Wireless Sensor Wireless Sensor Networks for Emergency Networks for Emergency

ResponseResponse

Lindsey McGrath and Christine Lindsey McGrath and Christine WeissWeiss

AgendaAgenda

IntroductionIntroduction Components of Wireless Sensor Components of Wireless Sensor

Network (WSN)Network (WSN) Existing Studies/Applications Existing Studies/Applications Potential ImpactPotential Impact CodeBlueCodeBlue ChallengesChallenges Conclusion Conclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

Sensor networks offer the medical Sensor networks offer the medical community the capability to community the capability to capture, process and communicate capture, process and communicate critical data through low-power, critical data through low-power, low-cost wireless devices.low-cost wireless devices.

Applicable to various medical areas Applicable to various medical areas such as patient monitoring, disaster such as patient monitoring, disaster response, and rehabilitation response, and rehabilitation monitoringmonitoring

Components of WSNComponents of WSN

Data acquisition network and data Data acquisition network and data distribution network monitored and distribution network monitored and controlled by a management centercontrolled by a management center Motes containing a tiny amount of Motes containing a tiny amount of

CPU/memoryCPU/memory PDAs and PC-class systemsPDAs and PC-class systems

Existing Existing Studies/ApplicationsStudies/Applications

StudiesStudies SMARTSMART AID-INAID-IN WiiSARDWiiSARD Patient Centric NetworkPatient Centric Network Agent Based Casualty CareAgent Based Casualty Care

ApplicationsApplications Habitat monitoring – Great Duck IslandHabitat monitoring – Great Duck Island WINS - militaryWINS - military

Potential ImpactPotential Impact

Mass Casualty Events (MCE)Mass Casualty Events (MCE) ““Active Triage Tag”Active Triage Tag” Bridge the gap between patient load and Bridge the gap between patient load and

available resourcesavailable resources Simultaneous physical environment Simultaneous physical environment

monitoringmonitoring Tracking first-responder and patients Tracking first-responder and patients

location and statuslocation and status Creation of valuable medical research Creation of valuable medical research

datadata

CodeBlueCodeBlue

Harvard University in collaboration with Harvard University in collaboration with various medical facilities introduce various medical facilities introduce CodeBlueCodeBlue

CodeBlue - An ad hoc WSN CodeBlue - An ad hoc WSN Infrastructure for Emergency Medical Infrastructure for Emergency Medical CareCare

Goal – “Enhance first-responders’ ability Goal – “Enhance first-responders’ ability to access patients on scene, ensure to access patients on scene, ensure seamless transfer of data among seamless transfer of data among caregivers, and facilitate efficient caregivers, and facilitate efficient allocation of hospital resources”allocation of hospital resources”

CodeBlue InfrastructureCodeBlue Infrastructure

CodeBlue: VitalDustCodeBlue: VitalDust

Wearable wireless pulse oximeter Wearable wireless pulse oximeter and 2-lead Electrocardiogram and 2-lead Electrocardiogram Monitor (EKG)Monitor (EKG) Collect heart rate (HR), blood oxygen Collect heart rate (HR), blood oxygen

saturation (SpO2), and hearts saturation (SpO2), and hearts electrical activityelectrical activity

Devices can be programmed to Devices can be programmed to alert medical personnel when vital alert medical personnel when vital signs fall outside normal conditionssigns fall outside normal conditions

CodeBlue: VitalDust CodeBlue: VitalDust ImplementationImplementation

Pulse OximeterPulse Oximeter Mote-based oximeter Mote-based oximeter

connector betweenconnector betweenMica2/MicaZ mote Mica2/MicaZ mote platform and the platform and the BCI Medical boardBCI Medical board

Measures the amount of light Measures the amount of light transmitted through a noninvasive transmitted through a noninvasive sensor attached to the patient’s fingersensor attached to the patient’s finger

How is the data used?How is the data used?

CodeBlue: VitalDust CodeBlue: VitalDust ImplementationImplementation

EKGEKG Mote-based EKG consists Mote-based EKG consists

of a custom built circuit of a custom built circuit board attached to aboard attached to aMica2/MicaZ/Telos moteMica2/MicaZ/Telos mote

Measures hearts’ electrical activity Measures hearts’ electrical activity through a set of leads attached to a through a set of leads attached to a patients heart at a rate of 120 Hzpatients heart at a rate of 120 Hz

How is it used?How is it used?

CodeBlue: PlutoCodeBlue: Pluto

Wearable tag wristbandWearable tag wristband Stores patient information Stores patient information

and tracks patient location and tracks patient location using radio-frequency using radio-frequency (RF) signals(RF) signals

Mote includes an external push Mote includes an external push button that can be used by a button that can be used by a patient to transmit a one-way alert patient to transmit a one-way alert to medical staffto medical staff

CodeBlue: Pluto CodeBlue: Pluto ImplementationImplementation

PlutoPluto Based on Telos, containsBased on Telos, contains

a TI microprocessor, a TI microprocessor, ChipCon radio, rechargableChipCon radio, rechargablebattery and a Mini-B USBbattery and a Mini-B USBconnectorconnector

Provides Telos capabilities sacrificing Provides Telos capabilities sacrificing expandability and long battery life in expandability and long battery life in favor of smaller, light-weight design favor of smaller, light-weight design

How is it used?How is it used?

