Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
1.11
Port
Labo
urR
efor
m
and
Rel
ated
Soc
ial
Issu
esB
rasi
lia
, 03
Ap
ril2
00
8
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
Ber
nal
MaritimeConsultant
WO
RLD
BA
NK
INST
ITU
TE
2
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
3
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Sect
or T
rend
s
Incr
ease
of I
nfor
mat
ion
Tec
hnol
ogie
s;
Ten
denc
y to
coo
pera
tion
and
econ
omic
in
tegr
atio
n w
ithin
the
regi
on a
nd o
ther
ec
onom
ic b
lock
s;
Inte
grat
ion
of tr
ansp
ort s
ervi
ces a
t reg
iona
l lev
el
and
conc
ept o
f “co
asta
l tra
de”;
Hig
h pr
essu
re o
n to
tal c
osts
redu
ctio
n (in
crea
se
of v
ertic
al a
nd h
oriz
onta
l bus
ines
s int
egra
tion)
;
4
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
sect
or p
ress
ure
for m
ore
effic
ient
pub
lic
serv
ices
and
com
mer
ce fa
cilit
atio
n;
Hig
h le
vel o
f ser
vice
s com
petit
iven
ess;
Incr
ease
of p
ort m
arke
ting
conc
ept;
Hig
h pr
essu
re fo
r qua
lity
of se
rvic
es;
Hig
h le
vel o
f eco
nom
ic a
gent
neg
otia
tions
;
Incr
ease
of Q
ualit
y M
anag
emen
t and
Qua
lity
Assu
ranc
e sc
hem
es;Po
rtSe
ctor
Tre
nds
5
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Sect
or T
rend
s
Incr
ease
d in
tere
st fo
r Hub
/Piv
ot P
orts
in th
e re
gion
;Im
prov
emen
t of p
ort,
road
, and
railw
ay
infra
stru
ctur
e, w
ithin
the
coun
tries
and
the
regi
on;
Incr
ease
d in
tere
st o
f use
of L
andb
ridge
ing
conc
ept;
Bus
ines
s sec
tor m
ore
orie
nted
to st
rate
gic
plan
ning
;Pr
essu
re o
n co
mpa
nies
soci
al re
spon
sibi
litie
s d
lii
6
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Sect
or T
rend
s
Incr
ease
of h
uman
fact
or im
porta
nce;
Incr
ease
of e
nviro
nmen
tal a
war
enes
s;St
reng
then
ing
of p
ort c
omm
uniti
es/c
ounc
ils ;
Glo
baliz
atio
n of
tech
nica
l per
form
ance
of
publ
ic se
rvan
ts;
Incr
ease
d aw
aren
ess a
nd c
onsc
ienc
e on
eth
ic
phen
omen
a;R
eapp
eara
nce
of so
me
Stat
e su
bsid
ies;
7
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Sect
or T
rend
s
From
“St
rate
gic
Allia
nces
”to
“M
ega
Allia
nces
”;
Mor
e ex
igen
t beh
avio
ur o
f por
t use
rs o
n pu
blic
se
rvic
es e
ffici
ency
;
Pres
sure
on
gove
rnm
ents
to a
ssum
e an
d ke
ep
thei
r rol
e or
“ne
w ro
le”;
Eva
luat
ion
of e
xter
nal t
rade
pro
cess
es a
nd
proc
edur
es, a
nd id
entif
icat
ion
of d
ysfu
nctio
ns;
8
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Sect
or T
rend
s
Publ
ic se
rvic
es w
ith m
ore
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
sam
e re
sour
ces,
with
mor
e ex
igen
cy o
n th
eir
prof
essi
onal
ism
;
Mor
e aw
aren
ess o
n po
rt se
curit
y, o
ccup
atio
nal
heal
th a
nd sa
fety
, and
env
ironm
ent p
rote
ctio
n;
Kee
p fa
cilit
atio
n an
d tra
de fl
ow w
ithin
an
envi
ronm
ent m
ore
effic
ient
, com
petit
ive,
secu
re,
safe
and
less
cos
tly (d
iffic
ult b
alan
ce).
