '"e officers of t"e army of t"e fallen C6ar organised anarmed rebellion against t"e So#iet state* 'roops of foreign powers R %ngland, France, apan, ;nited States and ot"er R=oined t"em* War raged till )./* 1y t"is time t"e &ed 2rmy3 of t"e new state was in control of almost all t"e lands of t"e old C6arist empire* '"e &ed 2rmy was badly e8uipped and composed mainly of wor(ers and peasants owe#er, it won o#er better e8uipped and better trained force =ust as t"e citi6en armies in t"e 2merican and Frenc" re#olutions "ad won*

Conseuences of the 2e:olution

'"e o#ert"row of autocracy and t"e destruction of t"e aristocracy and t"e power of t"e c"urc" were t"e first ac"ie#ements of t"e &ussian&e#olution* '"e C6arist empire was transformed into a new state called t"e ;nion of So#iet Socialist &epublics +;*S*S*&- for s"ort So#iet;nion* '"e policies of t"e new state were to be directed to t"e reali6ation of t"e old socialist ideal, from eac" according to "is capacity, teac" according to "is wor(3* Pri#ate property in t"e means of production was abolis"ed and t"e moti#e of pri#ate profit eliminated fromt"e system of production* %conomic planning by t"e state was adopted to build a tec"nologically ad#anced economy at a fast rate and toeliminate glaring ine8ualities in society* Wor( became an essential re8uirement for e#ery person t"ere was no unearned income to li#eon* '"e rig"t to wor( became a constitutional rig"t and it became t"e duty of t"e state to pro#ide employment to e#ery indi#idual*%ducation of t"e entire people was gi#en a "ig" priority* '"e e8uality of all t"e nationalities in t"e ; S S*&* was recogni6ed in t"econstitution framed in ).9 and later in )0J* '"e constitution ga#e t"e republics formed by t"e nationalities autonomy to de#elop t"eirlanguages and cultures* '"ese de#elopments were particularly significant for t"e 2sian republics of ; S*S & w"ic" were muc" more bac(ward t"an t"e %uropean part*

Wit"in a few years of t"e re#olution, t"e So#iet ;nion emerged as a ma=or power in t"e world* '"e social and economic systems t"at

began to be built t"ere was "ailed by many as t"e beginning of a new ci#ili6ation w"ile ot"ers called it an e#il system 2fter about B/ yearof t"e re#olution, t"e system collapsed and in )) t"e So#iet ;nion ceased to e


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assistance of #arious (inds to Sun !at Sen in "is struggle for t"e unification of C"ina* '"e &ussian &e#olution also influenced t"emo#ements for independence in so far as t"e latter gradually broadened t"e ob=ecti#es of independence to include social and economice8uality t"roug" planned economic de#elopment* Writing about t"e &ussian &e#olution in "is 2utobiograp"y, awa"arlal Ne"rusaid, #t made me think of politics much more in terms of social change."

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%urope in t"is period "ad dangerous conse8uences not only for t"e peoples of %urope but for t"e w"ole world* '"e most dangerous

de#elopment was t"e triump" of fascism in Italy and Germany w"ic" pa#ed t"e way for t"e Second World War*

Fascism in Italy

2 number of political mo#ements w"ic" arose in %urope after t"e First World War are generally gi#en t"e name fascist3 * '"e common

features of t"ese mo#ements were t"eir "ostility to democracy and socialism, and t"e aim of establis"ing dictators"ips* '"ey succeeded,

in many countries of %urope, suc" as, ungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Germany, Spain* '"eir success in Italy and Germany "ad t"e

most serious conse8uences*

'"e term fascism3 is of Italian origin* It was first used for t"e mo#ement w"ic" started in Italy under t"e leaders"ip of 1enito Mussolini

Mussolini "ad organised armed gangs against socialists and communists in ))* !ou "a#e read earlier about t"e unification of Italy and

"er imperialist ambitions* '"e Italian go#ernment "ad s"own little concern for t"e welfare of t"e agricultural and industrial wor(ers

w"ose conditions were miserable in t"e e


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to pay to t"e 2llied powers* In ). occurred t"e most serious economic crisis w"ic" affected all t"e capitalist countries of t"e world*

