WORDLIST 9THE HISTORY OF BICYCLES

مرکز مطالعات و توسعه آموزش علوم پزشکی

1. Alteration (n.) Definition:  a change, usually a slight change, in the appearance,

character, or structure of something:Synonym: change, adjustment, adaptation

Example: Several police officers are being questioned about the alteration of the documents.

Word Family: pre·al·ter·a·tion, noun

pro·al·ter·a·tion, adjectivere·al·ter·a·tion, noun

2. Bumpy (adj.)

Definition: not smooth

Synonym: rough, choppy

Example: We drove along a narrow, bumpy road.

Word Family:

bump·i·ly, adverb

bump·i·ness, noun

3.  Design (v.)Definition:  to make or draw plans for something, for example

clothes or buildings:Synonym: plan. Sketch, model

Example: This range of clothing is specially designed for shorter women.

Word Family: out·de·sign, verb (used with object)

o·ver·de·sign, verbpre·de·sign, verb (used with object)

re·de·sign, verbself-de·sign, noun

4. Fee (n.)

Definition: an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service

Synonym: cost, charge,

Example: We couldn't pay the lawyer's fee.

Word Family:

fee·less, adjective

o·ver·fee, noun

su·per·fee, noun

5. Framework (n.)

Definition: a supporting structure around which something can be built

Synonym: body, skeleton, foundation

Example: The bike has been made on a strong metal framework.

Word Family:

un·der·frame·work, noun

6. Individual (n.)

Definition: a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they belong

Synonym: person, human being, guy

Example: Every individual has rights which must never be taken away.

Word Family:

in·ter·in·di·vid·u·al, adjective

non·in·di·vid·u·al, adjective

su·per·in·di·vid·u·al, adjective, noun

su·per·in·di·vid·u·al·ly, adverb

trans·in·di·vid·u·al, adjective

7. Injure (v.)Definition: to hurt or cause physical harm to a person or animal

Synonym: hurt, damage, woundExample: A bomb exploded at the embassy, injuring several

people.Word Family:

in·jur·a·ble, adjectivein·jur·er, noun

qua·si-in·jured, adjectivere·in·jure, verb (used with object), re·in·jured, re·in·jur·ing.

un·in·jured, adjective

8. Inherent (adj.)Definition: existing as a natural or basic part of something

Synonym: intrinsic, Innate, inborn, implicit Example: I have an inherent distrust of lawyers.

Word Family:in·her·ent·ly, adverb

non·in·her·ent, adjectivenon·in·her·ent·ly, adverb

un·in·her·ent, adjectiveun·in·her·ent·ly, adverb

9. Lever (n.)

Definition: a bar or handle that moves around a fixed point, so that one end of it can be pushed or pulled in order to control the

operation of a machine or move a heavy or stiff object

Synonym: handle

Example: He pulled the lever to unlock the door.

Word Family:

re·lev·er, verb (used with object)

10. Manufacturer

Definition:  a company that produces goods in large numbers, producer

Synonym: maker, producer, builder, constructor

Example: Germany is a major manufacturer of motor cars

Word Family:

11. Minimize (v.)Definition: to reduce something to the least possible level or

amountSynonym: reduce, decrease, lessen

Example: We must minimize the risk of infection. Word Family:

min·i·mi·za·tion, nounmin·i·miz·er, noun

un·min·i·mized, adjectiveun·min·i·miz·ing, adjective

12. Overseas (adj.)

Definition:  in, from, or to other countries

Synonym: away, across, in a foreign country

Example: We need to open up overseas markets

Word Family:

13. Pillow (n.)

Definition:  a rectangular cloth bag filled with soft material, such as feathers or artificial materials, used for resting your head on in

bed

Synonym: cushion, headrest

Example: Do you prefer a feather pillow or a foam pillow?

Word Family:

pil·low·less, adjective

pil·low·like, adjective

un·pil·lowed, adjective

14. Primary (adj.)

Definition:  more important than anything else; main

Synonym: main, chief, key, prime

Example: The Red Cross's primary concern is to preserve and protect human life.

Word Family:

pri·ma·ri·ness, noun

post·pri·ma·ry, adjective

sub·pri·ma·ry, adjective

15. Revolutionize (v.)

Definition:  to completely change something so that it is much better:

Synonym: transform, alter, reorganize

Example: Newton's discoveries revolutionized physics.

Word Family:

rev·o·lu·tion·iz·er, noun

qua·si-rev·o·lu·tion·ized, adjective

un·rev·o·lu·tion·ized, adjective

16. Rear (adj.)

Definition: at the back of something:

Synonym: back, hinder

Example: The horse had injured one of its rear legs.

Word Family:

un·reared, adjective

well-reared, adjective

17. Steel (n.)

Definition: a strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon, used for making things that need a strong structure, especially

vehicles and buildings:

Synonym:

Example: a steel helmet

Word Family:

steel·like, adjective

pre·steel, noun, adjective

18. Substitute (v.) Definition:  to use something or someone instead of another thing

or personSynonym: replace with, exchange

Example: You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe. Word Family:

sub·sti·tut·a·ble, adjectivesub·sti·tut·a·bil·i·ty, noun

sub·sti·tut·er, nounsub·sti·tut·ing·ly, adverb

sub·sti·tu·tion, noun

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