9
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Solid
Was
te
Man
agem
ent
Envi
ronm
enta
l M
anag
emen
t Pl
an
Inte
grat
ed M
anag
emen
t in
a Po
rt
Qu
alit
y Q
ual
ity
Man
agem
ent
Man
agem
ent
Envi
ronm
enta
l an
d sa
fety
N
orm
s
Ris
k R
isk
Man
agem
ent
Man
agem
ent
Cont
inge
ncy
and
Emer
genc
y Pl
an
Soci
al
acco
un
tabi
lity
Secu
re
wor
king
co
nditi
ons
Port
Env
ironm
enta
l Po
rt E
nviro
nmen
tal
Man
agem
ent
Man
agem
ent
Qua
lity
of S
ervi
ces
Effic
ienc
y of
por
t op
erat
ions
Mas
ter P
lan
Dev
elop
men
t Pl
anD
evel
opm
ent
Plan
Secu
rity
Secu
rity
Occ
upat
iona
l Saf
ety
Occ
upat
iona
l Saf
ety
and
Hea
lth
and
Hea
lth
10
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Port
Lab
or E
nvir
onm
ent
•Ove
rsta
ffin
g;
•Out
date
d an
d in
effic
ient
w
ork
rule
s;
•Inf
late
d Pa
y sc
ales
;•U
nrel
iabi
lity;
•Lim
ited
skill
s;
Port
Labo
r
Dev
elop
men
t in
Logi
stic
s and
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
New
Nat
iona
l Ec
onom
ic a
nd
Trad
e Po
licie
s
Cha
nge
in m
arke
ts a
nd
serv
ices
Tech
nolo
gica
l ad
vanc
es
Uni
on a
nd
Synd
icat
es
Sche
mes
New
skill
s and
tra
inin
g ne
eds
Gov
ernm
ent e
mpl
oym
ent
orie
ntat
ion
New
m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es
11
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur F
orce
in L
ACC
hile
an C
ase
Chi
lean
Pub
lic P
ort L
abou
r:19
60 E
mpo
rchi
3,03
419
78 R
efor
m
5,11
719
81 1st
Year
1,3
9619
91 10
th.Y
ear
1,750
1998
10 P
orts
654
2003
10 P
orts
446
Chi
lean
Priv
ate
Port
Labo
ur:
1981
: Tot
al o
f 9,4
2719
98: T
otal
of 2
,025
of
whi
ch 8
50 a
re c
ontra
cted
pe
rman
ently
.Sa
lary
of $
42
per s
hift;
Sala
ry fo
r per
man
ent l
abou
r fro
m $
600
to $
1600
12
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur F
orce
in L
ACAr
gent
inea
n C
ase
Bue
nos A
ires P
ublic
Por
t La
bour
:19
83: A
GP
3,22
019
89: A
GP
2,
210
1993
: 1st
Year
1,0
6119
98: 5
th.Y
ear
400
2003
: 10T
hYe
ar
4
020
07; 1
4 Ye
ar
0
Bue
nos A
ires P
rivat
e Po
rt La
bour
:19
83: T
otal
of
5,40
319
93: R
efor
m1,2
00
1998
: Tot
al o
f 1,4
00Sa
lary
of $
65
per
shift
;Sa
lary
for p
erm
anen
t lab
our
from
$ 5
50 to
$ 2
.000
13
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur F
orce
in L
ACC
olom
bian
Cas
e
4 th
Col
ombi
an M
ain
Publ
ic
Port
Labo
ur:
1980
: Col
port
2,30
019
86: C
olpo
rt1,4
2719
91: 1
th.Y
ear
2.23
020
01: 1
0Th
Year
0
4 th
Col
ombi
an P
rivat
e Po
rt La
bour
:19
80: T
otal
of
240
1991
: Ref
orm
660
20
01: T
otal
of
85
0Sa
lary
of $
50
per s
hift;
Sala
ry fo
r per
man
ent l
abou
r fro
m $
650
to$
1700
14
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Cal
lao
Publ
ic P
ort L
abou
r:19
60 E
NAP
U
5,03
419
93 1
h .Yea
r1,7
5020
03 1
Yea
r of s
econ
d re
form
s ste
p1,1
4320
07 1
yea
r of p
rivat
e se
ctor
Cal
lao
980
Peru
vian
Priv
ate
Port
Labo
ur: (
Cal
lao)
1980
: Tot
al o
f 24
019
93: R
efor
m58
0 20
03: T
otal
64
0Sa
lary
of $
35
per s
hift;
Sala
ry fo
r per
man
ent
labo
ur fr
om $
200
to
$
950
Labo
ur F
orce
in L
ACPe
ruvi
an C
ase
15
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur S
ituat
ion
Bef
ore
Port
Ref
orm
s
Ove
r-st
affin
g;La
bour
forc
e w
ith p
oor s
kills
and
trai
ning
;Po
rt ad
min
istra
tion
with
inad
equa
te
recr
uitm
ent p
olic
y an
d pr
oced
ures
;H
igh
sala
ries a
nd lo
w m
obili
ty;
Rel
iabi
lity
and
labo
ur a
vaila
bilit
y;W
orki
ng ru
les a
ccor
ding
to u
nion
s and
not
to
job
requ
irem
ents
and
per
form
ance
;
16
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur S
ituat
ion
Bef
ore
Port
Ref
orm
sPr
ior r
esul
ts, l
ead
us to
:In
effic
ient
por
t pro
duct
ivity
;Lo
w se
rvic
e qu
ality
;In
effic
ient
ope
ratio
ns;
Low
safe
ty, s
ecur
ity a
nd e
nviro
nmen
t pr
otec
tion
indi
cato
rs;
Hig
h co
sts o
f ser
vice
s.R
ende
ring
of se
rvic
es a
re n
ot o
rient
ed to
us
ers/
clie
nts n
eeds
satis
fact
ion.
17
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur S
ituat
ion
Bef
ore
Port
Ref
orm
s
Publ
ic P
ort A
dmin
istra
tion,
cou
ld le
ad u
s to:
Serv
ices
rend
ered
are
not
bus
ines
s and
m
arke
t orie
nted
acc
ordi
ng to
use
rs a
nd
clie
nts n
eeds
;U
se o
f pub
lic a
dmin
istra
tion
prin
cipl
es a
nd
not b
usin
ess m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es;
Hum
an re
sour
ces p
olic
y no
t alw
ays
acco
rdin
g to
tech
nica
l req
uire
men
ts;
Port
deci
sion
s cou
ld b
e po
litic
al a
nd n
ot
tech
nica
lly o
rient
ed;
18
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur S
ituat
ion
Bef
ore
Port
Ref
orm
s
Publ
ic P
ort A
dmin
istra
tion,
cou
ld le
ad u
s to:
Publ
ic se
rvic
es p
roce
dure
s are
not
alw
ays i
n ac
cord
ance
to fa
cilit
atio
n of
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de re
quire
men
ts;
Reg
ulat
ory
fram
ewor
k re
quire
s to
be in
co
mpa
ss w
ith fa
cilit
atio
n of
ext
erna
l tra
de
and
glob
aliz
atio
n re
quire
men
ts;
Port
Tar
iffs s
chem
e te
nds n
ot to
be
orie
nted
to
real
cos
ts o
f por
t ser
vice
s;
19
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur S
ituat
ion
Bef
ore
Port
Ref
orm
s
Publ
ic P
ort A
dmin
istra
tion,
cou
ld le
ad u
s to:
Port
inco
mes
pas
s dire
ctly
to G
over
nmen
t B
udge
t and
are
not
nec
essa
rily
inve
sted
on
new
por
t dev
elop
men
ts a
nd n
eeds
;M
aste
r pla
nnin
g or
ient
ed to
infra
stru
ctur
e,
engi
neer
ing
proj
ects
or s
ocio
-pol
itica
l sta
te
requ
irem
ents
and
not
to p
ort u
sers
nee
ds
and
futu
re re
quire
men
ts;
Mor
e or
ient
ed to
bud
get p
lann
ing
than
to
busi
ness
pla
nnin
g.