2bout t"is, you will read later* 2s a result of t"is crisis, eig"t million wor(ers, about "alf of t"e wor(ing population of Germany, were

rendered unemployed* It was during t"is period t"at t"e Na6i Party, w"ic" was no more t"an a conspiratorial group in t"e beginning,

began to spread its influence* '"e Social @emocratic Party and t"e Communist Party were powerful parties wit" "uge following* '"ese

two parties, "owe#er, failed to unite against t"e Na6is*

'"e #ictory of Na6ism in Germany, li(e t"at of fascism in Italy, was neit"er t"e outcome of a popular uprising, nor t"e result of a s"am

marc" on 1erlin suc" as Mussolini3s on &ome* In t"e elections "eld in Germany before itler came to power, t"e Na6i Party "ad polled

less #otes t"an t"e Socialist and Communist #ote put toget"er* It "ad won only )J seats out of a total of about J/* itler3s coming to

power was t"e result of political intrigues* In spite of "is poor s"owing in t"e elections, itler was appointed t"e C"ancellor of Germany

by t"e President of Germany on 0/ anuary )00* Wit"in a few wee(s, t"e entire fabric of democracy in Germany was s"attered* Soon

after coming to power, itler ordered fres" elections and let loose a reign of terror* 2ssassination of anti?Na6i leaders was organi6ed on a

large scale* 4n .B February )00, t"e &eic"stag +Parliament- building was set on fire by t"e Na6is* '"e Communist Party Germany was

blamed for t"e fire and was suppressed* In spite of t"e terror organi6ed by t"e Na6is, t"e Na6i Party could not win a ma=ority of seats in

Parliament* owe#er, itler assumed dictatorial powers and, in )09, became t"e President* 'rade unions were suppressed and

t"ousands of socialists, communists and antiNa6i political leaders were e


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fall in t"e #alue of s"ares "ad created so muc" panic t"at in one day )J million s"ares were sold in New !or( Stoc( %


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employment* 2s a result of t"e New @eal, t"e economy of t"e ;nited States reco#ered from t"e crisis and t"e industrial production

pic(ed up again* In )0, "owe#er, t"ere were still million unemployed people in t"e ;nited States*

'"e ;nited States "ad retained "er position as a mig"ty power* owe#er, "er foreign policy was not #ery different from t"at of 1ritain

and France* S"e, li(e 1ritain and France, did not adopt a strong position to resist aggressi#e acts of fascist powers until after t"e outbrea

of t"e Second World War w"en s"e "erself "ad to enter t"e war*

'"e %mergence of t"e So#iet ;nion

'"e period after t"e First World War saw t"e emergence of t"e So#iet ;nion as a ma=or power and s"e began to play a crucial role in world affairs* '"e military inter#ention by 1ritain, France, ;S2 and apan in &ussia in support of t"e counterre#olutionary forces "as

already been mentioned* 1y )./ t"e counterre#olutionary forces "ad been defeated and t"e foreign armies dri#en out*

&ussia3s participation in t"e First World War and t"e long period of ci#il war and foreign inter#ention w"ic" followed t"e re#olution "ad

completely s"attered t"e economy of t"e country* '"is was a period of acute economic distress for t"e people* '"ere was a se#ere

s"ortage of food* '"e production of industrial goods "ad fallen far below t"e prewar le#el* 'o ma(e t"e distribution of goods e8uitable in

conditions of se#ere scarcity, certain strong measures were ta(en* '"e peasants were made to part wit" t"eir produce w"ic" was in e


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'"e So#iet ;nion was not recogni6ed by most %uropean powers and ;S2 for a long time* !ou "a#e read before t"at s"e was not allowed

to be represented at t"e Peace Conference w"ic" was "eld at t"e end of t"e First World War nor in t"e Eeague of Nations* S"e remained

surrounded by countries w"ic" were openly "ostile to "er* owe#er, wit" its growing strengt" s"e could not be ignored and gradually

one country after anot"er recogni6ed "er* 1ritain establis"ed diplomatic relations wit" t"e So#iet ;nion in )00* In )09 s"e also becam

a member of t"e Eeague of Nations* owe#er, in spite of t"e ending of t"e isolation of t"e So#iet ;nion, t"e "ostility towards t"e So#iet

;nion continued* '"e So#iet ;nion followed a policy of support to t"e mo#ements for independence* '"e "elp gi#en to C"ina is notable

in t"is conte


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'"e nationalist mo#ement in 'ur(ey was organised to pre#ent t"e domination of t"e country by t"e 2llied powers and t"e anne


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clai med to "a#e been fig"ting against communism and were united in )0B under t"e 2ntiComintern Pact* +Comintern is s"ort for

Communist International w"ic", as mentioned before, "ad been formed after t"e &ussian &e#olution and to w"ic" t"e Communist

Parties of #arious countries were affiliated*- Germany, Italy and apan came to be (nown as t"e 2


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In )0, Italy in#aded %t"iopia 4n t"e appeal of %t"iopia, t"e Eeague of Nations passed a resolution condemning Italy as an aggressor*

'"e resolution also mentioned t"e use of economic sanctions against Italy, including a ban on t"e sale of arms to Italy* owe#er, no

action was ta(en to punis" Italy and by )0J Italy "ad completed t"e con8uest of %t"iopia*

'"e Spanis" Ci#il War

'"e ne


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'"e Second World War, li(e t"e First, started in %urope and assumed t"e c"aracter of a world war* In spite of t"e fact t"at Westerncountries "ad ac8uiesced in all t"e aggressions of apan, Italy and Germany from t"e in#asion of Manc"uria to t"e anne


