Windows 2000 v cc ci tin k thut - cng ngh mi
c xy dng trn nn tng bo mt, tnh n nh ca Windows NT, c thm cc c im
d s dng v tnh tng thch cao ca Windows 98, Windows 2000 ra i nm 1999
l mt h iu hnh c nhiu ngi a chung. N c s dng rng ri trn cc my n
desktop ln trong vic iu hnh v qun tr mng my tnh. Hin n ang l h iu
hnh PC mnh nht trn th trng, m ra cnh ca hon ton mi dn vo mi trng my
phc v v trm lm vic, ng thi gii thiu nhng khi nim qun tr v qun l h
thng mang tnh cch mng.
1. Cc phin bn ca Windows 2000 Windows 2000 l h iu hnh my ch c s
dng ph bin nht hin nay ca Microsoft. N c xy dng trn nn ca k thut
Windows NT, nhng n tin cy, linh ng, d pht trin, d qun l v s dng hn
bt k phin bn no trc kia ca Windows. Gia nh Windows 2000 c bn h iu
hnh: Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000
Advanced Server v Windows 2000 Datacenter Server. Chng c tm tt
trong bng sau:
H iu hnhWindows 2000 Professional
M tWindows 2000 Professional thay th cho Windows 95, Windows 98
v Windows NT 4.0 Workstation. N c thit k cho cc loi my tnh c nhn
bn. Windows 2000 Server c tt c cc c tnh ca Windows 2000
Professional, cng thm cc dch v qun l mng. Phin bn ny ca Window 2000
rt l tng i vi cc dch v file v my in, dch v Web v nhm lm vic.
Windows 2000 Advanced Server c tt c cc c im ca Windows 2000 Server,
thm cc tnh nng nh c th cho php nhiu ngi dng ti nguyn h thng cng mt
lc. Phin bn ny ca Windows 2000 c thit k qun l cho cc mng x nghip v
cc c s d liu chuyn dng.
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Advanced Server
H iu hnh
M tWindows 2000 Datacenter Server c tt c cc c im ca Windows 2000
Advanced Server, cng thm chc nng h tr nhiu b nh hn v nhiu CPU trn
mt my tnh. Windows 2000 Datacenter Server l mnh nht trong gia
Windows 2000. N c thit k qun l kho d liu ln, x l giao dch trc tuyn
v gi lp mm do v cc d n hp nht my ch.
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Bng 1. Cc phin bn ca Windows 2000
2. Cc ci tin k thut v cng ngh mi so vi phin bn Windows NTVic kt
hp Windows 98 v Windows NT 5 to nn Windows 2000 lm cho Windows 2000
mnh m hn rt nhiu trong ton b lnh vc, nh: Cc phng thc xc thc ti khon
v bo mt d liu. Kh nng tch hp phn cng v phn mm rng ri. Kh nng lin kt
mng my tnh mnh m. H phn mm Windows 2000 gm c cc thnh vin sau:
Professional, Server, Advanced Server, Datacenter Server. Ta s ch
trng nghin cu bn Advanced Server cho my Server, v bn Professional
cho my Client. Tn sn phm c Windows NT WorkStation 5.0 Windows NT
Server 5.0 Windows NT Server 5.0 Enterprise Edition N/A Sn phm mi
Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Bng 2. Tn c v mi cc sn phm c thit k da trn cng ngh NT Windows
2000 Professional Thay th Microsoft Windows 95/98, Microsoft
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 trong mt mi trng doanh nghip, l h iu hnh
thch hp cho tt c my tnh bn. C cc c im ca Windows 2000 Professional,
cung cp thm mt s dch v n gin ho vic qun l mng, l h iu hnh l tng cho
cc my ch (file, print servers, v Web server) v cc nhm lm vic
(workgroup). N cung cp kh nng truy cp mng tin tin cho cc nhnh vn
phng.
