wireless network and MANET

7/30/2019 wireless network and MANET

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KESHAV KUMAR TIWARI

M.TECH(CTA)

0012CS11MT08NITTTR,BHOPAL


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Objective

IntroductionA Brief History of Wireless technology.

Wired Vs Wireless Technology

Wireless Standards.

Types of wireless networks.

Types of technologies.

Multiple Access Techniques.

Wireless ad-hoc network.

Mobile ad hoc network .

Energy Conservation in Mobile Adhoc


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I NTRODUCTI ON

Wireless is a term used to describe communications inwhich electromagnetic waves are used forcommunication purpose

The first wireless transmitters went on the air in theearly 20th century using radiotelegraphy (Morsecode). Later, as modulation made it possible totransmit voices and music via wireless


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A Brief History of Wireless- Wireless communications originated with the

demonstration by Tesla in 1893, followed by theinvention of wireless telegraph by Marconi in

1896.Advances in wireless communications have led to

radio, television, mobile telephones, andcommunication satellites

Development of wireless networks: LAN, MAN,and WAN Trend continues: Voice Data Broadband Need to support mobility


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COMMON EXAMPLES OF

WIRELESS: 1.Cellu lar phones and pagers

2.Cordless computer peripherals

3.Global Posit ioning System ( GPS) -


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Need of Wireless Technology- Goes where cable and fibre cannot:The system will carry

information across geographical areas that are prohibitive in terms ofdistance, cost, access, or time.

Completes the access technology portfolio: Wirelessenables a fully comprehensive access technology portfolio to work with

existing dial, cable, and DSL technologies.

Involves reduced time to revenue: Companies can generaterevenue in less time through the deployment of wireless solutions than with

comparable access technologies Provides broadband access extension: wireless commonly both

competes with and complements existing broadband access. Wirelesstechnologies play a key role in extending the reach of cable, fibre, and DSLmarkets, and it does so quickly and reliably.


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Di f ference be tw een w i red andw i re less t echnology

o Wireless networking has predominantly becomemore popular over the past few years, withadvancements in technology, wireless speeds are

getting closer to matching those of wired and manyhomes and businesses are implementing them intotheir network.

o While wireless certainly offer flexibility andconvenience there are also many other importantfactors to consider when using them in place ofwired networks.


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oSPEED

The networking of the wired networks are more faster ascompared to other types of wireless networking devices

because they are able to provide the speed of more then1000 Mbps.

oINSTALLATION

Wired, ethernet cable must be on each computer to another

computer or a central device. This often causescomplications because of the length of cable required andnecessary arrangements to wire the room neat.

Wireless, can be configured in 2 wayso Ad hoc networkso Infrastructure modeoBoth ad hoc and infrastructure mode needs a Networkadapter called WLAN cards.


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RELIABILITY

Due to there being no physical medium, data has totransfer through the air and must pass through any surface

in its path. This means that signals can get blocked and deflectedand this means your connection can suffer or even drop. Wired network fails very rarely and provide good speedand performance

MOBILITY

In wired technology it cannot provide mobile network.

Difficult to lay down the cables and it looks very messywhen install outside. In wireless technology it is not very much reliable onlybest for mobile devices such as Laptops.

Not faster as compared to wired devices


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COST

oIn wired technology we need many expenses to setupthe wired network.

o Because we need large money to spread the network

of coaxial cables.

o As compared to other wired devices it is easy tosetup the wireless networking devices at the very lowand at the reliable cost.


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Wireless? Wireless network refers to any type of computer

network that is not connected by cables of any kind.

It is a method by which homes,telecommunicationsnetworks and enterprise (business) installations

avoid the costly process of introducing cables into abuilding, or as a connection between variousequipment locations.

The last link with the users is wireless, to give a

network connection to all users in a building orcampus.

The backbone of network usually uses cables.


