Chapter 42: Internal Transport

Fig. 42-3

Heart

Hemolymph in sinusessurrounding organs

Heart

Interstitialfluid

Small branch vesselsIn each organ

Blood

Dorsal vessel(main heart)

Auxiliary hearts Ventral vessels

(b) A closed circulatory system(a) An open circulatory system

Tubular heart

Pores

Fig. 42-4

Artery

Ventricle

AtriumHeart

Vein

Systemic capillaries

Systemiccirculation

Gillcirculation

Gill capillaries

Fig. 42-5

Amphibians

Lung and skin capillaries

Pulmocutaneouscircuit

Atrium (A)

Ventricle (V)

Atrium (A)

Systemiccircuit

Right Left

Systemic capillaries

Reptiles (Except Birds)

Lung capillaries

Pulmonarycircuit

Rightsystemicaorta

Right LeftLeftsystemicaorta

Systemic capillaries

A A

VV

Systemic capillaries

Pulmonarycircuit

Systemiccircuit

Right Left

A A

VV

Lung capillaries

Mammals and Birds

Fig. 42-6

Superiorvena cava

Pulmonaryartery

Capillariesof right lung

3

7

3

8

9

24

11

51

10

Aorta

Pulmonaryvein

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Inferiorvena cava

Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs

Pulmonaryvein

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Aorta

Capillariesof left lung

Pulmonaryartery

Capillaries ofhead andforelimbs

Fig. 42-7

Pulmonary artery

Rightatrium

Semilunarvalve

Atrioventricularvalve

Rightventricle

Leftventricle

Atrioventricularvalve

Leftatrium

Semilunarvalve

Pulmonaryartery

Aorta

Fig. 42-8

Semilunarvalvesclosed

0.4 secAVvalvesopen

Atrial andventriculardiastole

1

2

0.1 sec

Atrial systole;ventriculardiastole

3

0.3 sec

Semilunarvalvesopen

AV valvesclosed

Ventricular systole;atrial diastole

Fig. 42-9-5

Signals spreadthroughoutventricles.

4

Purkinjefibers

Pacemakergenerates wave ofsignals to contract.

1

SA node(pacemaker)

ECG

Signals aredelayed atAV node.

2

AVnode

Signals passto heart apex.

3

Bundlebranches Heart

apex

Fig. 42-10Artery Vein

SEM100 µm

Endothelium

Artery

SmoothmuscleConnectivetissue Capillary

Basal lamina

Endothelium

Smoothmuscle

Connectivetissue

Valve

Vein

Arteriole Venule

Red blood cell

Capillary

15 µ

mLM

Fig. 42-17

Plasma 55%

Constituent Major functions

Water Solvent forcarrying othersubstances

Ions (blood electrolytes)

Osmotic balance,pH buffering, andregulation ofmembranepermeability

SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonate

Osmotic balancepH buffering

Clotting

Defense

Plasma proteins

Albumin

Fibrinogen

Immunoglobulins(antibodies)

Substances transported by blood

Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)Waste products of metabolismRespiratory gases (O2 and CO2)Hormones

Separatedbloodelements

Cellular elements 45%

Cell type FunctionsNumberper µL (mm3) of blood

Erythrocytes(red blood cells)

5–6 million Transport oxygenand help transportcarbon dioxide

Leukocytes(white blood cells)

5,000–10,000 Defense andimmunity

Basophil

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Platelets Blood clotting250,000–400,000

Collagen fibersPlateletplug

Platelet releases chemicalsthat make nearby platelets sticky

Clotting factors from:PlateletsDamaged cellsPlasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)

Prothrombin Thrombin

Fibrinogen Fibrin5 µm

Fibrin clot

Red blood cell

Fig. 42-18-4