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 C cc c im ca Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, cung cp
Advanced Server thm cc kh nng m rng phn cng v kh nng m nhim cng
vic ca h thng, l h iu hnh thch hp cho cc mng my tnh ln quy m x
nghip, v cc cng vic i hi c s d liu ln. C cc c im ca Microsoft
Windows 2000 Server, h tr nhiu CPU v b nh trn mt my tnh, l h iu hnh
my ch mnh nht, thch hp cho cc my ch cha d liu rt ln, x l giao dch
trn mng, cc gi lp m phng trn quy m ln, v cc d n ln khc...
Windows 2000 Datacenter Server
Bng 3. Cc h iu hnh Windows 2000. Windows 2000 h tr nhiu loi ng
dng chy trn cc mi trng khc nh MS-DOS, POSIX 1.x, OS/2 1.x, Windows
95/98 thng qua kin trc phn tng ca mnh.
a.
Kin trc tng ca Windows 2000 Kin trc tng ca Windows 2000 bao gm
tng ngi dng (user mode), tng ht nhn (kernel mode) v m hnh b nh o.
User mode khng trc tip truy cp ti phn cng. Ngc li, ton b m chy di
tng kernel mode mi c th trc tip truy cp n phn cng v b nh. User mode
l mi trng cc h thng con (subsystem) trong cc mi trng ng dng khc
thng qua cc h thng con ny tch hp vo kernel mode.
Hnh 1. Kin trc tng ca Windows 2000. Mi trng mng ca Windows 2000
Mi trng mng ca Windows 2000 c th c hnh thnh theo 2 m hnh sau: nhm
(workgroup) v vng (domain). Workgroup l mt nhm cc my tnh ni mng vi
nhau trong mt hay nhiu my c chung ngun ti nguyn nh chung mt th mc
hay mt my in.
Hnh 2. M hnh workgroup. Domain cng l mt nhm cc my tnh ni mng vi
nhau trong , mt hay nhiu my c chung mt hay nhiu ngun ti nguyn, hn
na trong , tt c cc my tnh dng chung mt c s d liu th mc vng (domain
directory database) trung tm nm gi cc thng tin v bo mt ti khon ngi
dng.
Hnh 3. M hnh domain. Windows Explorer Vn vi giao din nh ca
Windows 9X v sc mnh vn c ca n, c thm mt vi chc nng h tr mng v nhm
lm vic nh: - Cho php mt th mc c chia s cho cc my tnh khc trong mng.
n gin bn ch cn nhp phi chut vo th mc mun chia s v chn sharing. (Bn
s tm hiu k hn trong chng Dch v ca Windows) - Tch hp mng. Bn c th nh
a ch ngay trn textbox ca toolbar Address ging nh Internet Explorer.
Bn c th s dng cc tin ch kt ni a mng trong menu Tools. To v sp xp cc
kt ni nhanh n cc trang Web a thch ca mnh trong menu Favorites.
Control Panel Hai tin ch mi trong Control Panel ca Windows 2000 dnh
ring cho nh qun tr l: Administrative Tools, Users and Passwords.
(Bn s tm hiu k hn trong chng Dch v ca Windows) My Documents Nhng
ngi dng Windows 9X trc y, t ai thy r ngha ca n bi tnh nng mng cha r
rt. n vi Windows 2000, nht l hin nay rt nhiu m hnh mng my tnh c p
dng, mi ngi dng c mt ti khon ring, vn bo mt d liu c nhn c quan tm.