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WIRELESS CAN BE DIVIDED

INTO :

FIXED WIRELESS

1.Mobile wireless2.Portable wireless

IR WIRELESS

1.IR (infrared) radiation


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Wireless Standards

IEEE 802.15.3UWB, BluetoothWi-Media,

BTSIG, MBOA

WAN

MAN

LAN

PAN ETSIHiperPAN

IEEE 802.11Wi-Fi Alliance

ETSI-BRANHiperLAN2

IEEE 802.16dWiMAX

ETSI HiperMAN &HIPERACCESS

IEEE 802.20IEEE 802.16e

3GPP (GPRS/UMTS)3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000)GSMA, OMA

SensorsIEEE 802.15.4(Zigbee Alliance)

RFID(AutoID Center)

RANIEEE 802.22


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Types of wireless networks 1.Wireless PAN-Wireless personal area networks(WPANs)

interconnect devices within a relatively small area, that isgenerally within a person's reach.

For example- both Bluetooth radio and invisible infraredlight provides a WPAN for interconnecting a headset to a

laptop.

2.Wireless LAN- A wireless local area network (WLAN)links two or more devices over a short distance using a

wireless distribution method, usually providing a connectionthrough an access point for Internet access. The useof spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies may allow usersto move around within a local coverage area, and still

remain connected to the network.


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3.Wireless mesh net w ork- A wireless mesh network isa wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in amesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf ofthe other nodes. Mesh networks can "self heal",automatically re-routing around a node that has lost power.

4.Wireless WAN- Wireless wide area networks arewireless networks that typically cover large areas, such asbetween neighbouring towns and cities, or city and suburb.These networks can be used to connect branch offices of

business or as a public internet access system.


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Cellular network Acellular netw ork or mobile network is a radio network

distributed over land areas called cells, each served by atleast one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cellsite or base station.

In a cellular network, each cell characteristically uses adifferent set of radio frequencies from all their immediateneighbouring cells to avoid any interference.

When joined together these cells provide radio coverageover a wide geographic area. This enables a large number ofportable transceivers (e.g., mobile phones, pagers, etc.)


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Technologies? Cellular Technologies

2G system

2.5 system

3G system

4G system

Next System

Short range Technologies Home RF

Bluetooth

Zigbee

Wireless LAN Technology

2.4/wireless LAN

Adhoc /Infrastructure

mode

Long Range Technologies Internet


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Cel lu lar Tec hnolog ies2G system-

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone

technology. Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were

commercially launched on the GSM standard is launched in

1991.Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors

were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted.

2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum

allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels and 2G

introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text

messages.


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2.5 system

2.5G is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a

packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It

does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of

timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well.

The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred

with the introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It canbe used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet

communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.


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3G system- 3G, short for third Generation, is a term used torepresent the 3rd generation of mobile telecommunicationstechnology. Also called Tri-Band 3G. This is a set of standards usedfor mobile devices and mobile telecommunication services andnetworks that comply with the International MobileTelecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the

International Telecommunication Union.

3G finds application in wireless voice telephony, mobile Internetaccess, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls and mobile TV.

Recent 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also providemobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to smartphones andmobile modems in laptop computers.


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4G system- In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone

mobile communications standards. It is a successor of the thirdgeneration (3G) standards.

A 4G system provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, forexample to laptops with USB wireless modems,to smartphones, andto other mobile devices.

Conceivable applications include amended mobile web access, IPtelephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, videoconferencing and 3D television.

In Australia, Telstra launched the country's first 4G network (LTE) inSeptember 2011 claiming "240 Mbps" speeds and announced an

"aggressive" expansion of that network in 2012. In India, BhartiAirtel has launched India's first 4G service using TD-LTE technologyin Kolkata on 10 April 2012. In New Zealand, the first 4G networkwill be introduced in December 2013.


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Short range Technologies

Home RFHome RF was a wireless networking specification forhome devices. It was developed in 1998 by the HomeRFWorking Group, a consortium of mobile wireless

companies that included Proxim Wireless, Siemens,Motorola, Philips. and more than 100 other companies.The group was disbanded in January 2003 after otherwireless networks became accessible to home users andMicrosoft began including support for them in itsWindows operating systems. As a result HomeRF hasfallen into obsolescence. The archive of the HomeRF

Working Group is maintained by Palo Wireless.


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INTRODUCTION:

Wi-Fi is an alternative to Wired Technology, which iscommonly used, for connecting devices in wireless

mode.

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers tothe IEEE 802.11 communications standard for WirelessLocal Area Networks (WLANs).

Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other, to theinternet and to the wired network.


