World History Final Exam ReviewPOWERPOINT 2: NEW PATTERNS OF CIVILIZATION

ISLAM, EARLY AFRICA, EARLY ASIA, EARLY AMERICA, EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES

Islam (600-1500) Monotheistic religion (Allah is the only god)

Quran (holy book)

Mosque: Muslim house of worship

Founded in the Arabian Peninsula (Middle East)

Founded by Muhammad who is viewed as the last and greatest prophet

Five Pillars of Islam are the 5 practices of worship that help Muslims achieve eternal paradise

After Muhammad’s death, it was unclear who should lead the faith. Caliphs (successors) eventually led the faith to become not only a

growing religion, but also an empire.

Jihad

Sunni-Shia Split dealing with who should lead the faith

Sunnis (majority of Muslims throughout its history) believe any good Muslim can be caliph

Shiite believe only descendants of Muhammad should lead the faith

Crusades

Christian leaders from the Byzantine Empire would ask for these holy wars against the Muslims. Purpose: Christians wished to retake the Holy Lands of the Middle

East into Christian territory

Had little lasting impact on the Muslims (as the Crusades were not successful)

Opened the Muslim Empire to be invaded by Mongols

Had a larger impact on Europeans as they became aware of the goods available from the east—European and Arab trade increased as European merchants wanted Arab goods.

Mongols

Pastoral nomads who moved into the Muslim Empire (they were not Muslims)

Destructive in conquests often burning cities and farms leading to mass starvation

The Mongols conquered territory from Northern China throughout Central Asia (including the Middle East)

The Mongols eventually converted to Islam and began to intermarry with people throughout their empire. Because of the Mongols conquest, the new center of Islamic

civilization became Cairo, Egypt.

Islam Recap In 622, Muhammad began preaching the new religion of Islam. The revelations of Allah (God) to Muhammad are written down

in the Quran (Islamic holy book) Issues about who should be caliph led to a split between Sunni

and Shia Muslims. Islam expanded to create an empire under various groups of

leaders. Muslim scholars preserved Greek and Roman learning while

making significant advances in mathematics and medicine. Mosques and palaces testified to Islamic architectural

innovation. Muslims are known for their invention of the astrolabe and

triangular sails.

Islam Test Practice1. What is common between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?

a. They were founded at the same time.

b. They are all monotheistic.

c. They were all founded by Muhammad

d. Members of each religion were persecuted by the Romans.

2. Ramadan commemorates the time during which Muhammad received the Quran from Allah. What is the Quran?

a. Religious book

b. Religious state

c. Symbol for piety

d. Wheel of Law

3. How was European society affected by the Crusades?

a. Access to Asian luxury goods were limited by war.

b. Invading Islamic armies destroyed farms and cities

c. Importation of Asian luxury goods created a greater interest in trade.

d. Peasant rebellions diminished as the power of the Church grew.

Early Africa (2000 BC-1500 AD) Geography is very diverse with the Sahara (larges desert), mountains, coastlines, Nile

(longest river), and various other features.’

Early civilizations include Kush and Axum who became centers of trade between 1000 BC and 1400 AD.

Islam grew in Africa after Muslim invaders took Egypt in 641.

Early kingdoms of Africa: Ghana first to emerge in 500 AD known for salt trade, gold mining, iron ore, agriculture

Mali emerged in the mid 1200s and built their wealth on gold and salt trade

Songhai emerged in the 1400s and built their wealth on gold and salt (also focused on Islam)

Swahili (a mixed African and Arabian culture) emerged as people began to intermarry. This also became the name of a major language in the eastern coast of Africa

Early African Culture

Kings were often close to the people and allowed them to voice their complaints openly (however, the king still held higher position)

Most of Africa in the early period lived in small villages and therefore depended on extended family as a lineage group. Patrilineal: following male blood line (father)

Matrilineal: following female blood line (mother)

Education varied by village or region.

Slavery existed since the ancient period in Africa. Captives from conquered lands were often sold into slavery

Slaves could include those captured in war, debtors, and criminals

African slaves in Africa were seen as trusted servants and some received a lot of respect from their master

Early Africa Recap Kush was an advanced civilization until 150 AD known for trade of ivory and

ebony. Evolving from an Arab colony, Axum succeeded Kush as a major trading

power in East Africa. Once Muslims captured Egypt, they began to set up Islamic states in

Northern Africa transforming the culture. Ghana, Mali, and Songhai all were known for trade of salt and gold. In Africa, extended families and lineage groups were the basic units for

village societies. Communication with a creator god through rituals and ancestors typified

many African religions. Arab merchants brought Islam to Eastern and Southern Africa in the 1300s.