My Documents trong Windows 2000 s ng vi mi ngi s dng (user) ring, v
d liu cha trong n s c m ho theo ngi s dng . Ngi khc khng th truy
xut c d liu ny. 1.1. Phng thc xc thc v bo mt S bo v d liu cho nhng
ngi khng c php s khng th xem trm hoc sao chp n. Cc nh doanh nghip v
cc chuyn vin pht hin ra rng mt tn ti phm ch cn c trnh va phi l c th
xm nhp vo hu nh bt k h my tnh no, ngay c trng hp c bo v bng kho mt
khu v mt m ho d liu. Cc d liu quan trng nh phn loi hiu sut cng tc
ca cc nhn vin, danh sch khch hng, d tho ngn sch, v cc ghi nh b mt u
c th ti xung cc a mm v
thc hin ngay ngoi c quan m khng ai bit. My tnh ln gii quyt vn ny
bng cch kho my tnh cng vi phng tin lu tr ca n bng kho; bn ch c mt
cch duy nht c th s dng cc d liu l thng qua cc terminal (thit b cui)
t xa, c trang b mn hnh nhng khng c a. Mt s chuyn gia ngh cc mng cc
b dng my tnh c nhn cng phi c xy dng theo cch , nhng h qun rng chnh
s tp trung qu mc ca h my tnh ln l mt trong cc nguyn nhn chnh thc y
s ra i ca my tnh cc nhn. S an ton phi khng c ngn tr ngi qun l phn
phi sc mnh in ton v quyn t tr v in ton cho cc thnh vin. Cc phng php
bo v bng kho mt khu v mt m d liu hin c, ngay c mt tn ti phm c trnh
cng khng th vt qua c. Windows 2000 s dng phng thc Kerberos 5, mt
phng thc xc thc chun ca Internet, cung cp mc bo mt cao hn, nhanh
hn, hiu qu hn phng thc qun l xc thc Windows NT/LAN. Cho php ngi s
dng ch cn ng nhp mt ln truy xut ti nguyn mng, cung cp s xc thc v s
phn hi mng nhanh hn. Dch v th mc tch cc (Active Directory Service)
ca Windows 2000 cho php tnh bo mt cp mi. S xc thc v bo mt c tch hp
vi Active Directory thng qua vic ng nhp vo h thng. Ch ngi qun tr
bit r Active Directory mi c th truy xut vo Avtice Directory. Active
Directory s dng h thng tn vng (DNS Domain Name System) xc nh cc dch
v trn cc my ch. C s d liu Active Directory c lu gi v bo v trong
file ntds.nit v c h thng NTFS cung cp mt mc bo mt ti a. Ch nhng ngi
s dng thuc nhm qun tr mi c th phn quyn s dng ti nguyn cho cc ngi s
dng khc thng qua vic thit lp cc permission trong cc th mc. Vi vic
thit lp ny, cc th mc ch truy cp c i vi nhng ngi dng no c cc nh qun
tr cho php. 1.2. K thut Plug and Play L mt tiu chun v phn cng mi ni
ln trong cng ngh i vi cc b phn phn cng b sung thm trong my tnh, yu
cu cc b phn c kh nng t ng nht ho, v p ng yu cu trong mt loi tiu
chun. Tiu chun Plug and Play (cm vo l chy) i hi phn cng ln phn mm u
phi thc hin nhim v ca mnh. Phn cng l BIOS loi Plug and Play c kh
nng nhn bit c cc b phn my ca h thng ngay khi khi ng my tnh. Sau
BIOS s duy tr bo ng v bt k nhng thay i cu hnh quan trng no m bn c
th gy ra, nn n c th chuyn nhng thng tin ny cho h iu hnh.. Phn mm ny
l mt h iu hnh ph hp vi Plug and Play. Vi chun Plug and Play bn khng
cn phi ci t cc thit b; bn khng phi quan tm n cc cu ni v cc mch
chuyn dip, hoc cc driver my in tng thch vi phn mm i vi cc loi my in
mi nht. Kin trc tin tin ca Windows 98 ny c Windows 2000 h tr y ,
trong khi ngi tin nhim Windows NT khng h tr. Mi khi c mt thit b c
cm vo my tnh, Windows 2000 s thng bo v t ng tm driver thch hp ci t
thit b vo my. Nu bn tng dng n cng di
ng vi cng USB, bn s thy kin trc ny rt r: bn cm vo my l dng c
ngay. 1.3. H tr nhiu h thng tp tin Ngoi h thng tp tin ch yu NTFS
(New Technology File System) ca mnh cng cc h thng tp tin khc c
Windows NT h tr, Windows 2000 cn h tr thm hai h thng tp tin FAT32
ca Windows 9X v h thng tp tin m ho EFS (Encrypting File System).
