World History Chapter 14. The Crusades Started off as a military campaign against Islam Then changed...
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The High Middle Ages World History Chapter 14
World History Chapter 14. The Crusades Started off as a military campaign against Islam Then changed to also include setting up trading posts Seljuk Turks
The Crusades Started off as a military campaign against Islam
Then changed to also include setting up trading posts Seljuk Turks
were of Asiatic origin entered the Muslim world (increasing the
numbers) In addition, Christians on pilgrimages (a trip to a holy
site) were often victimized As a result, Pope Urban II, called on
Christian knights(who thought they would be rewarded in heaven) to
join forces and wipe out Muslims Armies formed, including a
disorganized group of peasants (called the Peasants crusade) who
attacked several Jewish communities in Germany but were killed by
the Turks when they headed to Constantinople
Slide 3
Crusaders
Slide 4
The 1 st Crusade By 1096, major armies (25-30,000 knights) were
formed They headed south to Jerusalem, captured it, and slaughtered
many people that lived there Considered a success Set up small
states including the country of Edessa
Slide 5
The 1 st Crusade
Slide 6
The 2 nd Crusade Prompted by the Muslims taking over Edessa The
papal church asked for help from two individuals: 1. Conrad III of
the Holy Roman Empire 2. Louis VIII of France They send two armies
and get crushed by the Turks in Asia Minor After two years, the
armies returned to Europe in disgrace
Slide 7
The 2 nd Crusade
Slide 8
The 3 rd Crusade Began after the Muslim leader (Saladin)
recaptured Jerusalem Led by 3 kings (Called the Crusade of the 3
kings): 1. King Richard the Lion Hearted of England 2. King Phillip
Augustus of France 3. Emperor Frederick Barbosa of the Holy Roman
Empire Barbosa dies (drowns?) and his men go back home Richard and
Phillip argue so Phillip gets mad and leaves; Richard never won but
300,000+ Muslims and Christians lost their lives Other minor
Crusades followed (including The Childrens Crusade) but none were
successful in reclaiming the Holy Land
Slide 9
The 3 rd Crusade
Slide 10
Trade in the Middle Ages Trade almost disappeared in the 400s
because manors produced their own supplies Towns decreased in size,
had little money, poor roads Church laws forbade traders from
making a profit Revival of trade began in Italy (The Crusades
helped) Factors leading to commercial and industrial revival:
population growth, agricultural expansion, greater political order,
outside stimuli, and western expansion (political, military, and
religious)
Slide 11
Tapestry showing what a local fair might look like
Slide 12
Results of Trade 1. Economic growth made cities grow 2. Led to
the beginning of a money economy 3. Led to the change of
agricultural production 4. New attitude toward economic endeavors
5. Economic growth hit so big, that western leadership would
eventually extend to include the Med Sea region and then, the
world
Slide 13
Medieval Banking
Slide 14
Change in nobility Between 1000 and 1300 A.D., the nobility
remained the dominant social group Value of land meant using it as
a source of spendable income (became land lords that charged rent)
Some nobles lost out on money due to fixed returns Had more
material possessions Chivalry between nobles increased in
refinement (they became more snobby)
Slide 15
Examples of nobility
Slide 16
Changes in peasantry Large scale freeing of serfs Income
increases Diet improved Health and Life expectancy increased Still
remained at the bottom of the social class Peasant life was still
hard, limited, and controlled by the rich
Slide 17
Examples of peasantry
Slide 18
Black Death In 1346, the Bubonic Plague hit Europe Came from
fleas on rats transported by ship Carried bacteria and produced
fever Killed 75 million Disrupted social, economic, even religious
institutions
Slide 19
Dont look if you are squeamish
Slide 20
Dante and Chaucer Two important writers in this period: Dante
wrote The Divine Comedy which was considered to be his greatest
work. In the book, Dante takes a journey through the three realms,
hell, purgatory and heaven. Chaucer - most famous work was
considered to be The Canterbury Tales. It was a group of stories
told from the point of view of 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine
of St. Thomas Beckett. Chaucer pokes fun at English society,
especially the clergy
Slide 21
Dante and Chaucer
Slide 22
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Patriotism the feeling of
loyalty to ones country Hundred Years War started for 3 reasons: 1.