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Cont Wi-Fi is based on 802.11 technology

It is originally intended to provide wireless computing forstaffs within businesses and commercial organisations

However, residential customers adopted Wi-Fi faster thanenterprises because of its simplicity, fewer concernsabout security and the benefit of avoiding the expensesfor cabling

Its advantage is low equipment cost and easierinstallation

Benefits were also immediately noticed for healthcare,education, retailing and warehousing


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HOW WI-FI WORK S?

Basic concept is same as Walkie talkies.

A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access pointto an internet connection.

When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot thedevice can then connect to that network wirelessly.

Many access points can be connected to each other viaEthernet cables to create a single large network.


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WIFI TOPOLOGIES

AP-based t opology ( I nf rast ructure Mode)

Peer- to-peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode)

Point -t o-mul t ipoint bridge t opology

WI FI SECURIT Y THREATS


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WI-FI SECURIT Y THREATS

Wi-Fi Is Also Having Some Security Issues Like-

> > Eavesdropping - Eavesdropping is the process of gatheringinformation from a network by snooping on transmitted data. And toeavesdrop is to secretly overhear a private conversation over aconfidential communication in a not legally authorized way.

>>Man-in-the-middle attacks- is also known as a bucketbrigade attack, or sometimes Janus attack in cryptography and computersecurity is a form of active eavesdropping in which the attacker makesindependent connections with the victims and relays messages betweenthem, making them believe that they are talking directly to each other

over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation iscontrolled by the attacker.

> > Denial of Service-a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack)or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt tomake a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users.


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WI-FI APPLICATI ONS

oIt Is Most Commonly Used In Laptops And Mobiles ForInternet Portability

oUsed At Airport For Updating FlightTime Tables OnServers

oUsed In Offices To Connect Many Building On One HUB.


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Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard forexchanging data over short distances from fixed andmobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs)with high levels of security.

Using Bluetooth "Automatic communication betweenvarious devices within a small area in house or an officemakes it possible. When you click on an icon for a device

and you are linked to it, automatically and transparently


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ZigbeeZigbee is a specification for a suite of high level communicationprotocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE802.15.4-2003 standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANs),such as wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via short-range radio .

Typical application of Zigbee areas include-

Hom e Aw areness Water sensors, power sensors, smoke and firedetectors ,smart appliances and access sensors.

Mobi l e Serv ices m-payment, m-monitoring and control, m-securityand access control, m-healthcare.

Com m ercia l Bu i ld ing Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting, accesscontrol.

I n d u s t r i a l Pl an t Process control, asset management, environmentalmanagement, energy management, industrial device control.


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W ir e less LAN Tech n o log y

WIRELESS LAN

A WLAN is data communication system that reduces theneed for wired connections and makes new applications

possible, thereby adding new flexibility to networking. 802.11 - this is the network technology used in

wireless LANs. In fact, it is a family of technologies

such as 802.11a. 802.11b, etc., differing in speed and

other attributes


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ARCHI TECTURE OF WLAN

o Stations

o Basic service set

o Extended service set

o Distribution system


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o STATIONS

All components that can connect into a wireless mediumin a network are referred to as stations

o

Wireless stations fall into one of two categories:

o Access points

o Clients


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o BASIC SERVICE SET

The basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that cancommunicate with each other.

o

There are two types of BSS:oIndependent BSS

oInfrastructure BSS.


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o EXTENDED SERVICE SET

o An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connectedBSSs.


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oDISTRIBUT ION SYSTEM

o The concept of a DS can be used to increase networkcoverage through roaming between cells.


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How are WLANs Different? They use specialized physical and data link protocols

They integrate into existing networks through accesspoints which provide a bridging function

They let you stay connected as you roam from onecoverage area to another

They have unique security considerations

They have specific interoperability requirements

They require different hardw are

They offer performance that differs from wired LANs.


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Trends in wireless networks-

Revenue for wireless communication industry hassurpassed that of wired telephony industry

Wireless applications span both local area andwide area for: voice-oriented services, and

data-oriented services

Global cellular networks are providing veryconvenient communication infrastructure

Broadband wireless networks are using WirelessLANs that are very popular.