20
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Obj
ectiv
e of
Por
t Ref
orm
s
Wea
lth re
dist
ribut
ion;
Incr
ease
por
t effi
cien
cy;
Attra
ct n
ew c
argo
es a
nd p
ort b
usin
esse
s;Sh
are
com
mer
cial
, eco
nom
ic, t
echn
olog
ical
and
m
anag
emen
t ris
k be
twee
n pu
blic
and
priv
ate
sect
or;
Prom
ote
priv
ate
inve
stm
ent a
nd e
ntre
pren
euria
l m
anag
emen
t;In
clus
ion
of p
ort t
echn
olog
ies (
BAT
´s).
21
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Wha
t we
are
look
ing
for ?
Port
Com
petit
iven
ess:
Incr
ease
Intra
and
Inte
rpor
tcom
petit
ion;
Impr
ove
port
prod
uctiv
ity;
Cos
t red
uctio
n;Lo
wer
pric
es a
nd ta
riffs
;T
erm
inal
spec
ializ
atio
n an
d ec
onom
y of
scal
e;Im
plem
enta
tion
of S
tate
Sub
sidi
ary
Rol
e.
22
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Wha
t we
are
look
ing
for ?
Agile
, Exp
edite
and
Tra
de F
acili
tato
r Por
ts:
To
the
exte
rnal
trad
e;T
o st
reng
then
the
supp
ly c
hain
and
tran
spor
t lo
gist
ics;
Bet
ter I
T sy
stem
s for
car
go, s
ervi
ces a
nd u
ser
info
rmat
ion;
To
incr
ease
serv
ices
to c
argo
es a
nd u
sers
;T
o re
duce
dw
ell t
ime
of c
argo
at t
erm
inal
s;T
o es
tabl
ish
a us
er p
robl
em so
lutio
n ap
proa
ch.
23
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Flow
and
Orig
in o
f Ref
orm
s
As G
over
nmen
t Ini
tiativ
e:
Nee
d to
redu
ce p
ublic
exp
endi
ture
;Pu
blic
bud
get r
estri
ctio
ns;
Stat
e m
anag
emen
t is i
neffi
cien
t.As
a P
rivat
e Se
ctor
Initi
ativ
e:O
ppor
tuni
ties f
or p
rivat
e in
vest
men
t;M
ore
finan
cial
effi
cien
cy o
f inv
estm
ents
.M
arke
t dem
and
requ
irem
ent a
ppro
ach;
B
elie
ve p
rivat
e m
anag
emen
t is m
ore
effic
ient
;
24
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Fact
ors P
rom
ptin
g Po
rt L
abor
Ref
orm
Inte
r or I
ntra
Po
rt
•Man
ufac
ture
rs•E
xpor
ters
•Im
porte
rs•C
arrie
rs
•Gov
ernm
ent s
uppo
rt•N
eed
to re
duce
go
vern
men
t sub
sidie
s
25
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Publ
ic R
ole
Func
tions
:La
ndlo
rd/T
ool/
Serv
ice
Port;
Nat
iona
l Por
t Pla
nnin
g;G
ener
al S
uper
visi
on;
Reg
ulat
or o
n So
cial
Sec
urity
, Occ
upat
iona
l H
ealth
and
Saf
ety,
and
Env
ironm
enta
l is
sues
;R
egul
ator
and
con
trol o
f Con
cess
ion
Con
tract
s;
26
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Publ
ic R
ole
Func
tions
:St
rate
gic
Mar
ketin
g;St
udie
s and
pla
nnin
g of
new
bus
ines
s;M
arke
t Stu
dies
, alli
ance
s, n
ew in
vest
men
ts
and
inve
stor
s;G
ener
al p
olic
y (le
vel p
layi
ng fi
eld)
, fa
cilit
atio
n an
d au
thor
ities
coo
rdin
atio
n;M
ariti
me
and
Port
Tra
inin
g.
27
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Priv
ate
parti
cipa
tion
Ter
min
al O
pera
tion;
Serv
ices
to C
argo
es;
Serv
ices
to S
hips
:Sh
ip c
hand
ellin
g, B
unke
ring,
Wat
erin
g.
Tow
age
Serv
ices
(har
bour
and
oce
anic
);Pi
lota
ge S
ervi
ces;
Mai
nten
ance
Dre
dgin
g Se
rvic
es;
28
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Priv
ate
parti
cipa
tion
VTS,
com
mun
icat
ion,
nav
igat
iona
l aid
s,
buoy
s and
ligh
ts;
Mai
nten
ance
Eng
inee
ring;
R&
D S
tudi
es a
nd P
lann
ing;
Equ
ipm
ent M
aint
enan
ce;
IT S
ervi
ces;
Ship
Mai
nten
ance
and
Rep
airs
.