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a#ing con8uered almost t"e entire %urope, eecond Front

'"e fascist countries began to suffer re#erses in ot"er areas also* apan "ad failed to capture 2ustralia and awaii* In Nort" 2frica, t"eGerman and Italian troops were routed by early )90* '"e destruction of t"e fascist army in Nort" 2frica was also a ma=or turning pointin t"e war* In uly )90, 1ritis" and 2merican troops occupied Sicily* Many sections in Italy "ad turned against Mussolini* e wasarrested and a new go#ernment was formed* '"is go#ernment =oined t"e war against Germany* owe#er, German troops in#adednort"ern Italy and Mussolini, w"o "ad escaped wit" t"e "elp of Germans, "eaded a proGerman go#ernment t"ere* Meanw"ile, 1ritis"

and 2merican troops entered Italy and a long battle to t"row t"e Germans out of Italy followed* '"e So#iet ;nion was attainingsignificant #ictories against Germany and "ad already entered C6ec"oslo#a(ia and &umania w"ic" "ad been under German occupation*

4n J une )99, more t"an )//,/// 1ritis" and 2merican troops landed on t"e coast of Normandy in France* 1y September t"eirnumber "ad reac"ed .,///,///* '"e opening of t"is front played a #ery crucial role in t"e defeat of Germany* '"is is (nown as t"eopening of t"e Second Front3* Since )9. in %urope t"e most ferocious battles "ad been foug"t between Germany and t"e So#iet ;nion*'"e So#iet ;nion "ad been demanding t"e opening of t"e second front for long, as t"is would compel Germany to fig"t on ot"er frontsalso and would t"us "asten t"e defeat of Germany* From t"is time onwards t"e German armies were on t"e run on all fronts*

5nd of the War in 5urope

2fter J une )99, German armies "ad to face t"e forces of t"e 2llies from t"ree directions* In Italy, t"e 1ritis" and 2merican troops were ad#ancing* Nort"ern and western France and t"e city of Paris "ad been freed and t"e 2llied troops were mo#ing towards 1elgiumand olland 4n t"e eastern front, t"e Germans were facing a collapse* '"e So#iet army from t"e east and ot"er 2llied troops from t"e

west were closing on Germany* 4n May )9 t"e So#iet armies entered 1erlin* itler "ad committed suicide on t"e morning of t"e same


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So far, in t"e 4ld NC%&' Class)/, we3#e seen following

C"*No*details

) Imperialism, Coloni6ation of 2sia, 2frica and 2mericas

) WW)

) &ussian &e#olution

) Interwar years and WW.

Now )0t" C"apter deals wit" World after Second World War, Cold War, N2M*

'"e ;PSC GS Syllabus is silent about Cold war, w"ile N2M is too clic"]d and outdated topic for International relations+I&-, still t"is)0t" c"apter remains rele#ant in conte


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Chapter Introduction

'% world "as been completely transformed during t"e years since t"e end of t"e Second World War in )9* Its political map "as alsoc"anged* '"e influence and t"e dominations w"ic" a few %uropean imperialist powers e


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'"e di#ision of Germany "ad been a source of tension in %urope and a ma=or factor in t"e Cold War* %ast 1erlin was t"e capital of %astGermany +German @emocratic &epublic or G@&- w"ile West 1erlin w"ic" was located wit"in t"e G@& territory was treated as a part of West Germany +Federal &epublic of Germany or F&G-*

In )J), t"e G@& aut"orities built a wall between %ast and West 1erlin to pre#ent %ast Germans from going away to West 1erlin*

'"e building of t"e wall became a furt"er source of tension in %urope* '"e process of ending communist rule in G@& and of t"e

reunification of Germany began in )D w"en t"e 1erlin Wall was opened and political parties w"ic" were outside t"e control of t"ecommunist party +called t"e Socialist ;nity Party- were allowed to function* In early )/ elections were "eld and a new go#ernmentcame to power* 4n 0 4ctober )/, t"e di#ision of Germany was ended and a unified Germany again emerged*

France and Ital(! rise of communism

In ot"er parts of %urope also, important political c"anges too( place* '"e Communist parties of France and Italy "ad played animportant role in t"e resistance mo#ements in t"ese countries* '"ey "ad emerged as powerful parties at t"e end of t"e war*

France

In t"e first go#ernment formed in France after t"e war, t"e Communist Party of France was represented* owe#er, it 8uit t"ego#ernment in )9B because of differences o#er economic policies and o#er t"e 8uestion of independence for t"e countries comprisingIndoC"ina* '"e Frenc" go#ernment was trying to reestablis" its rule o#er IndoC"ina w"ic" t"e Communist Party opposed*

