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Workshop on Workshop on Water Resources Demand Water Resources Demand
Management Learning Management Learning Forum for IrrigationForum for Irrigation
26-28 July 201126-28 July 2011
JW Mariott HotelJW Mariott Hotel
Bangkok, ThailandBangkok, Thailand
WorkshopWorkshop
•ProblemsProblems
•Action/Project/Lessons LearnedAction/Project/Lessons Learned
•Suggestions/Recommendations/ Suggestions/Recommendations/ Action PlanAction Plan
•Cooperation among AMSCooperation among AMS
Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – CambodiaCambodia (1) (1)
• Inadequate legislation framework Inadequate legislation framework
• Institutional capacity building remain Institutional capacity building remain limited at both national and limited at both national and provincial levelsprovincial levels
• Institutional structure and Institutional structure and arrangement: limited coordination arrangement: limited coordination among water-related institutionsamong water-related institutions
Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – CambodiaCambodia (2) (2)
• Unplanned urban and industrial Unplanned urban and industrial developmentdevelopment
• Water resource management is not Water resource management is not undertaken in an integrated mannerundertaken in an integrated manner
Problems & ChallengesProblems & Challenges – – Indonesia Indonesia (1)(1) •Land acquisition •Land use change from irrigation
to residential area (around 35.000 Ha/year)
•Farmers’ preferrences to plant palm tree than paddy
•Operation and maintenance (fund, man power, discipline, etc.)
Problems & ChallengesProblems & Challenges – – IndonesiaIndonesia (2)(2)
•Natural disaster (i.e. Eruption of Merapi Mountain which destroyed + 10,000 Ha)
•Catchment area degradation•Availability of land and water
are the main constraints
Problems & Challenges – Lao Problems & Challenges – Lao PDRPDR
• Conduciveness of the business environment in irrigated agriculture(i) market and trade(ii) technology application, and(iii) infrastructure development and
management.
• Effectiveness of public management
Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – MalaysiaMalaysia (1) (1)
•To provide appropriate irrigation system and infrastructures to meet demand management requirement
•Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas
•To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level
Problem & Challenges – Problem & Challenges – MalaysiaMalaysia (2) (2)
•Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government•Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water
Problems - Myanmar Problems - Myanmar
• Weakness of Water User Weakness of Water User Groups (WUGs)Groups (WUGs)
• Low canal efficiencyLow canal efficiency
• Lack of Participatory Lack of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) Irrigation Management (PIM) conceptconcept
Problem & Challenges - Problem & Challenges - PhilippinesPhilippines• Management ChallengesManagement Challenges
– Diminishing Water Supply– Balding Irrigation
Watersheds– Ineffective Hydraulic
Regulation
Problems & Challenges – Problems & Challenges – ThailandThailand
•Limitation of new water Limitation of new water resources developmentresources development
• Increasing water demand Increasing water demand (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% (79,685 MCM in 2014 or 4.08% increase of the total water increase of the total water demand demand
Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (1)(1) • Lack of awareness of the importance of water re
sources management in sustainable development• Conflicts between protection of water resources a
nd water supply, water security for development• Incomplete legal system for water resources m
anagement;• Inadequate organisation and management c
apacity in water resources;• Lack of mechanisms and policies, especially ec
onomic and financial policies in water resources;• Inadequate and inaccurate information and
data on water resources and constraints on information sharing
Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (2)(2) • Unbalance between economic development and wat
er resources protection;• Lack of attention to the importance of ensuring environme
ntal flows and of water ecosystem protection when devel oping physical structures on rivers;
• Polluted water can contaminate rivers, lakes and wetlan ds;
• Removal of mangrove forests and concrete lining of the banks of river and lakes is impacting on the flora c - over in the basin and reducing the self cleaning functions
and natural processes of rivers;• Inappropriate exploitation of minerals and other
land-based activities in and along our rivers seriously change the living environment for many species of flora and fauna
Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (3)(3)
• The uneven distribution of the river network, un even rainfall, prolonged dry seasons resulting in water supply problems in many areas;