29
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Priv
ate
parti
cipa
tion
Env
ironm
enta
l Ser
vice
s:
Was
te M
anag
emen
t and
por
t cle
anin
g;
Spill
Res
pons
e;
Fire
figh
ting
Serv
ices
;
Secu
rity
Serv
ices
:
Mar
itim
e Se
curit
y (c
oast
, shi
ps h
olds
);
Port
Secu
rity
(gat
es, t
erm
inal
, w
areh
ouse
s, c
argo
es, e
tc.)
30
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bor R
efor
ms;
Key
labo
r iss
ues t
o be
add
ress
ed;
Org
aniz
ing
to a
ddre
ss la
bor r
efor
m :
a ta
sk
forc
e ap
proa
ch;
The
inst
itutio
nal f
ram
ewor
k fo
r por
t ref
orm
;D
evel
opin
g th
e w
ork
forc
e ra
tiona
lizat
ion
plan
;In
tern
atio
nal s
uppo
rt fo
r lab
or a
djus
tmen
t;Po
st-r
efor
m la
bor-
man
agem
ent r
elat
ions
;C
omm
ents
.
31
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Cha
nges
in E
cono
mic
Pol
icy
and
Effe
ct o
n Po
rt La
bour
Sem
i Aut
onom
ous E
cono
mic
Pol
icie
s (B
efor
e 19
80):
Cha
ract
eris
tics:
Free
dom
on
the
sele
ctio
n of
labo
ur fr
om lo
cal
prov
ider
(uni
ons)
;N
atio
nal m
arke
t res
erve
d to
nat
iona
l pr
oduc
ers;
Bar
riers
to e
ntrie
s;N
ot e
xpor
t orie
nted
.
32
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Cha
nges
in E
cono
mic
Pol
icy
and
Effe
ct o
n Po
rt La
bour
Res
ult-L
abou
r Int
ensi
ve T
echn
olog
ies:
Lim
ited
spec
ializ
atio
n;C
argo
han
dlin
g m
onop
olie
s;D
irect
and
cro
ss su
bsid
ies;
Incr
easi
ng sa
larie
s with
low
pro
duct
ivity
;Po
litic
al in
fluen
ce o
n de
cisi
ons;
Cap
ital i
nten
sive
car
go h
andl
ing
syst
em n
ot
view
ed a
s soc
ially
acc
epta
ble;
Exp
ansi
on o
f lab
our f
orce
with
dem
and;
Frag
men
tatio
n of
jobs
and
nat
iona
l con
trol
regi
stra
tion
(15%
lice
nsed
; 5%
supp
lemen
tal a
nd
80%
of u
noffi
cial e
stab
lishe
d lab
our p
ool).
33
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Cha
nges
in E
cono
mic
Pol
icy
and
Effe
ct o
n Po
rt La
bour
Exp
ort O
rient
ed E
cono
mic
Pol
icie
s (Af
ter 1
980)
:C
hara
cter
istic
s:E
cono
mic
act
iviti
es re
stru
ctur
ed,
com
petit
ion
incr
ease
, loc
al p
rodu
cers
look
for
inte
rnat
iona
l mar
ket d
eman
d;Fr
eedo
m o
f the
sele
ctio
n of
inpu
t wor
ldw
ide;
Hig
h w
orld
wid
e co
mpe
titio
n an
d po
rt se
rvic
es re
quire
labo
ur to
mee
t use
rs n
eeds
;N
o ba
rrie
rs to
ent
ries;
Exp
ort o
rient
ed.
34
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Cha
nges
in E
cono
mic
Pol
icy
and
Effe
ct o
n Po
rt La
bour
Res
ult:
Cap
ital I
nten
sive
Tec
hnol
ogie
s:Po
rts c
an p
rovi
de c
ompe
titiv
e an
d co
mm
erci
ally
attr
activ
e se
rvic
es;
Incr
ease
d pr
oduc
tivity
and
redu
ced
cost
s.
(labo
ur sa
larie
s and
job
cond
ition
s acc
ordi
ng to
mar
ket
mec
hani
sms)
;La
bour
forc
e re
duct
ion,
mor
e ca
rgo,
trai
ning
pr
ogra
mm
es (im
prov
e w
orke
rs sk
ills a
nd O
HS
inde
xes)
;N
ew te
chno
logi
es a
nd w
ork
orga
nisa
tion.
(w
orke
rs in
cent
ives
bec
ause
of p
artic
ipat
ion
on w
orkp
lace
decis
ion
and
mon
etar
y in
cent
ives
bas
e on
per
form
ance
and
go
od e
cono
mic
resu
lts).
35
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Poss
ible
Effe
cts o
f Pr
ivat
izat
ion
on E
mpl
oym
ent
Em
ploy
men
t E
ffect
s:N
ew jo
b cl
assi
ficat
ion;
New
job
desc
riptio
n;R
educ
tion
of
labo
ur;
Med
ium
and
lo
ng te
rm
empl
oym
ent
gain
s be
caus
e ne
w
rang
e of
se
rvic
es a
nd
inve
stm
ents
.