Italy

In t"e Italian go#ernment, t"e Communist Party and t"e Socialist Party were an important force* In )9J, monarc"y was abolis"ed andItaly became a republic* In )9B t"e C"ristian @emocratic Party came to power and t"e Communist Party 8uit t"e go#ernment* owe#ere#en t"oug" t"e Communist and Socialist parties were out of t"e go#ernment in t"ese two countries, t"ey were toget"er a powerful forcein t"e politics of t"e two countries* For many years, in bot" t"ese countries, t"e socialist parties became t"e ruling parties eit"er alone orin alliance wit" ot"er parties '"e Communist parties, "owe#er, were almost t"roug"out t"e period after )9D (ept out of t"ego#ernment* In recent years, w"ile t"e Italian Communist Party Rit is now called t"e @emocratic Party of t"e EeftO"as remained apowerful force, t"e influence of t"e Frenc" Communist Party "as declined

$ritain! 2ise of 6a%our Part(

In 1ritain, t"e elections were "eld in uly )9* '"e Conser#ati#e Party w"ose leader Winston C"urc"ill "ad been t"e Prime Minister

during t"e war lost and t"e Eabour Party came to power* India won "er independence during t"is period* @uring t"e Eabour Party3s rulemany significant c"anges too( place in t"e economy of t"e country* Many important industries suc" as coal mines and railways werenationali6ed* Steps were ta(en to pro#ide social security to t"e people, and to build a welfare state in 1ritain* In )), t"e Conser#ati#eParty was returned to power and t"e Eabour Party became t"e ruling party in )J9* '"us, neit"er of t"ese parties remained in power forlong and bot" of t"e parties were more or less e8ually matc"ed* 4nly in recent years, t"ere seems to "a#e been a decline in t"e influenceof t"e Eabour Party*

'"e political system in most countries of Western %urope was based on t"e parliamentary form of go#ernment* '"eir economies "adsuffered a serious setbac(, and it affected t"eir international position* Gradually t"roug" t"eir own efforts and wit" massi#e 2mericanaid, t"ese countries were soon on t"e way to rebuild t"eir economies owe#er, t"e domination t"at t"ese countries e


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Many c"anges of great "istorical importance "a#e ta(en place in t"e So#iet ;nion and in countries of %astern and Central %urope* '"emost significant of t"ese "as been t"e collapse of t"e So#iet ;nion and t"e ending of t"e communist regimes t"ere and in ot"er countrieof %urope* In )J, t"ree years after t"e deat" of Stalin, t"e Communist Party of So#iet ;nion "ad denounced t"e e


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New Name 4ld Name

)* &ussian Federation &SFS&

) a6a("stan a6a(" SS&

) %stonia %stonian SS&

) Eat#ia Eat#ian SS&

) Eit"uania Eit"uanian SS&

) ;(raine ;(rainian SS&

) Moldo#a Molda#ian SS&

) 2rmenia 2rmenian SS&

) Georgia Georgian SS&

) 26erbai=an 26erbai=an SS&

) 'ur(menistan 'ur(men SS&

) ;6be(istan ;6be( SS&

) 'a=i(istan 'a=i( SS&

) 1elarus 1yelorussian SS&

) yrgy6stan rig"i6 SS&


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%8ually important c"anges "a#e ta(en place m t"ose countries of %urope w"ic" were ruled by communist parties* '"ere "ad beenoutbursts of resentment in some of t"ese countries against So#iet control and against t"e So#iet supported communist go#ernmentssince t"e )/s* '"ere were occasions w"en So#iet troops were used to suppress t"e unrest in t"ese countries* '"e c"anges in t"e So#iet;nion affected t"ese countries directly* '"ere were mass up"ea#als in all t"ese countries in t"e late )D/s* 1y )D, So#iet control o#ert"em came to an end* '"e monopoly of political power en=oyed by t"e communist parties in t"ese countries was ended* '"ere were freeelections and new go#ernments were formed* It is notable t"at t"ese far reac"ing c"anges too( place in most countries wit"out t"e use o #iolence* In some countries, leaders w"o "ad misused t"eir position for personal gain and power were tried and =ailed* Many communisparties R no longer ruling parties in t"eir countries R e


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2fter WW.: Cold War, N2'4, C%N'4, S%2'4, Warsaw and N2M +Part . of 9-

&he Cold War

2 ma=or feature of t"e "istory of t"e world for almost four decades after t"e end of t"e Second World War was t"e antagonism betweent"e ;nited States and t"e So#iet ;nion and t"e armed confrontation between t"e military blocs "eaded by t"em* '"is was t"e period oft"e Cold War and t"e race in t"e designing and production of e#er new weapons of mass destruction* It posed a danger to t"e #erysur#i#al of "uman(ind*

Since t"e end of t"e First World War, t"e ;nited States "ad emerged as t"e strongest power in t"e world* 2fter t"e Second World War,"er power "ad grown still more compared wit" t"e %uropean powers w"o "ad dominated t"e world for centuries* '"is was bot" in t"esp"eres of economic and military strengt"* 2fter s"e ac8uired t"e atom bomb, t"e awareness of "er power was furt"er strengt"ened* '";nited States at t"at time was t"e only country w"ic" possessed t"e atom bomb*