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Duplexing Duplexing facilitates communications in both

directions simultaneously: base station to mobileand mobile to base station

Duplexing is done either using frequency or timedomain techniques: Frequency division duplexing (FDD)

Time division duplexing (TDD)

FDD is suitable for radio communication systems,whereas TDD is more suitable for fixed wirelesssystems


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Multiple Access Techniques Frequency Division Multiple Access

Time Division Multiple Access

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Space Division Multiple Access

Packet Radio


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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) The frequency spectrum is divided into unique

frequency bands or channels

These channels are assigned to users on demand Multiple users cannot share a channel

Users are assigned a channel as a pair offrequencies (forward and reverse channels)

FDMA requires tight RF filtering to reduceadjacent channel interference


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Channel-1

Channel-6

Channel-5

Channel-7

Channel-8

Channel-9

FDMA

TIME

FREQUENCY

Channel-2

Channel-3

Channel-6

Channel-4

Channel-5

Channel-7

Channel-8

Channel-9


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Time Division Multiple Access-TDMA

TDMA systems divides the radio spectrum into timeslots, and in each time slot only one use is allowedto either transmit or receive

Transmission for any user is non-continuous In each TDMA frame, the preamble contains the

address and synchronization information TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several

users

TDMA could allocate varied number of time slots perframe to different users


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TDMA

TIME

FREQUENC

Y

Channel-7

Channel-10

Channel-8

Channel-9

Channel-6

Channel-5

Channel-4

Channel-3

Channel-2

Channel-1


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Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA) SSMA uses signals that have a transmission

bandwidth several orders of magnitude greaterthan the minimum required RF bandwidth

SSMA provides immunity to multipathinterference and robust multiple access capability SSMA is bandwidth efficient in multi-user

environment

SSMA techniques: Frequency hopped (FH) multiple access Direct sequence (DS) multiple access

It is Also known as code division multiple access (CDMA)


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CDMA The narrowband message signal is multiplied by a very largebandwidth signal called spreading signal The spreading signal has a pseudo-noise code sequence that has a

chip rate which is orders of magnitudes greater than the data ratesof the message

All users use the same carrier frequency and can transmitsimultaneously

Each use has its own pseudorandom codeword that is orthogonal tothe others

The receivers need to know the codeword of the correspondingsender

Power control is used to combat the near-far problem Near-far problem:

When many mobile users share the same channel, the strongestreceived mobile signal will capture the demodulator at a basestation. Thus a nearby subscriber could overpower the base-station receiver by drowning out the signals of far away

subscribers.


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CDMA Features Many users of CDMA share the same frequency either

TDD or FDD may be used

CDMA has soft capacity limit system performance is

inversely proportional to the number of users Multipath fading is reduced because of the signal spread

Channel data rates are very high

Prone to self-jamming and near-far problem

Self-jamming: when the spreading sequences of different usersare not exactly orthogonal

Near-far problem occurs at a CDMA receiver if anundesired user has a high detected power compared tothe desired user


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Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) SDMA controls the radiated energy for each user

and serves different users by using spot beamantennas

Different areas covered by antenna beam maybe served by same or different frequencies

Reverse links present difficulty: Transmitted power from each subscriber must be

controlled to prevent any single user from driving upthe interference level

Transmit power is limited by battery consumption atthe subscriber unit


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Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols

(CSMA) In CSMA protocols, each terminal on the network is

able to monitor the status of the channel beforetransmitting information

Variations:

1-persistent CSMA

non-persistent CSMA

p-persistent CSMA CSMA/CD


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IEEE 802.11 Standardization group formed in 1990, first

standards completed in 1997 IEEE 802.11 is the first WLAN standard; only one

to secure a market 802.11a: PHY layer supports 11Mbps using CKK

(complementary code keying) technology 802.11b: PHY layer supports 54 Mbps using

OFDM Uses CSMA/CA for contention data Supports both infrastructure as well as ad hoc

modes


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Logical link control

Point coordination function(PCF)

Distributed coordination function (DCF)

2.4-Ghz

frequency-hoppingspread

spectrum1Mbps2Mbps

2.4-Ghz

directsequence

spreadspectrum1Mbps2Mbps

Infrared

1Mbps2Mbps

5-Ghz

orthogonalFDM 6, 9.12. 18, 24,36, 48, 54

Mbps

2.4-Ghz

directsequence

spreadspectrum5.5 Mbps11 Mbps

Contention-free service

Contentionservice

MAClayer

IEEE 802.11 Protocol Architecture

IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11a IEEE 802.11b

ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS


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ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESSTECHNOLOGY

Easy to use.