Em
ploy
men
t con
ditio
ns:
Gre
ater
job
mob
ility
;R
educ
e gu
aran
tee
of te
nure
an
d jo
b se
curit
y;N
eed
for r
etra
inin
g an
d sk
ill u
pgra
ding
;8
hour
s wor
king
shift
and
m
ore
wor
k lo
ad;
Paym
ent b
asis
on
resu
lts
and
prod
uctiv
ity;
Loss
of s
enio
rity
and
rank
s;W
ider
sala
ries d
iffer
entia
ls
form
ince
ntiv
e co
mpo
nent
;Pe
rman
ent v
/sPa
rt tim
e jo
b (e
ffect
on
pens
ion
fund
s);
Loss
of s
ome
soci
al
bene
fits;
Man
agem
ent-L
abou
r Rel
atio
n:E
mph
asis
on
tech
nica
l ab
ilitie
s and
pr
ofes
sion
alis
m;
Dis
cret
ion
of M
ngm
t. to
ta
ke d
ecis
ions
and
Co.
po
licie
s;E
mph
asis
on
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thes
e de
cisi
ons;
Exc
lude
Co.
dec
isio
ns fr
om
labo
ur a
nd u
nion
pow
er;
Long
er w
age
barg
aini
ng
proc
esse
s (in
divi
dual
rath
er
than
col
lect
ive)
;T
ough
er a
ttitu
de o
n w
orke
r pe
rform
ance
an
disc
iplin
e;E
ffici
ency
and
pro
fit
mak
ing
gain
ove
r soc
ial
obje
ctiv
es.
36
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur A
spec
ts
Affe
cted
by
Ref
orm
s (1/
2)
Ent
ities
ent
itled
to o
ffer l
abou
r ser
vice
s to
the
port;
Red
uctio
n of
por
t per
sonn
el (o
vers
taffi
ng);
Job
desc
riptio
ns a
nd d
utie
s (ob
ligat
ions
and
rig
hts)
;Po
rt w
orki
ng h
ours
and
day
s;Ad
equa
te sa
lary
leve
l and
ince
ntiv
es a
lloca
tion;
How
labo
ur fo
rce
is o
rgan
ised
(Lab
our P
ools
or
Uni
ons)
;
37
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur A
spec
ts
Affe
cted
by
Ref
orm
s (2/
2)
Res
trict
ions
on
outp
ut;
Uns
ettle
d an
d co
mba
tive
wor
kpla
ce c
ultu
re;
Insu
ffici
ent t
rain
ing
and
retra
inin
g op
portu
nitie
s;La
ck o
f cle
ar a
nd m
eani
ngfu
l pro
duct
ivity
ob
ject
ives
;In
adeq
uate
occ
upat
iona
l hea
lth a
nd sa
fety
pr
oced
ures
.
38
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Secu
ring
Con
stru
ctiv
e La
bour
Parti
cipa
tion
on P
ort R
efor
m(1
/4)
Prin
cipa
l are
as o
f int
eres
t for
por
t lab
our:
St
able
and
fulfi
lling
em
ploy
men
t;R
easo
nabl
e in
com
es;
Dec
ent w
orki
ng c
ondi
tions
;So
cial
secu
rity
and
pens
ion
prov
isio
ns;
Edu
catio
n an
d vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing;
Hea
lth, s
afet
y an
d th
e en
viro
nmen
t;W
orkp
lace
dec
isio
n pa
rtici
patio
n;Fr
eedo
m fr
om d
iscr
imin
atio
n;
39
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Secu
ring
Con
stru
ctiv
e La
bour
Parti
cipa
tion
on P
ort R
efor
m(2
/4)
Invo
lvin
g la
bour
in p
ort r
efor
m a
llow
s:T
o av
oid
mis
trust
stem
min
g fro
m th
e re
curr
ing
conf
licts
bet
wee
n ca
pita
l-lab
ourt
rade
-offs
;T
o av
oid
inad
equa
te a
nd u
ntim
ely
prep
arat
ion
of p
ort r
efor
m p
ropo
sals
;Fi
nd so
lutio
ns to
pro
blem
s tha
nks t
o a
train
ed
pers
onne
l, w
ith p
ract
ical
exp
erie
nce
in p
ort
oper
atio
ns;
To
tap
a so
urce
of i
deas
to a
dd v
alue
to
serv
ices
to c
usto
mer
s.
40
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Secu
ring
Con
stru
ctiv
e La
bour
Parti
cipa
tion
on P
ort R
efor
m(3
/4)
Mai
n C
halle
nges
:C
omm
itmen
t fro
m tr
ade
unio
n le
ader
ship
;Ab
ility
to u
nify
wor
kers
’sho
rt-an
d lo
ng-te
rm
inte
rest
s;N
eed
to im
prov
e ex
perti
se w
ithin
the
unio
n;In
trodu
ctio
n of
new
trad
e un
ion
stru
ctur
es;
Find
ing
solu
tions
to so
cial
pro
blem
s cau
sed
by
priv
atiz
atio
n;
41
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Secu
ring
Con
stru
ctiv
e La
bour
Parti
cipa
tion
on P
ort R
efor
m(4
/4)
Mai
n C
halle
nges
:N
eed
to im
prov
e ne
gotia
tion
busi
ness
ca
paci
ties w
ithin
the
unio
n;Ac
cept
ance
of p
rivat
izat
ion;
Dea
ling
with
the
new
cul
ture
of c
ompe
titio
n;U
nder
stan
ding
the
need
for n
ew la
bour
rela
tions
.