Ne


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In ) t"e 1ag"dad Pact was broug"t into being* It consisted of 1ritain, 'ur(ey, Ira8, Pa(istan and Iran* '"e ;nited States establis"edits military bases all o#er t"e world for use against w"at s"e considered t"e danger of communist aggression* '"e formation of t"esealliances and t"e establis"ment of military bases worsened t"e already tense international situation* '"ese alliances and t"e military bases came to be loo(ed upon by countries, w"ic" were not members of t"e alliances, as a danger to peace and to t"eir independence* Insome countries w"ic" were members of t"ese alliances, t"ese alliances were #ery unpopular* For e


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80 History- Mruna

In t"e )B/s and early )D/s, some beginnings were made to end t"e Cold War* 2greements were reac"ed between t"e ;nited States andt"e So#iet ;nion to eliminate some categories of carriers of nuclear weapons and to reduce t"e number of certain types of weaponsinstalled in certain areas* '"e process of ending t"e Cold War, "owe#er, suffered many setbac(s, for e


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Many newly independent nations of 2sia and 2frica as well as many nations in ot"er continents did not li(e t"e military blocs* '"ey began to follow a policy of nonalignment wit" any military bloc* '"eir emergence played a #ery important role in reducing t"e intensity t"e Cold War and in creating an atmosp"ere of peace* 2 crucial role in promoting nonalignment and peace was played by India after "erindependence*

'"e emergence of t"e countries of 2sia and 2frica as independent nations mar(ed a new p"ase in t"e "istory of t"e world* '"esecountries w"ic" "ad been suppressed and (ept under sub=ugation for a long time came to t"eir own and began to play an important rolein t"e world* Similar de#elopments "a#e also ta(en place in Central and Sout" 2merica and t"e Caribbean* '"e countries w"ic" wereunder %uropean colonial rule in t"is part of t"e world "a#e become independent '"e ;nited States fre8uently interfered in t"e internalaffairs of t"ese countries, particularly w"en radical go#ernments came to power and tried to assert t"eir political and economicindependence* 4ne of t"e significant de#elopments in t"is region was t"e Cuban re#olution w"ic" o#ert"rew t"e corrupt and dictatorial

go#ernment "eaded by $atista on 0) @ecember )D* In )J), t"e ;nited States sent mercenaries to Cuba but t"e in#asion ended in afiasco and was crus"ed in less t"an t"ree days*

a#ing common problems and s"aring common aspirations, t"e peoples of t"ese countries began to act toget"er alt"oug" t"ere was noorgani6ation binding t"em* owe#er, t"ey began to de#elop some common understanding on world affairs, particularly on t"e 8uestionof t"e independence of nations w"ic" were still under foreign rule*

1andung Conference

In ), an important e#ent too( place w"ic" "elped to strengt"en t"e unity of 2frican and 2sian countries* '"is was t"e 2fro 2sianconference w"ic" was "eld at $andung in Indonesia* '"e conference was attended by .0 2sian and J 2frican countries* '"e leaders ot"ree 2sian nations, India, C"ina and Indonesia played an important role in t"e deliberations of t"is conference* '"e growing importancof t"e 2fro 2sian countries was reflected in t"e ;nited Nations w"ere on a number of issues t"e countries of 2sia and 2frica functionedas a group*

N2M: opposition to Military blocs

2not"er significant de#elopment in t"e world after t"e independence of 2sian and 2frican countries was t"e emergence of Non 2lignedMo#ement* !ou "a#e read before about t"e Cold War and t"e formation of military blocs and t"e growt" of tension in many parts of t"e world* Most of t"e newly independent countries of 2sia and 2frica refused to =oin t"e Cold War* '"ey considered t"e formation ofmilitary blocs as a serious danger to peace and to t"eir independence* '"ese countries were faced wit" t"e enormous tas( of social andeconomic reconstruction w"ic" could be done only in a world free from war and tension* Some countries in 2sia "ad =oined t"e militaryalliances and "ad allowed foreign bases to be set up on t"eir soil* '"e e


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82 History- Mruna

9* condemnation of racial discrimination

* opposition to military alliances

J* disarmament

B* respect for "uman rig"ts

D* establis"ment of economic relations between nations based on e8uality and free from e


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83 History- Mruna

independent* '"ey won t"eir independence t"roug" long and "ard struggles against colonial powers* 'o some countries independence

came only after long and bitter armed, struggle, to ot"ers wit"out muc" bloods"ed but not wit"out a long period of strife* Generally, t"e

colonial powers were not willing to gi#e up t"eir "old on t"e colonies and left only w"en t"ey found t"at it was not possible to maintain

t"eir rule any more, @uring t"e Second World War, many imperialist countries "ad been ousted from t"eir colonies, but after t"e war

t"ey tried to reestablis" t"eir rule* For some time t"ey succeeded in doing so but were ultimately forced to wit"draw*