• Quantity and quality of the surface water depen ds on the use of water in the upstream countries
;• Inadequate infrastructure for water supply and
management;• High speed of urbanisation, industrialisation and
intensification of agriculture;• Lack of institutional capacity
Problems & Challenges - Problems & Challenges - Vietnam Vietnam (4)(4) • The shifting of responsibilities for water resour
ces management to MONRE from other ministri es is not yet completed;
• The institutional changes on national level are not yet completed on provincial and lower level
s.• Newly founded institutions for water resources
management such as the provincial Departme nts of Natural Resources and Environment;
• The capacity of institutions on all levels to monitor, control and sanction water use, land use or water pollution remains weak
Technical NeedsTechnical Needs (1)(1)
• Cambodia:Cambodia:• Capacity building for govt. officials at Capacity building for govt. officials at
both national and provincial levelboth national and provincial level• Law enforcementLaw enforcement
• MyanmarMyanmar:: Technical Assistance Technical Assistance RequiredRequired• Dissemination of PIM conceptDissemination of PIM concept• New irrigation methodsNew irrigation methods
Technical NeedsTechnical Needs (2)(2)
• PhilippinesPhilippines– Irrigation Modernization Piloting– Technical Capability Enhancement– Irrigation Statistics Validation
Technical NeedsTechnical Needs (3)(3)
• IndonesiaIndonesia
• Lao PDRLao PDR
• MalaysiaMalaysia
Financial NeedsFinancial Needs (1)(1)
• CambodiaCambodia
• IndonesiaIndonesia
• Lao PDRLao PDR
• MalaysiaMalaysia
Financial Needs (2)Financial Needs (2)
•MyanmarMyanmar:: Finance Assistance Finance Assistance RequiredRequired•Canal liningCanal lining•On-farm level investmentOn-farm level investment•MachineriesMachineries
LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (1)(1)• ADB and AFD Funding Projects ADB and AFD Funding Projects
Key indicators to assess quality of the water Key indicators to assess quality of the water management organization management organization
i) i) the institutional link between the management b the institutional link between the management b ody, users, and local authorities ody, users, and local authorities
ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan ii ) presence/absence of an operation plan
iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan iii) presence/absence of a maintenance plan
iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or iv) gap between theoretical operation and/or maintenance plan s and reality maintenance plan s and reality
v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and the v) presence/absence of rules and regulations and thecapacity of the management body to enforce themcapacity of the management body to enforce them
LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (2)(2)
• Two major challenges for irrigatio Two major challenges for irrigatio n management bodies n management bodies
a) remaintenance and a) remaintenance and
b) internal rules and b) internal rules and regulations.regulations.
LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (3)(3)• FWUC capacity building FWUC capacity building requires time, so tha requires time, so tha
t leaders and users capacity can be increase t leaders and users capacity can be increase d. Skills that need to be developed by FWU d. Skills that need to be developed by FWU C leaders relates to: C leaders relates to: 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how 1) irrigation scheme operation capacity (how to to cc ontrol water, share it amongst users with ontrol water, share it amongst users with
equity), equity), 2) maintenance capacity (what job 2) maintenance capacity (what job shouldshould be be
done and when, how to make a contract with done and when, how to make a contract with an entrepreneur, how to control the quality o an entrepreneur, how to control the quality o
f fff f ffffffffff f fffff fff f ffffffffff f ffff
LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia LESSON LEARNED – Cambodia (4)(4)• FWUC capacity building FWUC capacity building
3 ) accounting capacity (how to keep cle 3 ) accounting capacity (how to keep cle ar accounts of fee collection and expendit ar accounts of fee collection and expendit
ures) ures)
4) financing capacity (how to build the fee 4) financing capacity (how to build the feeff fffff fff ff fffffff f ffff fffff ff fffff fff ff fffffff f ffff fffff
5) enforcement capacity (what and how 5) enforcement capacity (what and how to enforce) to enforce)
LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (1)(1)• Pressures in irrigation Pressures in irrigation come from pop come from pop
ulation growth, water availability, lan ulation growth, water availability, lan d availability, etc. d availability, etc.