Early Asia (400-1500) Dynasties (families of rulers) dominated China in this period.

Sui 581-618—unified China and built the Grand Canal linking the Yellow and Chang Jiang Rivers making it easier to ship goods

Tang 618-907—restored the civil service exams, focused on education, expanded the borders of China

Song 960-1279—economic prosperity, invasions from the north, lost land, and formed a defensive alliance with the Mongols (who eventually defeated all of China)

Throughout these three dynasties, life became more complex in China. Manufacturing and trade improved the economy (but they still focused on farming)

Technological advances added new products and stimulated trade

Tang are known for developing steel tools and gunpowder.

Also exported tea, silk, and porcelain

Silk Road was renewed as a great long-distance trade route

Buddhism and Daoism began to challenge Confucianism.

Marco Polo (an Italian merchant) visited China in the 1200s and recorded information about the goods and riches increasing European interest in trade with Asia.

Early Japan and KoreaJapan Geography: chain of islands,

mountainous, with little farmland available, volcanoes and earthquakes

Developed the role of the samurai (those who serve) to protect the security of their employers following the “Bushido” (“way of the warrior”)

Development of Shintoism (“sacred way of the gods”) in which spirits of ancestors are present in the air around them

Zen Buddhism (teaching of enlightenment through strong self-discipline and meditation) became popular among the wealthy.

Korea Geography: peninsula, relatively mountainous,

close to China and Japan influencing their culture

109 BC, China ruled northern Korea, but the Koreans drove them out by the 200s

Separate kingdoms developed in Korea lead by monarchs Buddhism was introduced

Periods of civil war occurred between the different kingdoms (China often got involved)

In the 1200s, the Mongols took control of northern part of Korea leading to much suffering for the Koreans.

Korea regained complete self-rule by 1392 under the Yi Dynasty.

Early India Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam all influenced the development of India.

Buddhism’s popularity declined in India during the 600s.

Islam began to become popular in the northwestern portion of India as early as the 700s.

Society and Culture Muslim rulers during this period considered themselves the highest class, but Hindus also

prospered.

Most people lived on the land and farmed their own tiny plots paying a share of their harvest to the landlord (owner of the land/farm).

India was also a center for trade (even as far back as ancient times!) Internal trade may have slowed during the period due to internal conflict, but international

trade continued and increased as other countries became more aware of the resources available in Asia.

Early Asia Recap China’s dynasties in this period renewed and increased trade over the Silk Road.

The Mongols invaded and took control of China in 1270.

Japan is isolated due to its geography.

Civil wars occurred often in Japan due to competing noble families and their samurais.

Korea was dominated by nearby China, but gained independence in the 900s.

India remained predominantly Hindu, but Islam was introduced during this period.

Trade, especially in spices, was profitable for many areas in southeastern Asia.

The Early Americas The Americas were likely the last continents to be inhabited by people.

The earliest settlers in the Americas traveled across the Bering Strait land bridge from Asia during the Last Ice Age. (That bridge disappeared as temperatures warmed.)

Various early Americans had different lifestyles based on where they settled. The Maya, Aztec, and Inca are the most famous of early American

civilizations. Polytheistic religions

Aztec performed human sacrifice to appease their gods to ensure good harvest and prevent natural disaster

Advanced buildings and societies Americans began dying out in large part due to war and disease (such as

smallpox) after the arrival of the Europeans toward the end of 1400s and into the 1500s.

Early Americas Recap During the last Ice Age, hunters and gatherers from Asia may have

crossed the land bridge in the Bering Strait to North America. In North America these first Americans formed distinct cultures

including the Inuit, Mound Builders, Iroquois, Plains Indians, and Anasazi.

The Maya (300-900) built temples and pyramids in Central America. The Aztec flourished from the 12th century until the Spanish

conquests in the 1500s. The Inca conquered a large land area in South America and had a

highly structured society with an extensive road system linking the empire.