42
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
43
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur P
ort R
efor
m C
omm
ittee
Com
mitt
ee (T
ask
Forc
e) sh
ould
incl
ude
reps
from
:C
omm
ittee
(Tas
k Fo
rce)
shou
ld in
clud
e re
ps fr
om:
Min
istri
es o
f tra
nspo
rt, la
bour
, fin
ance
, ec
onom
ics,
pla
nnin
g, e
tc.;
Port
Auth
oriti
es a
nd M
ariti
me
Auth
ority
;M
ain
port
cust
omer
s and
use
rs (C
ham
ber o
f C
omm
erce
, Por
t & M
ariti
me
Cha
mbe
r, Sh
ip-
owne
rs A
ssoc
iatio
n);
Priv
ate
inve
stor
s, te
rmin
al o
pera
tors
, car
go-
hand
ling
com
pani
es a
nd st
eved
orin
g co
mpa
nies
;Po
rt la
bour
.
44
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Labo
ur P
ort R
efor
m C
omm
ittee
Wor
k to
be
perfo
rmed
by
the
Com
mitt
ee:
Wor
k to
be
perfo
rmed
by
the
Com
mitt
ee:
Und
erta
king
or c
omm
issi
onin
g st
udie
s;O
rgan
izin
g aw
aren
ess s
emin
ars o
r wor
ksho
ps;
Info
rmin
g th
e co
mm
unity
and
con
sum
ers;
Fost
erin
g th
e cr
eatio
n of
join
t wor
king
gro
ups;
be
twee
n un
ions
and
priv
ate
term
inal
ope
rato
rs;
Def
inin
g go
vern
men
t’s ro
le w
ith re
spec
t to
ports
;D
evel
opin
g a
wor
kfor
ce ra
tiona
lizat
ion
plan
.
45
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
46
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inst
itutio
nal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r Por
t Ref
orm
Eco
nom
ic re
gula
tory
re
form
D
ecen
traliz
atio
n
Job
educ
atio
n an
d ex
perie
nce
requ
irem
ents
Tra
inin
g co
urse
s
Mee
ting
Com
mer
cial
Req
uire
men
ts
47
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inst
itutio
nal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r Por
t Ref
orm
No
invo
lvem
ent o
f go
vern
men
ts in
por
t-la
bour
rela
tions
;C
olle
ctiv
e ne
gotia
tions
;In
form
al d
ispu
te
reso
lutio
n.
Neg
otia
tion;
Sugg
estio
n of
m
easu
res t
o im
prov
e pr
oduc
tivity
;Fa
cilit
ate
the
wor
k an
d re
duce
cos
ts.
Rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n G
over
nmen
t, Po
rt an
d La
bour
48
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inst
itutio
nal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r Por
t Ref
orm
Appl
icat
ion
of
antim
onop
oly
law
.E
nsur
e fa
ir us
e of
m
arke
t mec
hani
sms
and
no a
buse
of p
ort
oper
ator
s’m
arke
t po
wer
.
Enc
oura
ge C
ompe
titio
n
49
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inst
itutio
nal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r Por
t Ref
orm
Com
mer
cial
; B
usin
ess o
ppor
tuni
ty
orie
nted
app
roac
h.
Tra
inin
g pr
ogra
ms;
Incr
ease
Occ
upat
iona
l he
alth
and
safe
ty, a
nd
envi
ronm
ent
prot
ectio
n;C
olla
bora
tive
proc
ess
to se
lect
and
intro
duce
ne
w e
quip
men
t.
Red
efin
ing
the
conc
ept o
f soc
ial e
quity
50
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inst
itutio
nal F
ram
ewor
k fo
r Por
t Ref
orm
Tim
efra
me
for P
ort L
abou
rref
orm
With
in th
e te
rm o
f a si
ngle
pub
lic
adm
inis
tratio
n;
Bef
ore
conc
essi
ons/
inve
stm
ents
are
mar
kete
d an
d re
ques
ts fo
r bid
s ten
dere
d (R
oad
Show
, D
ata
Show
and
Bid
ing
Proc
ess)
.
51
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
52
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Info
rmat
ion
gath
erin
g fo
r the
Act
ion
Plan
Sour
ces o
f Inf
orm
atio
n:Po
rt M
aste
r Pla
n;
Lega
l Fra
mew
ork;
Gov
ernm
ent E
cono
mic
Pol
icy;
Stat
e Po
rt Po
licy,
and
Stra
tegi
c G
oals
and
O
bjec
tives
;Po
rt In
frast
ruct
ure
Req
uire
men
ts;
Est
imat
es o
f req
uire
d ac
tivity
leve
ls;
53
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Info
rmat
ion
gath
erin
g fo
r the
Act
ion
Plan
Sour
ces o
f Inf
orm
atio
n:Av
aila
bilit
y of
cur
rent
por
t wor
kfor
ce a
nd
staf
fing
leve
ls;
Effe
ctiv
e nu
mbe
r of p
ort w
orkf
orce
requ
ired
acco
rdin
g to
pla
ns;
Est
imat
es o
f min
imum
staf
fing
leve
ls
(per
man
ent a
nd p
art t
ime)
;La
bour
regu
lato
ry re
gim
e;
54
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Info
rmat
ion
gath
erin
g fo
r the
Act
ion
Plan
Sour
ces o
f Inf
orm
atio
n:N
atio
nal a
nd lo
cal l
aws a
bout
labo
urra
tiona
lizat
ion;
Cur
rent
situ
atio
n an
d re
gula
tory
pow
er o
f un
ions
;C
urre
nt c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
and
em
ploy
men
t ag
reem
ents
.
55
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Info
rmat
ion
gath
erin
g fo
r the
Act
ion
Plan
Tra
inin
g ne
eds a
naly
sis a
nd sk
ills o
f wor
kers
w
ho w
ill b
e se
ekin
g al
tern
ativ
e em
ploy
men
t;E
xist
ing
gove
rnm
ent a
nd p
rivat
e or
gani
zatio
ns
capa
ble
of a
ssis
ting
with
trai
ning
, ret
rain
ing
and
job
sear
ches
;G
ener
al in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he o
vera
ll na
tiona
l an
d re
gion
al m
acro
econ
omic
situ
atio
n, e
xist
ing
empl
oym
ent p
atte
rns,
labo
urab
sorp
tion
capa
city
, ski
lls a
nd e
xper
ienc
e of
the
wor
kfor
ce.
