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DNV GL © 2015-04-29 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL ©
Simon Mockler
2015-04-29
MARITIME
Offshore Wind Farm Service Vessels
1
RINA/IMarEST Southern Joint Branch
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
A broader view – industry consolidation
2
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
State of the Sector
3
Driven by an evolving market
Operations A summary of cost pressures, changing logistics and the challenge to safety
Design
A look at the principle design decisions for offshore wind farm service vessels
Rules
A brief review of the evolution of Class rules and developments in statutory regulation
Performance ‘Accessibility’, why it matters and what can be done about it
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Winds of Change
4
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Deeper water, further offshore
5
Source: EWEA, Jan 2015
0
~12 NM
~40 NM
~60 NM
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Source: The Crown Estate, Mar 2015
UK status quo
Status at Jan 2015
24 Operational Windfarms
1 301 Turbines
4 049 MW connected to the grid
Projects in the pipeline
4 Under construction
17 Consented
3 Applied for consent Source: Renewable UK, Apr 2015
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
The bigger picture
7
Operational sites
Source: EU Atlas of the Seas, Apr 2015, EWEA Jan 2015
UK
24 Farms
1 301 Turbines
4 049 MW
DK
12 Farms
513 Turbines
1 271 MW
DE
16 Farms
258 Turbines
1 049 MW
NL
5 Farms
124 Turbines
247 MW
BE
5 Farms
182 Turbines
712 MW
SE
6 Farms
91 Turbines
212 MW
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Where we are going
8
Source: DNV GL Oct 2014, announced projects
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Innovations in design
9
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
From boat to vessel
“1st generation”
– The first dedicated
designs
– 15-18m in length
– <60 tonnes
– <25 kts
– 1.0-1.5m HS transfers
Novel designs
– New applications for
old ideas:
– SWATHs / Tri-SWATH
– Surface Effect Ship
(SES)
– Suspension?
10
“2nd generation”
– Learning from
experience
– 20-24m in length
– <100 tonnes
– <30 kts
– 1.5-2.0m HS transfers
Source: Fred Olsen Windcarrier Source: Umoe Mandal Source: DNV GL
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
A question of propulsion
11
Suitability is highly dependent on site specific conditions and the experience/skill of the Master
Fixed Pitch
– ~50% of the fleet
Waterjets
– ~35% of the fleet
– Highly manoeuvrable
– Shallow draught
Controllable Pitch Propellers
– ~10% of the fleet
– High speed & high bollard thrust
– Response lag
Pod drives (new-ish)
– Highly manoeuvrable
– Position-keeping functionality?
Functional requirements of the
propulsion system:
1. Minimise transit time
2. Manoeuvre to the transfer
3. ‘Push-on’ during transfer
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
The raison d’etre – transfer of personnel and equipment
Fendering arrangements:
– A shift from vertical D to custom-
built composite construction
– Varying depth and
recesses/protrusions
– ‘Compensated’ and ‘smart’ fenders
– May be refitted for different sites
12
Transfer area design
– Visibility from the wheelhouse and of
the transfer
– Protection of personnel
– Freeboard at the bow
– Management of space for cargo
requirements
Source: Tidal Transit
Source: Turbine Transfers
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Access Systems
Positive connection
– Accommodates vessel motion
– Transfers the point of contact
– Monitors load in the connection
– May vary angle of approach
Compensated gangway
– Accommodates vessel motion
– May eliminate the point of contact,
with position-keeping
– Up to 6 degrees of freedom
13
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
A shifting regulatory framework
14
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
DNV GL rule development for windfarm service
15
Initiation
2010
First rules
2011
Second edition
2012
Permanent rules
2013
Goals
Basis
Stakeholders
Development
Tailored HSC Cargo
Flags and industry
cautiously positive
Further
consultation
Flag state group
Self standing
Flags & Experience
Flags positive
Industry critical
Further
consultation
Development forum
Tuned
Flexible
Acceptance
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
The outcome of DNV GL’s rule development
Rules for Small Service Craft – July
2013
Wide international recognition
– Established an appropriate construction
standard for commercial vessels < 24m
Load Line Length
– Safety notation harmonises (~80%)
statutory requirements
Wind farm operation specific
requirements in a separate notation:
– Personnel transfer (structure)
– Noise and vibration
Market leader
– Close to 100 vessels in class
– Major share of the classed fleet
16
Owner’s specifications
A safe service vessel
Classification Certificate
Class + Statutory Scope
Additional national requirements
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
When is a passenger not a passenger?