• Comprehensive approach Comprehensive approach is needed t is needed t o solve the problems, including o solve the problems, including demadema
nd management nd management
LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia LESSON LEARNED – Indonesia (2)(2)• MeasuresMeasures in in Demand Management Demand Management
can be form of introducing a new plan can be form of introducing a new plan tation method i.e. SRI, applying cluste tation method i.e. SRI, applying cluste
rs plantation, empowering water user rs plantation, empowering water user association/farmers, etc. association/farmers, etc.
• It is It is necessary to control population necessary to control population growthgrowth since population affect the since population affect the most to water sector and irrigation.most to water sector and irrigation.
LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED –Lao PDR–Lao PDR
• EstablishingEstablishing Water User Organization (WUO) Water User Organization (WUO) in in community to manage irrigation efficiently and community to manage irrigation efficiently and accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, accept responsibility for repairs, upkeep, maintenance, and also capital replacement maintenance, and also capital replacement under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) under Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) agreements, irrigation policy and agreements, irrigation policy and implementation has not been successful. implementation has not been successful. Communities are not able to manage asset Communities are not able to manage asset sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well sustainably. Irrigation schemes are not well maintained and water user organization is very maintained and water user organization is very weak.weak.
LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Malaysia – Malaysia (1)(1)• Proper irrigation scheduling can result
in significant savings in irrigation time , labour, energy, and water. By carefu
lly managing the amount of water app lied, leaching of nutrients and erosion
can be reduced.• No single agency entrusted with the o
verall planning and management of w ater. There is a need for one agency t
o pursue a more effective water management.
LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia LESSON LEARNED – Malaysia (2)(2)•Lack of people awareness on WDM
issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM
• Recycling drainage water for irrigation
• Reduce conveyance losses through c through c anal lining and pipeline network. anal lining and pipeline network.
LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Myanmar – Myanmar (1)(1)
• Active cooperation between f Active cooperation between f armers and Irrigation Depart armers and Irrigation Depart
mentment
• Appropriate cropping pattern Appropriate cropping pattern with water rotation system with water rotation system
• Wide area cultivation in area Wide area cultivation in areacontinuouslycontinuously
LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED – Myanmar – Myanmar (2)(2)
• Land consolidation Land consolidation
• Farmers, organizers and sup Farmers, organizers and sup ply side’s cooperation ply side’s cooperation
• More on-farm water More on-farm water management trainings for management trainings for farmersfarmers
LESSON LEARNED – Philippines LESSON LEARNED – Philippines (1)(1)
LESSON LEARNED – Singapore LESSON LEARNED – Singapore (1)(1)
LESSON LEARNED – Thailand LESSON LEARNED – Thailand (1)(1)
LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam LESSON LEARNED – Vietnam (1)(1)
BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES
• MalaysiaMalaysia: Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand
– Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optim
um usage of water resources,– Information (water level/gate openi
ng) for decision on water distribution
Best Practices - Singapore Having larger, deeper and interconnected ponds to increase storage capacity
Adopt flexible irrigation schedule to save water by adjusting with the weather conditions. For example, do not irrigate just after rain
Irrigate in the early morning or late evening (between 4 - 7 am or 6 - 9 pm) to minimise evaporation losses and train workers to understand site conditions
Use drought tolerant turf species such as Bermuda and Zoysia grass
Fairway &Tee box
Green Rough
Zoysia matrella
Bermuda tifdwarf Seashore tascalum
Serangoon grass
Axonopus compressus Cow grass
Zoysia
Best Practices - Singapore Apply wetting agent to promote retention of moisture in the turf
Prevent over irrigation which can cause excessive growth and plant diseases
Design sprinklers to provide uniform water distribution and by having overlapping coverage to promote healthy turf grass. The most common and efficient sprinkler spacing is Head-to-Head whereby sprinklers are spaced at their radii
Automatic irrigation system with central control and weather station is one of the most efficient and effective irrigation system
Ponds are sized adequately so that there is sufficient irrigation water even during dry weather
Internal filter system to prevent clogging of sprinkler heads
Some have pipes underneath soil to channel excess ground water back to pond
Vegetable Farms Best practices - Singapore
Most farms using overhead mist irrigation system to ensure good coverage and easier absorption by plants. This helps to cool temperature as well.