56
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Alte
rnat
ives
to
Red
uctio
n of
Wor
kfor
ceN
atur
al re
duct
ion:
R
etire
men
t sch
emes
;R
esig
natio
ns.
Part-
time
empl
oym
ent,
flexi
ble
wor
king
hou
rs,
redu
ctio
n in
wor
king
hou
rs, v
aria
ble
wor
kwee
ks, j
ob sh
arin
g, o
verti
me
rest
rictio
ns;
Shar
ing
of re
duct
ions
in h
ours
of w
ork
and
pay;
Wor
k ro
tatio
n am
ong
othe
r gov
ernm
ent
entit
ies.
57
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Alte
rnat
ives
of
othe
r red
uctio
n sc
hem
es
Com
pens
atio
n Sc
hem
e, w
ith In
cent
ives
for E
arly
R
etire
men
t(pe
rson
nel >
or =
to 6
0 ye
ars o
ld=[
Pens
ion
+ C
ompe
nsat
ion
of 2
4 m
onth
s]) ;
Com
pens
atio
n, w
ith In
cent
ives
for V
olun
tary
Se
para
tion
(< th
an 6
0 ye
ars o
ld, c
ompe
nsat
ion
base
on
wor
king
ye
ars w
ith m
axim
um o
f 24
mon
th) ;
Com
pens
atio
n fo
r Inv
olun
tary
Sep
arat
ion
(fixe
d co
mpe
nsat
ion
depe
ndin
g of
wor
king
yea
rs w
ith a
max
imum
of a
n am
ount
of 1
6mon
th) ;
Tra
inin
g an
d R
etra
inin
g Pr
ogra
mm
esfo
r Out
-Pl
acem
ent;
Gui
danc
e an
d As
sist
ance
for O
ut-P
lace
men
t.
58
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
dCom
mon
Pro
blem
s in
Red
uctio
n Sc
hem
es Im
plem
enta
tion
Payi
ng to
o m
uch;
Bes
t em
ploy
ees l
eave
, the
wor
st re
mai
n (a
dver
se se
lect
ion)
;
Re-
hirin
g of
em
ploy
ees a
fter t
he re
form
(r
evol
ving
doo
r).
59
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Exa
mpl
es o
f Red
uctio
n Sc
hem
es C
osts
in L
AE
cuad
or:
US$
72
mill
ions
for 9
,000
por
t wor
kers
, pai
d w
ith fu
nds f
rom
mar
itim
e ag
enci
es, a
% o
f ton
s of
car
go th
roug
hput
. (sh
ip st
eved
ores
and
AP
wor
kers
)C
olom
bia:
US$
124
mill
ions
for 1
5,00
0 w
orke
rs, p
aid
from
G
over
nmen
t Bud
get a
nd P
ensi
ons F
unds
tra
nsfe
rred
to a
Gov
ernm
ent S
peci
al P
ensi
on
Fund
(Col
puer
to).
60
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Exa
mpl
es o
f Red
uctio
n Sc
hem
es C
osts
in L
A
Chi
le:
US$
50
mill
ions
for 1
0,00
0 ge
nera
l mar
itim
e pe
rson
nel,
paid
from
the
Gen
eral
Sta
te B
udge
t.U
S$ 8
4 m
illio
ns fo
r 1,4
00 E
mpo
rchi
port
wor
kers
, pai
d fro
m th
e E
mpo
rchi
Bud
get.
Peru
:U
S$ 7
8 m
illio
ns fo
r 14,
000
wor
kers
, pai
d fro
m
carg
o sh
ippe
rs a
nd c
onsi
gnee
with
a %
of t
ons
of th
roug
hput
(shi
p st
eved
ores
and
Ena
pu).
61
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Exa
mpl
es o
f Red
uctio
n Sc
hem
es C
osts
in L
A
Vene
zuel
a:U
S$ 9
0 m
illio
ns fo
r 12,
000
INP
wor
kers
, pai
d fro
m th
e G
ener
al S
tate
Bud
get.
62
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Prac
tical
Rec
omm
enda
tion
for R
educ
tion
of W
orkf
orce
Iden
tific
atio
n of
unp
rodu
ctiv
e or
less
add
ed v
alue
por
t se
rvic
es;
Iden
tific
atio
n of
serv
ices
whi
ch c
an b
e el
imin
ated
;
Iden
tific
atio
n of
ove
rsta
ff an
d “g
host
”pe
rson
nel
Iden
tific
atio
n of
redu
ndan
t fun
ctio
ns;
Offe
r a re
duct
ion
optio
n to
thos
e id
entif
ied
to le
ave;
Dev
elop
alte
rnat
ives
to th
e st
anda
rd re
duct
ion
optio
ns,
to k
eep
the
best
em
ploy
ees
63
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Rat
iona
lizat
ion
of L
abou
r(B
efor
e R
efor
m)
Adva
ntag
es:
Red
uctio
n of
unc
erta
intie
s for
priv
ate
sect
or o
r co
nces
sion
aire
s int
eres
ted
on a
cle
an e
nviro
nmen
t for
po
rt in
vest
men
ts;
Less
dis
turb
ance
to fu
ture
por
t ope
ratio
ns.