'"e ac"ie#ement of independence was t"e result primarily of t"e struggles of t"e peoples of t"e colonies* owe#er, t"e c"anges in t"e

international climate w"ic" followed t"e Second World War "elped t"e peoples struggling for independence Imperialism as a w"ole "ad

been wea(ened as a result of t"e war* '"e economies of many imperialist countries "ad suffered* Forces wit"in t"e imperialist countries

w"ic" were friendly wit" t"e peoples struggling for independence also "ad grown powerful* Freedom and democracy were t"e ma=or

aims for w"ic" t"e 2llies "ad foug"t against t"e fascist countries and t"ese aims "ad been made t"e basis for arousing peoples all o#er

t"e world against fascism* '"e fulfilment of t"ese aims could no longer be confined only to %urope, as "ad been done after t"e First

World War* In many colonies w"ic" fascist countries "ad occupied by ousting t"e older colonial powers, t"e freedom mo#ements "ad

played an important role in t"e struggle against fascist occupation* For e


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troops landed t"ere in order to "elp t"e @utc" to restore t"eir rule* '"e go#ernment of independent Indonesia w"ic" "ad been formed b

Su(arno resisted t"e attempt to reestablis" colonial rule* '"ere were demands in many countries of t"e world to put an end to t"e war

w"ic" "ad been started in Indonesia to restore t"e @utc" rule* In 2sian countries, t"e reaction was particularly intense* '"e leaders of

t"e Indian freedom mo#ement demanded t"at Indian soldiers, w"o "ad been sent to Indonesia as a part of t"e 1ritis" army s"ould be

wit"drawn* 2fter India became free, s"e con#ened a conference of 2sian nations in support of Indonesia3s independence* '"e conferenc

met in New @el"i in anuary )9 and called for t"e complete independence of Indonesia* '"e resistance of t"e Indonesian people and

t"e mounting pressure of world opinion and 2sian countries compelled olland to set t"e leaders of Indonesian people free* 4n .

No#ember )9, olland recogni6ed t"e independence of Indonesia*

Sri Ean(a, '"ailand, P"ilippines and Malaysia

S&I E2N2 Wit"in a few mont"s of, India3s independence, Sri Ean(a +Ceylon- also became free in February )9D*

'2IE2N@ '"ailand "ad been occupied by apan and after t"e defeat of apan became independent*

PIEIPPIN%

S

@uring t"e war, apan "ad dri#en out t"e 2merican forces from t"e P"ilippines* In )9J, t"e go#ernment of t"e

;nited States agreed to t"e independence of t"e P"ilippines*

M2E2!2SI2 In Malaya 1ritis" rule "ad been reestablis"ed after t"e war* In )B, Malaya +now Malaysia- became an independentnation*

C"inese &e#olution

!ou "a#e read earlier about t"e unity between t"e uomintang and t"e Communist Party of C"ina w"ic" "ad been built under t"e

leaders"ip of @r* Sun !at?Sen for t"e complete independence and unification of C"ina* '"is unity "ad been bro(en after t"e deat" of Sun

!at?Sen and a ci#il war started in C"ina between t"e uomintang under t"e leaders"ip of C"iang ai?S"e( and t"e Communist Party of

C"ina, w"ose most important leader was Mao Yedong* 2fter t"e apanese in#asion of C"ina, t"e two parties and t"eir armies cooperated

for some time to resist t"e apanese aggression* owe#er, t"e conflicts between t"e two ne#er ceased* '"e uomintang under C"iang

ai?S"e( was a party w"ic" mainly represented t"e interests of capitalists and landlords* '"e Communist Party, on t"e ot"er "and, was

party of wor(ers and peasants* In t"e areas under Communist Party3s control, t"e estates of landlords "ad been e


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'"e #ictory of t"e Communist re#olution in C"ina was a world s"a(ing e#ent* '"e most populous country in t"e world "ad come under

communist rule* 1esides t"e socialist countries of %urope, t"ere were now two mig"ty powers in t"e world Rt"e So#iet ;nion and C"ina

RW"ic" were ruled by communist parties* Imperialism was furt"er wea(ened in 2sia as a result of t"e C"inese re#olution*

C"ina #s ;S2

'"e establis"ment of t"e People3s &epublic of C"ina was a defeat for t"e ;nited?States* S"e refused to recogni6e t"e go#ernment of C"in

for o#er two decades* 2ccording to t"e ;nited States, t"e legal go#ernment of C"ina was t"at of C"iang aiS"e( in 'aiwan +Formosa-*

1ecause of t"e ;S attitude, t"e most populous country in t"e world was denied e#en members"ip of t"e ;nited Nations for o#er two

decades*

C"ina #s India

For many years, friendly relations e


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different go#ernments in orea were formed in )9D* See t"e Map