FAT (File Allocation Table) l mt bng m h thng lu gi cc thng tin c
bn nht ca mi tp tin. Con s 16 hay 32 trong FAT16/FAT32 ch s lng cc
bit s dng to a ch lu tr d liu, trong khi NTFS s dng n 64 bits.
FAT16 ch s dng trong DOS, Win 3.1, Win 95 (phin bn u tin), NTFS
phin bn 4 v cc phin bn trc. Cc h iu hnh ny khng th c hay ghi cc tp
tin FAT32 hay NTFS5. FAT16 ch c th to ra 65535 a ch. Kch thc ln nht
ca phn vng partition c th c l 2GB i vi h thng FAT16. FAT32 c dng
trong Win95SE, Win98, WinMe, Win2000 v WinXP. Cc h iu hnh ny c th c
v ghi cc file FAT16 nu cn c mt partition nh dng FAT16 khc. Vi
FAT32, kch thc ti a ca mt partition c th ln ti 2 terabytes, cn NTFS
l 16 Exabytes! Sc mnh ca h thng tp tin FAT32 ca Windows 9X l h tr
rt rng cc ng dng. Cn h thng tp tin EFS bo m s bo mt ti a cho ngi s
hu tp tin. Cho d mt ngi no khc c tho ri cng ca bn i, th h cng s
khng th truy sut n d liu c m ho ca bn. iu ny cho php ngi dng la chn
h thng tp tin ph hp vi yu cu cng vic ca mnh. NTFS cung cp nhng mc
bo mt tt hn nhiu so vi FAT32. Vi FAT32 trong Windows 9X, ai cng c
th xm nhp vo my tnh ca bn v lm bt c iu g h thch. Vi NTFS, bn c quyn
cho hay khng cho ai s dng my tnh ca bn. V ngi c php s dng my tnh ca
bn cng ch c th hot ng trong khun kh m bn cho php. * kim tra xem bn
ang dng NTFS hay FAT32, chn a cng trong My Computer, nhn chut phi v
chn Properties. Nu ang dng FAT v mun chuyn sang NTFS, bn hy thc hin
vic chuyn i ny t du nhc ca DOS Prompt m khng lo ngi g v vic mt mt d
liu. Bn g convert X: /fs:ntfs (X l tn a m bn chn, v khng g du ngoc
kp). Cng cn lu rng, mt khi chuyn sang NTFS, bn s khng th quay tr li
dng FAT tr phi bn nh dng (format) li a. 1.4. My Network Places y l
mt shortcut-icon mi trn mn hnh desktop ca Windows 2000. My Nework
Places cung cp kh nng lin lc d dng gia cc my tnh trong mng s dng cc
ti nguyn c chia s.
Hnh 4: Tin ch My Network Places. Nu bn mun kt ni n mt th mc dng
chung trn mng, hoc kt ni n mt FTP hay mt Web site, hy s dng Add
Network Place. Tin ch ny n gin ho vic nh x a mng hoc kt ni n mt Web
site, vic to lin kt n cc a mng hay Web site . Cn Computers Near Me
cho php ngi s dng thy c tt c cc my tnh trong workgroup hay domain
ca bn. Bn c th nhp chut ln bt c my tnh no thy cc th mc hay my in c
chia s trn my . Entire Network cho bn 3 la chn. Th nht, bn c th tm
kim mt my tnh no trn mng. Th hai, bn c th tm bt c tp tin hay th mc
no trn mng. Cui cng, bn c th xem ton b cc workgroup, domain v cc my
tnh trn mng. 1.5. Dch v th mc tch cc (Active Directory) Active
Directory l mt dch v th mc qui m x nghip, c xy dng trn nn tng cng
ngh chun Internet, c tch hp y trn cp h iu hnh. Active Directory lm
cho vic qun tr n gin hn v gip cho ngi s dng tm kim ti nguyn d dng
hn. Active Directory cung cp cc kh nng v c im phong ph, bao gm cch
gii quyt theo nhm, kh nng nng cp khng phc tp, h tr nhiu phng thc xc
thc, v s dng hiu qu cc chun Internet.