CodeBlue: MoteTrackCodeBlue: MoteTrack

Two-phase process to estimate locationsTwo-phase process to estimate locations Offline collection of RF signal signatures Offline collection of RF signal signatures

followed by online location estimationfollowed by online location estimation

Operates in decentralized, robust Operates in decentralized, robust fashion providing good location accuracy fashion providing good location accuracy despite minimal failures in its despite minimal failures in its infrastructureinfrastructure

CodeBlue: MoteTrack CodeBlue: MoteTrack ImplementationImplementation

MoteTrackMoteTrack Operates using low power, single chip Operates using low power, single chip

radio transceivers located in sensor radio transceivers located in sensor network nodes embedded in a network nodes embedded in a wearable sensor wearable sensor

Receives messages as signatures from Receives messages as signatures from beacon nodes populating an areabeacon nodes populating an area

How is it used?How is it used?

ChallengesChallenges

Communication ChallengesCommunication Challenges Secure, reliable, ad hoc Secure, reliable, ad hoc

communication among groups of communication among groups of sensors and mobile devicessensors and mobile devices

Prioritize transmission of dataPrioritize transmission of data Computational ChallengesComputational Challenges

Computational powerComputational power Security and encryption techniquesSecurity and encryption techniques

Programming ChallengesProgramming Challenges Level of software servicesLevel of software services

ConclusionConclusion

Extremely beneficial in disaster Extremely beneficial in disaster response scenariosresponse scenarios

Requires efficiency and accuracy Requires efficiency and accuracy improvementimprovement

A step up in saving lives, creating A step up in saving lives, creating valuable medical research data, valuable medical research data, and allocation of medical resourcesand allocation of medical resources

ResourcesResources

Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityDivision of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University

CodeBlue: Wireless Sensor Networks for Medical CareCodeBlue: Wireless Sensor Networks for Medical Care

http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/proj/codeblue/http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/proj/codeblue/ Victor Shnayder, Bor-rong Chen, Konrad Lorincz, Thaddeus R.F.Fulford-Jones and Victor Shnayder, Bor-rong Chen, Konrad Lorincz, Thaddeus R.F.Fulford-Jones and

Matt Welsh. Matt Welsh. Sensor Networks for Medical CareSensor Networks for Medical Care. In the Harvard University . In the Harvard University Technical Report TR-08-05, April 2005Technical Report TR-08-05, April 2005

Konrad Lorincz, David Malan, Thaddeus R. F. Fulford-Jones, Alan Nawoj, Antony Konrad Lorincz, David Malan, Thaddeus R. F. Fulford-Jones, Alan Nawoj, Antony Clavel, Victor Shnayder, Geoff Mainland, Steve Moulton, and Matt Welsh. Clavel, Victor Shnayder, Geoff Mainland, Steve Moulton, and Matt Welsh. Sensor Sensor Networks for Emergency Response: Challenges and Opportunities. Networks for Emergency Response: Challenges and Opportunities. In In IEEE IEEE Pervasive ComputingPervasive Computing, Special Issue on Pervasive Computing for First Response, , Special Issue on Pervasive Computing for First Response, Oct-Dec 2004. Oct-Dec 2004.

Thaddeus R. F. Fulford-Jones, Gu-Yeon Wei, and Matt Welsh. Thaddeus R. F. Fulford-Jones, Gu-Yeon Wei, and Matt Welsh. A Portable, Low-A Portable, Low-Power, Wireless Two-Lead EKG System. Power, Wireless Two-Lead EKG System. In In Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Proceedings of the 26th IEEE EMBS Annual International ConferenceEMBS Annual International Conference, San Francisco, September 2004. , San Francisco, September 2004.

David Malan, Thaddeus Fulford-Jones, Matt Welsh, and Steve Moulton. David Malan, Thaddeus Fulford-Jones, Matt Welsh, and Steve Moulton. CodeBlue: CodeBlue: An Ad Hoc Sensor Network Infrastructure for Emergency Medical Care. An Ad Hoc Sensor Network Infrastructure for Emergency Medical Care. International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, April International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, April 2004. 2004.

Konrad Lorincz and Matt Welsh. Konrad Lorincz and Matt Welsh. A Robust, Decentralized Approach to RF-A Robust, Decentralized Approach to RF-Based Location Tracking. Based Location Tracking. Technical Report TR-19-04, Harvard University, 2004. Technical Report TR-19-04, Harvard University, 2004.