Nort" @emocratic People3s &epublic of orea +Nort" orea- under t"e leaders"ip of orean Communists

Sout" '"e &epublic of orea +Sout" orea- by a group of parties under t"e leaders"ip of Syngman &"ee*

&"ee was an anticommunist and wanted an alliance wit" C"iang aiS"e( to pre#ent t"e spread of communism* 1ot" t"e states organi6e

t"eir armies and t"ere were fre8uent clas"es between t"em* In )9D, t"e So#iet troops wit"drew from orea followed by t"e 2merican

troops w"o wit"drew in )9* 1ot" t"e go#ernments of orea fa#oured unification of t"e country but t"ere was no meeting ground

between t"em*

In une )/ war bro(e out between Nort" and Sout" orea* '"e C"inese re#olution "ad already ta(en place and t"e ;nited States

feared furt"er e


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Kietnam since soon after t"e end of t"e First World War* '"e Kietnamese people under o C"iMin"3 s leaders"ip resisted t"e apanese

occupation and organi6ed a people3s army called t"e Kiet Min"* 1y t"e time t"e Second World War ended, t"e Kiet Mirt" controlled a

large part of Kietnam* In 2ugust )9, t"e @emocratic &epublic of Kietnam was proclaimed wit" o C"iMin" as President* owe#er, t"

1ritis" troops as well as t"e troops of C"iang aiS"e( arri#ed in Kietnam in t"e prete


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'"e emergence of Kietnam as a united and independent nation is an "istoric e#ent in t"e "istory of t"e world* 2 small country "ad

succeeded in winning "er independence and unification in t"e face of t"e armed opposition of t"e greatest power in t"e world* '"e "elp

gi#en to Kietnam by t"e socialist countries, t"e political support e


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'"ere was an upsurge in all t"e 2rab countries at t"is time and t"e )/s saw t"eir emergence as independent nations* Some countries w"ic" "ad been nominally free asserted t"eir independence* '"ere were also mo#ements to o#ert"row t"e outdated political systems w"ic" e


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and France* '"ree mont"s later, Israel, 1ritain and France, according to a plan, in#aded %gypt* '"e aggression committed against %gyptled to worldwide protests* '"e countries of 2sia #oiced t"eir #e"ement condemnation of t"e in#asion* '"ere were massi#e protestdemonstrations against t"e 1ritis" go#ernment inside 1ritain also* '"e So#iet ;nion warned t"e aggressor countries t"at unless t"ey wit"drew from %gypt, s"e would send "er forces to crus" t"e aggressors* 2lmost e#ery country in t"e world, including t"e ;nited States,denounced 1ritain, France and Israel in t"e ;nited Nations* '"e uni#ersal condemnation of aggression led to t"e wit"drawal of 1ritis"and Frenc" forces from %gypt* '"e ending of aggression strengt"ened furt"er t"e unity of 2sian and 2frican countries in general and of 2rab countries in particular* It also s"owed t"e growing strengt" of t"e countries w"ic" "ad won t"eir independence only a few yearsago* '"e Sue6 War also added to t"e prestige and influence of t"e So#iet ;nion as a friend of t"e peoples w"o were trying to assert t"eirindependence*

6i%(a! 3addafi

In ZWorld istory[ Coloni6ation of 2frica article, we saw t"at Eibya "ad come under Italian rule in )))* @uring t"e Second World War,some of t"e most ferocious battles between German and 1ritis" troops were foug"t in Eibya* 2t t"e end of t"e war, t"e country wasoccupied by 1ritain and France* In )), Eibya became independent wit" a monarc"ical form of go#ernment* From )J/ s"e became oneof t"e largest petroleum producing countries in t"e world and as a result some sections of Eibyan society grew #ery ric" w"ile t"ema=ority of t"e population remained e


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1etween )J) and )J9, a number of countries in %ast and Central 2frica also became independent* '"ese were enya, ;ganda,'anganyi(a, Yan6ibar, Nyasaland, Nort"ern &"odesia, &wanda and 1urundi*

Sierra Eeone, Gambia, Eesot"o +formerly 1asutoland- and 1otswana +formerly 1ec"uanaland- also gained t"eir independence*

Len(a! Mau Mau re%ellion

'"e freedom mo#ement in enya was led by omo enyatta, leader of t"e enya 2frican ;nion* In )., a re#olt by peasants "ad bro(enout* '"is is (nown as t"e Mau Mau rebellion* It was directed against t"e sei6ure of land by t"e 1ritis" colonial aut"orities* 'o suppresst"e rebellion, ),/// enyans were (illed and about D/,/// sent to concentration camps* omo enyatta was imprisoned in )0 on t"e

c"arge of supporting t"e Mau Mau rebellion* a#ing failed to suppress t"e freedom mo#ement, 1ritain "ad to gi#e in and enya becameindependent in )J0*