Inco
rrec
t Im
plem
enta
tion :
Not
eno
ugh
wor
kfor
ce re
duct
ion,
bec
ause
of p
oliti
cal
pres
sure
;U
nder
-opt
imiz
ed c
utba
cks,
seve
ranc
e pa
ckag
es a
nd
lack
of i
ncen
tives
to re
tain
the
best
per
sonn
el
64
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Rat
iona
lizat
ion
of L
abou
r(A
fter R
efor
m)
Adva
ntag
es:
Dec
isio
n ar
e w
ell p
lann
ed, s
tudi
ed a
nd a
re
prof
it or
ient
ed.
Inco
rrec
t Im
plem
enta
tion:
Unc
erta
inty
and
risk
for i
nves
tors
, les
s in
vest
ors i
nter
este
d an
d lo
wer
con
cess
ion
pric
e;Po
ssib
ilitie
s of i
ndus
trial
act
ions
by
port
labo
ur.
“Do
not “
tie u
p co
nces
sion
aire
s han
ds”
to c
hoos
e th
eir s
taff
acco
rdin
g to
mar
ket r
equi
rem
ents
an
d po
ssib
ilitie
s”
65
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
¿Who
shou
ld p
ay?
Gov
ernm
ent a
s a fo
rmer
em
ploy
er;
The
priv
ate
sect
or a
s a n
ew e
mpl
oyer
;
Use
rs a
s ben
efic
iarie
s.
66
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
67
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inte
rnat
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Supp
ort
The
Wor
ld B
ank:
Tec
hnic
al a
ssis
tanc
e;C
ondi
tiona
l dire
ct fi
nanc
ing
for s
ever
ance
pa
ymen
t;Po
verty
alle
viat
ion
prog
ram
s;C
ity D
evel
opm
ent P
roje
cts a
nd T
rans
port
Sect
or R
evie
w a
nd o
ther
s;C
ount
ries M
oder
niza
tion
Prog
ram
mes
.
68
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inte
rnat
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Supp
ort
On
Awar
enes
s, T
rain
ing
and
Ret
rain
ing:
The
Wor
ld B
ank:
Priv
atiz
atio
n Aw
aren
ess P
rogr
amm
es.
Inte
rnat
iona
l Lab
our O
rgan
izat
ion:
Port
Wor
kers
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
gram
(PD
P).
UN
CT
AD:
Tra
inin
g N
eed
Asse
ssm
ents
, Tra
inin
g an
d C
ours
es D
evel
opm
ent a
nd D
eliv
ery
Met
hodo
logy
.
69
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Inte
rnat
iona
l Org
aniz
atio
ns
Supp
ort
On
Awar
enes
s, T
rain
ing
and
Ret
rain
ing:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Mar
itim
e O
rgan
izat
ion
(IM
O):
Mar
itim
e Se
curit
y (I
SPS
Cod
e);
Mar
itim
e Sa
fety
(ST
CW
95)
;E
nviro
nmen
tal P
rote
ctio
n (M
arpo
lIm
plem
enta
tion)
.
70
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Con
tent
s
Con
text
ofPo
rtan
dLa
bour
Ref
orm
s;K
ey la
bour
issu
es to
be
addr
esse
d;O
rgan
izin
g to
add
ress
labo
urre
form
: a
task
fo
rce
appr
oach
;T
he in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
for p
ort r
efor
m;
Dev
elop
ing
the
wor
k fo
rce
ratio
naliz
atio
n pl
an;
Inte
rnat
iona
l sup
port
for l
abou
radj
ustm
ent;
Post
-ref
orm
labo
ur-m
anag
emen
t rel
atio
ns;
Com
men
ts.
71
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Post
Ref
orm
La
bour
Man
agem
ent R
elat
ions
Coo
pera
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
of la
bour
and
man
agem
ent (
join
t com
mitt
ees,
par
ticip
atio
n of
w
orke
rs in
wor
kpla
ce d
ecis
ions
);B
alan
ce o
f com
mer
cial
goa
ls o
f em
ploy
ers w
ith
soci
al g
oals
of t
heir
empl
oyee
s;Ag
reem
ent o
f all
stak
ehol
ders
abo
ut th
e pr
opos
ed c
hang
es in
labo
urre
gim
es, c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
and
wor
k pr
actic
es.
72
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Gen
eral
Com
men
ts
To
use
durin
g th
e pl
anni
ng p
roce
ss a
dequ
ate
scie
ntifi
c di
agno
sis a
nd st
udie
s;T
o hi
re h
ighl
y qu
alifi
ed p
rofe
ssio
nals
to d
eal
with
the
labo
ur re
form
pro
cess
;T
o de
sign
cle
ar se
lect
ion
and
train
ing
proc
edur
es;
To
keep
per
man
ent a
nd tr
ansp
aren
t co
mm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
ls;
73
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
Gen
eral
Com
men
ts
The
hum
an re
sour
ce o
f the
por
t is a
hig
hly
sens
itive
pol
itica
l and
soci
al is
sue;
Port
labo
ur re
form
cou
ld b
e of
par
amou
nt
impo
rtanc
e fo
r com
plet
e po
rt re
form
s;Po
rt R
efor
ms m
ust b
e in
con
sona
nce
with
the
proc
ess o
f cou
ntry
mod
erni
zatio
n;
An e
rror
cou
ld d
etai
n po
rts a
nd th
e ex
tern
al
trade
of t
he c
ount
ry.
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
& A
ssoc
iate
d
1.74
1
Than
k Yo
u !!!
!
Rod
rigo
Gar
cia
Ber
nal
Mar
itim
e C
onsu
ltant