Hnh 5. S dng dch v Active Directory Ba mc ch c bn ca Active
Directory l: Cung cp cc dch v ng nhp v xc thc ngi dng. Cho php nh
qun tr t chc v qun l cc ti khon ngi dng, cc nhm v ti nguyn mng. Cho
php nhng ngi s dng hp php d dng nh v ti nguyn mng.
2.
Windows Server (Advanced Server 2000)
2.1. Gii thiu Windows 2000 Advanced Server l mt h iu hnh 32-bit
rt mnh, thng c dng trong mt mi trng mng qui m x nghip. Windows 2000
Advanced Server c thit k cho vic cung cp dch v v ti nguyn cho h
thng khc trn mng, m rng thm c tnh ca Windows Server 2000 h tr kh
nng cn bng gnh nng x l v ghp cm h thng. Windows Advanced Server
2000 h tr cu hnh c dung lng nh rt ln, ln n 8GB v c kh nng x l 8
CPU. Windows 2000 Advanced Server c tt c cc c im ca Windows 2000
Server: 2.2. Qun l tp tin Windows 2000 Server h tr hai cng c qun l
tp tin mi, h thng tp tin phn tn (Distributed file system - Dfs) v
cc hn ngch a (disk quotas). Dfs l h thng tp tin cho php nh qun tr
lm cho cc ti nguyn chia s cha trn cc my ch khc nhau tip cn vi ngi
dng nh th chng ch nm ti mt ni duy nht. iu ny gip cho vic tm kim v s
dng ti nguyn dng chung trn mng d dng hn, bi v ngi s dng khng cn bit
chnh xc my ch no tht s cha ng chng. Hn ngch a l mt cng c qun l dung
lng a. N bo m rng nhng ngi s dng khng c php vt qu gii hn a do nh
qun tr quy nh. H tr ng dng Windows 2000 Server h tr y cc ng dng m
Windows 2000 Professional h tr. c bit, Windows 2000 Server h tr rt
mnh cc ng dng Microsoft BackOffice, bao gm SQL Server, Systems
Management Server, Internet Information Server, Exchange Server, v
SNA Server ...
Windows 2000 Server cng h tr Terminal Serveices. Dch v ng dng
ny, khi chy trn mt my ch mng, cho php nhng ngi s dng trn cc my khch
c th thi hnh t xa cc cng vic i hi vic x l v tnh nng mng cao ngay ti
cc my khch . ng dng chy trn my ch ang chy Terminal Services, v th
ngi s dng c th tn dng kh nng x l v tnh nng mng ca my ch, trong khi
vn ch dng mn hnh v bn phm ca my khch. a x l, a tuyn v a nhim Ging
nh Windows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000 Server cng h tr a x l i
xng nhng c th h tr ln ti 4 CPU. ng thi cng h tr a tuyn on
(multithreading) v a nhim (multiasking). Mt tuyn on (thread) l phn
nh nht ca vic x l c ht nhn (kernel) Windows 2000 phn chia x l. Tt c
cc chng trnh u phi c t nht mt thread. V khi mt chng trnh c hn mt
thread, th mi thread c th chy c lp vi nhau. chnh l multithreading.