Industrial Personnel
An “other person”, to be distinguished
from “passengers” or “members of the
crew” as defined in SOLAS I, 2(e)
Draft definition agreed at IMO SDC 2 and
submitted for approval at MSC 95 with
the intention of issuing a circular
Requirements for industrial personnel
include:
– Transported or accommodated on board
for offshore industrial activities
– Medical standards equivalent to STCW
– Appropriate offshore basic safety
training (industry and activity specific)
– Vessel familiarisation
– Appropriate PPE
17
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Die Bau, Ausrüstung und Betrieb von Offshore-Servicefahrzeuge
BG Verkehr’s Code for Offshore
Service Craft
Facilitates the carriage of >12 ‘offshore
service personnel’
Integrates vessel operations into ‘a
safety and security concept’ for the site
Based on 2000 HSC Code Cargo
requirements, with the following
exceptions:
– No raking damage and reduced
subdivision requirements < 45m
– Alternative fire safety
arrangements (SOLAS II-2, 17)
– ‘Provision’ of immersion suits for
all persons on board
18
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Operational pressures
19
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Implications of farshore operations
20
Operations and maintenance (O&M) activities involved in an offshore wind project after commissioning
~12 NM ~40 NM
Source: DNV GL, Scottish Enterprise and The Crown Estate
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Breaking it down
Functional O&M activities
Supporting Operations
Onshore logistics
Offshore logistics
Back office, administration and
operations
Turbine Maintenance
Turbine maintenance
Export cable and grid connection
Array cable maintenance
Foundation maintenance
21
Source: DNV GL, Scottish Enterprise and The Crown Estate
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
A difference in contracting
UK Electricity Market Reform - EMR
Without financial support, projects
cannot go ahead (~ 12 to 2
3 revenue)
Government has now introduced a
strict Levy Control Framework budget
We have an excess of projects
compared to UK 2020 targets (~10GW,
compared to over 18GW announced)
9.7GW of projects have access to
funding under existing sources
1.2GW awarded in first CfD round
~7GW in an uncertain competition for
future funding.
FiT Feed-in Tariff (small-scale/domestic generation)
RO Renewables Obligation (Certificates trade at premium over wholesale price)
FIDeR Final Investment Decisions Enabling for Renewables
CfD Contracts for Difference
Source: DNV GL
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
A focus on safety
The G9 Offshore Wind Health and Safety
Association, founded by nine offshore
wind developers in 2010.
Aims to ‘create and deliver world class
health and safety performance across all…
activities in the offshore wind industry’.
G9’s work program:
– Sharing of incident data
– Good Practice Guidelines
– Working at height
– The safe management of small service
vessels
– Safe by Design Workshops
– 2015 workstreams:
– Diving operations
– Helicopter operations
23
Vessel operator and contractor intiatives:
– Workboat Safety Forum
– IMCA Renewable Energy Working Group
Trend towards a more open exchange of
information on incidents and lessons
learned throughout the supply chain
Certification, new procedures and safety
equipment can be seen as quick wins,
but competence and culture are far more
important in the long term
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Demanding performance An investigation of service vessel performance on behalf of:
The Carbon Trust’s Offshore Wind Accelerator (OWA)
24
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Vessel accessibility – understanding the problem
Access to an offshore wind farm site is
the critical measure of a service
vessel’s performance
‘Accessibility’ is currently measured as
a lagging indicator
– An operationally limiting significant
wave height is typically the sole
parameter
Complexity of metocean conditions at a
site and in transit are not considered
– Wave direction
– Wave period
– Current strength/direction
Many innovations in the market –
investment decisions are difficult.
Greater assurance of vessel
performance is required.
25
Source: DNV GL, Scottish Enterprise and The Crown Estate
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
The solution
Qualify vessel performance
Using quantitative limits on vessel
behaviour:
– Seakeeping
– Stationkeeping
– Connection-keeping
Assess response to different sea states
and directions
– Fixed boat landings typically align
the vessel head to waves
Facilitate prediction of performance
and investment decision-making
26
Qualification data can be acquired numerically, by model testing, or from
full scale sea trials
Performance Requirements
Transit
Safely transit the technicians in comfort at a service
speed from an operational Safe Haven to a
destination turbine or between turbines in the wind
farm
Approach
Safely approach and engage with / disengage from
a turbine foundation in a controlled manner
Transfer
Safely facilitate the transfer of personnel to a
turbine foundation by providing a reliable and
predictable point of transfer
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
Characterising performance
Seakeeping (open water)
– Focus is on the motions affecting human performance at sea
– Limits maintained transit speed in a sea state (comfort & deck submergence
more significant than structural considerations)
– Major contributor to performance alongside the turbine
Stationkeeping (open water)
– Significant influence on turbine approach
– DP systems (generally) prohibitively expensive, so dependent on available
thrust, vectoring (and the Master)
Connection-Keeping (vessel constrained)
– Transfer method is dominated by “thrust-in friction” connection
– Fender properties and vessel thrust are critical
– Strongly connected with seakeeping and station-keeping performance
27
DNV GL © 2015-04-29 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL ©
CONCLUSIONS
28
An exciting sector continuing significant innovation in design and operation.
Continued, but tempered growth with an ever greater focus on cost reduction.
Changing charterer expectations, operating environments and geographic focus.
DNV GL © 2015-04-29
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
DNV GL supporting the offshore wind sector
NAVIGATING COMPLEXITY
ENGINEERING SAFETY
ENHANCING PERFORMANCE
29
Simon Mockler Senior Consultant, Maritime Advisory
+44 (0) 20 7716 6631
Paul Asher-Relf Manager, Southampton Maritime Operations
+44 (0) 2380 745940
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