Many of t"e newly independent countries of 2frica faced serious problems during t"e years following t"eir independence* '"e imperialipowers tried t"eir best "i maintain t"eir "old o#er t"eir former colonies by direct inter#ention and by creating dissensions* In Congo, forinstance, 1elgium, wit" t"e "elp of some ot"er countries and t"e mercenaries from #arious countries, broug"t about t"e secession of t"eric" pro#ince of atanga* 4n t"e appeal of Patrice Eumumba, Prime Minister of Congo, ;nited Nations troops were sent to bring aboutt"e wit"drawal of foreign troops and mercenaries* owe#er, Patrice Eumumba was assassinated and t"e country t"rown into c"aos for anumber of years*

Portuguese Colonies

1efore t"e end of t"e )J/s, almost entire 2frica, wit" t"e e


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.* ow was t"e political map of %urope after t"e war different from t"e prewar daysA

0* W"at is meant by Cold War B W"at were t"e factors w"ic" ga#e rise to itA

9* 'race t"e "istory of t"e freedom mo#ements in 2sian countries*

* W"at were t"e main aims of t"e foreign policy of t"e ;nited StatesA W"at was t"e reason for t"e military inter#ention of t"e;nited States in KietnamA W"at were its conse8uencesA

J* W"at was t"e impact of t"e Portuguese re#olution of )B9 on t"e Portuguese colonies in 2fricaA

B* W"at are t"e countries in 2frica in w"ic" t"e struggle for liberation is still going on A

D* W"at is meant by nonalignmentA W"y did most of t"e newly independent countries follow t"is policyA

* 'race t"e "istory of t"e freedom mo#ements in 2frica

)/* @escribe t"e c"anges w"ic" "a#e ta(en place in Sout" 2frica after )D

))* 'race t"e de#elopments t"at led to t"e collapse of t"e So#iet ;nion*

).* @escribe t"e mainc"anges w"ic" "a#e occurred in Germany and t"e countries of Sout"ern %urope since )D

)0* 4n an outline map of %urope, s"ow t"e countries w"ic" came to "a#e communist go#ernments after t"e Second World War

)9* Collect information on t"e 2frican countries w"ic" gained t"eir independence after )J/, S"ow t"ese countries on a map

)* 'ry to get a copy of t"e declaration issued by t"e summit of t"e Non?2ligned Mo#ement "eld at a(arta in ). @isplay it in t"eclassroom

)J* Prepare a list of countries w"ere summits of t"e Non?2ligned Mo#ement "a#e b een "eld as well as a list of participatingcountries

)B* Collect information about de#elopments w"ic" "a#e ta(en place in Sout" 2frica after )0 and prepare a report

)D* Collect information about t"e situation in !ugosla#ia and t"e steps ta(en to implement t"e agreement between Israel and PE4since )0*

)* @iscuss t"e factors w"ic" led to t"e wea(ening of imperialism after t"e Second World War

./* @o you t"in( t"e Cold War "as finally endedA

.)* Some countries of 2sia "ad become members of military alliances* @o you t"in( it "elped in strengt"ening t"eir independenceA W"y A 4r w"y not A Gi#e arguments wit" e


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)* coloni6ation, decoloni6ation

.* 'wo world wars

0* +Political p"ilosop"ies li(e- Communism and its effect on t"e society

Now mo#ing to 4ld NC%&' Class , c"apter B* In t"is c"apter, we3ll see Industrial re#olution, political p"ilosop"ies li(e Capitalism ant"eir effect on t"e society*

Introduction to Chapter

• '4W2&@S t"e end of t"e middle 2ges, feudalism as an economic system "ad started declining* '"is process was furt"ered byt"e &enaissance and ot"er de#elopments* '"e rise of towns and cities and t"e growt" in trade stimulated t"e production ofmanufactured goods*

• '"ere was an increase in t"e demand for goods w"ic" pre#iously "ad been considered lu


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• Mines in t"e newly con8uered areas in t"e 2mericas were also e


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96 History- Mruna

9* %ngland "ad plenty of natural resources, suc" as iron and coal, essential for industries* '"e sources of iron and coal e


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• '"ese e#ents were followed by a great wa#e of railroad construction in %ngland and t"e ;nited States* 2s early as)D0 in 6ord Ealhousies time, t"e first railroad was laid in India*

&oads

• '"e need to transport raw materials and manufactured products led to t"e impro#ement of roads and t"e diggingof canalsR in %ngland and ot"er countries*

• Mc 2dam de#ised t"e met"od of ma(ing pa((a or >macadami


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!lick to 3nlarge

In a little more t"an fifty years after t"e use of mac"ines began, %ngland "ad become t"e world3s leading industrial nation* 1etween )D)0and )D, for e


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• 'owards t"e end of t"e )t" century apan was industrial

Documents

World & Indian History (Prelim & Mains)