Avoid use of cables.

Offers productivity, convenience and cost advantages overtraditional wired technology.

Completes the access technology portfolios.

Goes where cable cannot.

Involves reduced time to revenue.

Provides broadband access extension.

Greater flexibility and mobility for users.


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DISADVANTAGES OF WIRELESSTECHNOLOGY:

Shorter range than wired connections.

More prone to interferences.

Several wireless networks can interfere witheach other.

More Expensive.


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oDISADVANTAGES c on t

oBecause wireless transmissions can pass throughwalls, security is an issue. You will need to secure yourprivate wireless network, generally by password-

restricting the network and by using a firewall toprevent unwelcome visitors.

o Wireless reception varies from area to area, evenwithin your own apartment. It's not always guaranteedthat you'll have a connection to the Internet.


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Wire less ad-hoc ne tw ork :

A wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized typeof wireless network.

The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on apre existing infrastructure, such as routers in wired

networks or access points in managed(infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead,each node participates in routing by forwarding datafor other nodes, and so the determination of which

nodes forward data is made dynamically based onthe network connectivity.

In addition to the classic routing, ad hoc networkscan use flooding for forwarding the data.

Application


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Application The decentralized nature of wireless ad hoc networks

makes them suitable for a variety of applicationswhere central nodes can't be relied on, and mayimprove the scalability of wireless ad hoc networkscompared to wireless managed networks, though

theoretical and practical

limits to the overall capacityof such networks have been identified.

Wireless ad hoc networks can be furtherclassified by their application:

mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) wireless mesh networks(WMN)

wireless Sensor networks(WSN)


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Mobile ad hoc networkAmobile ad-hoc netw ork (MANET) is a self-

configuring infrastructureless network of mobiledevices connected by wireless.

Ad hocis Latin and means "for this purpose".

MANETs are a kind of wireless ad hoc networks thatusually has a routable networking environment on

top of a Link Layer ad hoc network.

f


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Types of MANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are used forcommunication among vehicles and betweenvehicles and roadside equipment

Internet Based Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (iMANET)are ad-hoc networks that link mobile nodes and fixedInternet-gateway nodes. In such type of networksnormal adhoc routing algorithms don't apply directly.


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Types of ad hoc routing protocolsAn ad-hoc routing protocol is a convention, or

standard, that controls how nodes decide which wayto route packets between computing devices ina mobile ad hoc network .

(1.)table-driven (Pro-active) routing:-

This type of protocols maintains fresh lists ofdestinations and their routes by periodicallydistributing routing tables throughout the network.

The main disadvantages of such algorithms are: Respective amount of data for maintenance.

Slow reaction on restructuring and failures.


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Examples of pro-active algorithms are:

DSDV (Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector

routing protocol.

(2)Reactive (on-demand) routing:-This type of protocols finds a route on demand by flooding the

network with Route Request packets. The main disadvantages ofsuch algorithms are:

High latency time in route finding.

Excessive flooding can lead to network clogging.

Examples of reactive algorithms are:

Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector(AODV)

Dynamic Source Routing.


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(3)Hybrid (both pro-active and reactive) routing

This type of protocols combines the advantages ofproactive and of reactive routing.

The routing is initially established with some proactivelyprospected routes and then serves the demand from

additionally activated nodes through reactive flooding.The main disadvantages of such algorithms are:

Advantage depends on number of Mathavan nodesactivated.

Reaction to traffic demand depends on gradient oftraffic volume.

Wi l h k


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Wireless mesh networkA wireless mesh network (WMN) is

a communications network made upof radio nodes organized in a mesh topology.Wireless mesh networks often consist of meshclients, mesh routers and gateways.

The coverage area of the radio nodes working as asingle network is sometimes called a mesh cloud.

The mesh routers may be mobile, and be movedaccording to specific demands arising in thenetwork.

Rout ing protocols

AODV, DSDV, OSPF, DSR.

Wi l k


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Wireless sensor networkA wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially

distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical orenvironmental conditions, suchas temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and tocooperatively pass their data through the network to a

main location.

The WSN is built of "nodes.