Mi thread trong mt chng trnh li c th chy trn nhng CPU khc nhau trn
mt my tnh. Trong a nhim u tin (preemptive multiasking), h iu hnh ch
nh thi gian x l gia cc chng trnh. Bi v Windows 2000 khng phi l mt
chng trnh - ch nh thi gian x l gia nhiu chng trnh, nn mt chng trnh
c th c u tin trc bi h iu hnh. Bo mt v an ton Tnh nng bo mt v an ton
ca Windows 2000 Server ging nh ca Windows 2000 Professional. Ngoi
ra, Windows 2000 Server c th c cu hnh nh mt b iu khin domain, cha
ng mt phin bn c/ghi ca kho d liu Active Directory. Active Directory
l mt dch v th mc cha ng cc thng tin v nhiu dng i tng mng, bao gm cc
my in, cc th mc dng chung, cc ti khon ngi dng , v cc my tnh. Cc i
tng ny c sp xp theo cu trc phn cp v c t chc cho d qun l. Vi Active
Directory, mt ngi s dng c th truy xut bt k ti nguyn mng no ch vi mt
ti khon ng nhp. Ngoi ra, Windows 2000 Server cn h tr dch v Remote
Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS). RADIUS l mt dch v xc
thc chun cng nghip cung cp s qun l tp trung s xc thc v nh danh i vi
cc my ch truy cp t xa. 2.3. Tnh sn sang c im ny rt quan trng i vi
vic thc thi cc ng dng mang tnh cht nguy cp. Trong cng ngh Windows
Clustering, nu mt my tnh trong cm (cluster) ang chy mt chng trnh
dng nh vy m tht bi, mt my tnh khc trong cm s t ng
chy li chng trnh ny, v nhng ngi s dng c qun l mt cch lin mch n
ci my tnh tip qun chng trnh.
Hnh 6: Dch v Cluster bo m s phc v lin tc bng cch cho php mt my
ch tip qun mt my khc trong trng hp c li. Ngoi ra, c im thay th ln
nhau ca BDC (Backup Domain Controller) v PDC (Primary Domain
Controller) gip cho tin cy ca h thng tt hn. Mi vng Windows NT c mt
PDC v c hoc khng c cc BDC. Cc PDC nm gi c s d liu iu hnh ti khon h
thng SAM (System Account Manager) v xc thc cc yu cu truy cp t cc my
trm v my ch trong vng. Cn BDC to li c s d liu SAM, x l cc yu cu
truy cp m PDC khng tr li. BDC lm tng tin cy v gim ti trn PDC. 2.4.
Kh nng cn bng ti trng c im ny cp n s s dng ri khp qua nhiu my tnh
lm tng tc ti ca mng. Nhng ngi s dng s c qun l mt cch lin mch n my
tnh c s s dng thp nht.
Hnh 7: S cn bng ti trng mng phn phi cc yu cu n mt nhm cc my
ch.
3. M hnh workgroup v m hnh domain trong Windows 2000Sau khi kt
ni my tnh ca mnh ti mng, bn c th chia s cc file, cc my in, v th in
t vi cc my tnh khc. C mt vi khi nim c bn cn bit thit k cu trc file
v ci t h thng ca bn. Workgroup hay Domain Khi ci t Windows 2000
Professional hoc Server trong mi trng mng, chng c th c ci t hoc l
workgroup hoc l domain. a) Windows 2000 Workgroup
Windows 2000 workgroup l mt nhm my tnh mng cng chia s ti nguyn
nh file d liu, my in. N l mt nhm lgc ca cc my tnh m tt c chng c cng
tn nhm. C th c nhiu nhm lm vic (workgroups) khc nhau cng kt ni trn
mt mng cc b (LAN). Workgroups cng c coi l mng peer-to-peer bi v tt
c cc my trong workgroup c quyn chia s ti nguyn nh nhau m khng cn s
ch nh ca Server. Mi my tnh trong nhm t bo tr, bo mt c s d liu cc b
ca n. iu ny c ngha l, tt c s qun tr v ti khon ngi dng, bo mt cho
ngun ti nguyn chia s khng c tp trung ho. Bn c th kt ni ti mt nhm tn
ti hoc khi to mt nhm mi. u im ca Windows 2000 Workgroup:
Workgroups khng yu cu my tnh chy trn h iu hnh Windows 2000
Server tp trung ho thng tin bo mt. Workgroups thit k v hin thc n
gin v khng yu cu lp k hoch c phm vi rng v qun tr nh domain yu cu.
Workgroups thun tin i vi nhm c s my tnh t v gn nhau (