King Edward III claimed land in France 2. He tried to take the
French throne when the last Capetian king died 3. Competed for
Flanders English won many battles but France won the war and
England lost all its lands in France 2 new weapons used in this
war: 1. Longbow 2. Cannon
Slide 23
This is a cannon
Slide 24
This is a dork with a longbow
Slide 25
The War of the Roses Shortly after the Hundred Years War ended
the war for Englands throne began In 1455 the York and Lancaster
families started the War of the Roses to determine who the ruler of
England would be The white rose was the badge of York and the red
rose was used by the House of Lancaster In 1485 Henry Tudor of the
House of Lancaster won the war Henry married a daughter from the
House of York, and as Henry VII he set up a strong monarchy in
England once again
Slide 26
Henry Tudor as Henry VII. Note the red rose in his right
hand.
Slide 27
Joan of Arc claimed to have visions from God that told her to
fight the English in the Hundred Years War. She was sent in for a
relief mission to the siege at Orleans, she was able to lift the
siege after only nine days. She was a heroine of her country at the
young age of 17. While still battling she fell prisoner to the
English and was burned at the stake as a heretic at the age of 19.
She was later declared a martyr and a saint by the Catholic
church.
Slide 28
France after the 100 Years War In 1461 Louis XI followed
Charles VII as king of France Louis made the French monarchy even
stronger and the Estates General lost some of its power He set up a
harsh but efficient government. Under Louis XI, France became a
united country As in England feudal lords lost much power to their
king But unlike England, French peasants gained little freedom,
still owing services to the manor and its lord
Slide 29
The Churchs Power Weakens Because of power shifting to strong
governments and people questioning the churchs extreme wealth and
practices, the church began to weaken In 1294 a conflict arose when
King Philip IV of France ordered Pope Boniface VIII in France to
pay taxes This angered Pope Boniface VIII and he decreed that popes
had powers over worldly leaders Philip responded by charging the
pope with heresy and of selling jobs in the church. He had his
envoys in Rome take the pope prisoner Although Boniface was quickly
let go, he died shortly after. For the next 100 years the church
continued to lose power
Slide 30
Pope Boniface
Slide 31
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism After Boniface
died, Philip had a French bishop elected pope, Clement V. Clement
moved the headquarters of the church to Avignon, France. Until then
the center of the church had been in Rome for 1,000 years The years
that the popes lived in Avignon were known as the Babylonian
Captivity (1309-1377) During this time many more lost respect for
the church, claiming the church was being controlled by French
kings
Slide 32
Slide 33
Continued. In 1377 the French pope Gregory XI returned to Rome
After he died the cardinals elected an Italian pope to please local
mobs, but later elected a French pope, who took up residence in
Avignon Until 1417 the church had two and sometimes three popes.
This period in church history is called the Great Schism
(1378-1417) The church was divided into opposing, hostile groups
Finally a church council met in Constance and ended the Great
Schism. It removed the Italian and French popes and elected a new
Italian pope
Slide 34
Slide 35
More Problems for the Church The Babylonian Captivity and the
Great Schism not only weakened the authority of the pope but it
also raised criticism of the church In the late 1300s John
Wycliffe, a priest and teacher at Oxford University, attacked the
wealth of the church and the immorality of some of the clergy He
did not believe in the absolute power of the pope and wanted to
replace the authority of the church with that of the Bible He
insisted that individuals should be able to read and interpret the
Bible themselves, without church intervention Wycliffe promoted the
translation of the Bible from Latin to English The church accused
him of heresy and he was banned from teaching and forced to
retire
Slide 36
This is Wyclef Jean
Slide 37
And this is John Wycliffe
Slide 38
Jan Hus Jan Hus, a teacher at a the University of Prague, read
Wycliffes works and spoke out against the church Hus was
excommunicated and in 1414 the Council of Constance declared him a
heretic and ordered his death He was burned at the stake in 1415
Despite John Wycliffe and Jan Hus being punished for criticizing
the church they had a profound impact on many people. They set the
stage for later reformers who would drastically alter the history
of the Christian church