Each such sensor network node has typically several

parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna orconnection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, anelectronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and anenergy source, usually a battery or an embedded form

of energy harvesting.


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Typ ical m u l t i - hop w i re less senso r ne tw ork a r ch i t ec tu r e

Power consumption constrains for nodes using batteries or energyharvestingAbility to cope with node failuresMobility of nodes

Communication failuresHeterogeneity of nodesScalability to large scale of deploymentAbility to withstand harsh environmental conditionsEase of usePower consumption


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Wireless SensorsLow-power microscopic sensors with wirelesscommunication capability

Miniaturization of computer hardware

Intelligence

Micro Electro-Mechanical Structures (MEMS) Sensing

Low-cost CMOS-based RF RadiosWireless Communications


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1/17/2013 cs526 WSN 68

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) Even though wireless sensors has limited

resources in memory, computation power,bandwidth, and energy.

With small physical sizeCan be embedded in

the physical environment.

Support powerful service in aggregated form

(interacting/collaborating among nodes) Self-organizing multi-hop ad-doc networks.

Pervasive computing/sensoring


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WSN Applications Wide area monitoring tools supporting Scientific Research Wild life Habitat monitoring projects Great Duck Island (UCB),

James Reserve (UCLA), ZebraNet (Princeton.

Building/Infrastructure structure study (Earthquake impact)

Military Applications Shooter Localization

Perimeter Defense (Oil pipeline protection)

Insurgent Activity Monitoring (MicroRadar)

Commercial Applications Light/temperature control

Precision agriculture (optimize watering schedule)

Asset management (tracking freight movement/storage)

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) vs


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Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) vs.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET)

WSN MANET

Similarity Wireless Multi-hop networking

Security Symmetric Key Cryptography Public Key Cryptography

Routing Support specialized trafficpattern. Cannot afford to havetoo many node states andpacket overhead

Support any node pairsSome source routing anddistance vector protocol incurheavy control traffic

Resource Tighter resources (power,processor speed, bandwidth)

Not as tight.

Energy Conservation in Mobile Adhoc Network


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Energy Conservation in Mobile Adhoc Network -

Energy Conservation in MANET is an important aspect of WirelessNetwork because the nodes are often unattended and their energycannot be replenished. Communication in MANET can be categorisedby following two ways.

MULTI CAST COMMUNI CATI ON -The multicasting technique plays amajor role during the transmission of the data packets from source to

several client nodes and as the communication of mobile nodes isperformed in the collective manner.

CLUSTER BASED MULTI CASTI NG

The clustering technique takes only less connection among variouszones in the network which results in the controlled access and energyexpenditure and also interferences can be minimized.


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Energy conserva t i on can be ach ieved i n one o f t w o w ays:

saving energy during active communication &

saving energy during idle times in the communication.

The first targets the techniques used to support communication in an adhoc network and is typically achieved through the use of energy-efficient MAC and routing protocols.

The second focuses on reducing the energy consumed when the node isidle and not participating in communication by placing the node in alow-power state.

Energy Conservation Technique in MANET-


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Conclusion

Wireless or not, each technology has its advantages anddisadvantages. Wireless technologies often tend to increaseconvenience and decrease safety. Wired technologies aremostly used whenever reliability is of major importance.

Flexibility and fault tolerance create exciting newapplications for remote sensing.

In future the wide range of applications will make sensornetworks an integral part of our lives.

Use of Wireless technology is rapidly increasing anplaying an important role in life of people.

through the world very large number of people arereplying on the technology directly or indirectly.


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References:- http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/Networking/selecting-a-

wireless-network-standard.html

http://www.elisa.com/on-elisa/corporate/history/radiolinjas-history/

http://www.internetnews.com/mobility/article.php/3733991/NY-Muni-Wireless-Network-Launch-in-Sight.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/salahuddinjk/wireless-communication-adhoc-networks

http://www.slideshare.net/salahuddinjk/wireless-communication-adhoc-networks

Cedric Florens and Robert McEliece, Packet Distribution Algorithms for SensorNetworks, IEEE INFOCOM 2003.

Samuel Madden, Robert Szewczyk, Michael J. Franklin and David Culler, SupportingAggregate Queries Over Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network

http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/pmashokk-539105-introduction-to-wsn


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Thank you

all.

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wireless network and MANET