Irrigation only carried out on a need basis, average once/day for 10 minutes
No irrigation is done on rainy days. Depending on soil moisture, there can be no irrigation for 2-3 days after heavy rain
Best practices - Singapore
Farmers do not overwater because fear of drowning and diseases such as Rhizonia
Usually covered with special type of translucent netting to allow sufficient sunlight penetration while protecting plants from excessive rain.
Best practices - Singapore
BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES
• ThailandThailand: : Increase water use Increase water use efficiency efficiency through irrigation system through irrigation system operation and maintenance, operation and maintenance, improvement and modernization, improvement and modernization, cost recovery/sharing, and cost recovery/sharing, and changing changing cropping patternscropping patterns
Action – IndonesiaAction – Indonesia
•Optimizing the existing water infrastructures/irrigation with prioritization, i.e. proper O&M, Rehabilitation, upgrading and construction of new irrigation networks
•Plantation arrangement including empowerment of water user associations
•Participatory approach and decentralization
Action PlanningAction Planning – Myanmar – Myanmar (1)(1)
New demand initiatives
- Extension of new agricultural lands
- Increase of irrigated farmlands
- Extension of urban areas
- Increase of industrial zones
- Village-wise small tanks in Central Dry Zone (CDZ)
- Transbasin water diversion projects
- On-farm water management farmers’ training
Action PlanningAction Planning – Myanmar – Myanmar (2)(2)
- Poverty reduction and farmer motivation for more investment and technical know-how.
- Allow the cultivation of cash crops in irrigated areas
- Promotion of well-organized Water User Groups
- Promotion of farmers’ training
- Inviting participation from inside the country and abroad
Action – Thailand (1)Action – Thailand (1)
•Industry Sector: the 3 R principle (reduce reuse and recycle ) was applied in some places.
Action – Thailand (2)Action – Thailand (2)
•Water Efficiency for Agriculture –To introduce crops and less water-consuming cultivation
–To apply concrete lining for irrigation system
–To promote drip irrigation–To use treated water for irrigation
Action – Thailand (3)Action – Thailand (3)
•Water Efficiency for Agriculture –Support technology to increase water efficiency, e.g. change in cropping pattern or research on less water-consuming crops
–To limit amount of water in case of water scarcity
Action – Vietnam (1)Action – Vietnam (1)
• Develop a uniform way of water management i - n all fields based on a river basin approach.
• Allow a shift in policies from - supply focused to d- emand focused approach for the irrigation sector
;• Strengthen the policy and institutional framew
ork for water demand management;• Improve compliance and enforcement and dee
pen public participation and involvement;• Expand and diversify investment in
infrastructure for irrigation
Action – Vietnam (2)Action – Vietnam (2)
• Reflect the nature of water service products more effectively.
• Allow the (re)implementation of fees , duties and t ax policies.
• Reflect the real costs of a water unit in order to ens ure the security and sustainability of water services.
• Promote more proactive engagement in regional ri parian cooperation and improving information mana
gement,• Complete separation of the water management
and service functions to support further decentralization of management authorities
STRATEGIES & PRIORITYSTRATEGIES & PRIORITY
• StrategiesStrategies • PriorityPriority
ACTIVITIES & PRIORITYACTIVITIES & PRIORITY
• ActivitiesActivities • PriorityPriority
PLAN OF ACTIONPLAN OF ACTION
• PlanPlan • PriorityPriority
PLAN OF ACTIONPLAN OF ACTION
• PlanPlan • PriorityPriority
THANK YOUTHANK YOU