Early Africa, Asia, and Americas Test Practice

1. ______ are societies in which descent is traced through the mother, not the father.

a. Patrilineal societies

b. Matrilineal societies

c. Lineage group

d. Ashanti groups

2. ______ was the name of the strict code of behavior followed by the warrior class of early Japan?

a. Bushido

b. Shogunate

c. Daimyo

d. Mahayana

3. Which major empire was established along the Andes Mountains in South America?

a. Moche

b. Mayan

c. Aztec

d. Incan

4. Which disease, brought by the Spanish to the Americas, devastated entire Incan villages?

a. Smallpox

b. Chicken pox

c. Black plague

d. dysentery

Middle Ages in Europe (Medieval Period 500-1500)

Society in the High Middle Ages Farming inventions and efficient use of land contributed to population growth.

Under the manorial system, serfs were legally bound to the land they worked for the lord.

Feudalism

Revival of trade changed the economy from a barter system to one based on money.

Catholicism, Innovations, and Intellectual Revival Rulers claimed “divine right” (chosen by God) which strengthened their political power

Political power of the Catholic Church peaked during the papacy of Pope Innocent III.

Advances in technology allowed the building of impressive Gothic cathedrals.

Europe’s first universities were founded.

Disruptive Forces Black Death (Black Plague/Bubonic Plague) spread through Europe, devastating societies and economies.

The Great Schism damaged the Church’s power and divided Europe.

Recovery began in the late 1400s as new monarchies emerged in France, England, and Spain.

MAGNA CARTA in England Signed by King John (because he was forced by the English Barons)

63 clauses

Listed rights to landholders

Vowed the Church would remain free

Recognized the rights of the Barons, limiting the power of the monarch

Middle Ages Test Practice1. A ____ was an agricultural estates that a lord ran and peasants worked.

a. Castle

b. Guild

c. Carruca

d. Manor

2. What new architectural style appeared in the 12th century?

a. Neoclassical

b. Romanesque

c. Baroque

d. Gothic

3. What was the most significant effect of the Great Schism.

a. The removal of the pope to Avignon

b. The conversion of the Czechs

c. The decline in the Roman’s Catholic Church’s political power.

d. The renewal of lay investiture.

4. King John did not want to sign the Magna Carta. Which answer best explains why?

a. Because it would end the Battle of Runnymeade before he could gain an advantage

b. Because it would transfer power from the Carolingians to the Capetians

c. Because it would give the nobles nearly unlimited power over the serfs

d. Because it would strengthen the idea that the monarch’s power was limited

5. In the Middle Ages, European monarchs claimed to rule by divine right. What purpose did this serve?

a. It enabled the separation of church and state.

b. It enabled rulers to seize church lands.

c. It demonstrated that religion was stronger than political power.

d. It strengthened the monarch’s authority to rule.

6. How did the printing revolution contribute to increased global interaction?

a. By making texts available to broader audiences, leading to the spread of new ideas

b. By creating interchangeable parts that made repairing the printing press easier.

c. By mass producing the press to make it available to small towns.

d. By using color to gain the interest of more people.

7. “All merchants, unless they have been previously and publicly forbidden, are to have safe and secure conduct in leaving and coming to England and in staying and going through England by both land and by water to buy and sell…”

Based on this excerpt from the Magna Carta, which basic rights were improved by the English Barons?

a. Trading rights

b. Rights of the accused

c. Civil rights

d. Religious rights

8. Effects of the Black Plague included Europe lost a third of its population, labor shortages brought higher wages for workers, and peasants left their manors weakening feudalism. Which conclusion can be drawn from this information?

a. Catastrophic events can trigger changes in human institutions

b. Tragic events strengthen religion as people seek answers in their faith

c. People seek the comfort of traditional, familiar ways following traumatic events

d. Societies flourish during many types of disasters and epidemics

9. “No freeman is to be taken or imprisoned…of his free tenement or of his liberties or free customs, or outlawed or exiled in any way ruined, nor will we go against such a man or sent against him save by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.”

Which right had King John most likely abused, according to this excerpt from the Magna Carta?

a. Right to privacy

b. Right to fair trial

c. Right to free speech

d. Right to petition

10. What was an important effect of the Black Death (bubonic plague epidemic) on the populations of Europe in the late 1340s?

a. Decrease in public confidence in the Church

b. Decline in average worker wages

c. Elevated position of lesser nobles

d. Increase in medical and pharmaceutical research

11. A social structure that divided their citizens into groups such as monarch, lords/nobles, knights, and serfs is most likely which of the following?

a. Socialism

b. Feudalism

c. Matrilinealism

d. Caste system

12.How did technology change communication in the 13th century?

a. It helped citizens learn to read.

b. It allowed people to quickly contact others around the world.

c. It enabled people to get information about other places and ideas.

d. It helped people to improve the living conditions in their societies.