WILDLIFE DISEASES, PESTSWILDLIFE DISEASES, PESTS AND CONTROL AND CONTROL

WRM 504WRM 504

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTAUNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA

DISEASEDISEASE

It involves a state or condition brought about in a It involves a state or condition brought about in a living organism by some microorganism or living organism by some microorganism or Metazoan/protozoan parasite or by some other Metazoan/protozoan parasite or by some other cause known and unknown which is detrimental cause known and unknown which is detrimental to health and well being of the living organismto health and well being of the living organism

In its managerial sense its include mechanical In its managerial sense its include mechanical and thermal injuries, nutrition deficiency, and thermal injuries, nutrition deficiency, provision, hereditary/congenital disease.provision, hereditary/congenital disease.

In order words its means the abnormal break In order words its means the abnormal break down, destruction and malfunctioning of cells. down, destruction and malfunctioning of cells. Health is the opposite; the maintenance of a state Health is the opposite; the maintenance of a state in which the cells remain intact and fully ageing, in which the cells remain intact and fully ageing, death and replacement of cells of the animals death and replacement of cells of the animals body.body.

THE CAUSES AND NATURE OF THE CAUSES AND NATURE OF DISEASESDISEASES

When cells break down and due to the When cells break down and due to the living body the process is called NECROSIS. living body the process is called NECROSIS. The death of a cell is irreversible but The death of a cell is irreversible but process can also be stopped/even reversed process can also be stopped/even reversed by the removal of diseases factor/fault by the removal of diseases factor/fault which are causing the break down when which are causing the break down when enough of the cells of one or more of the enough of the cells of one or more of the organ of the body are attacked the organ of the body are attacked the organism cannot perform their formation organism cannot perform their formation and the animal itself will show visible and the animal itself will show visible evidence of the dysfunction. evidence of the dysfunction.

LIMITING FACTOR CAUSING LIMITING FACTOR CAUSING DISEASESDISEASES

Mechanical injuriesMechanical injuries: Simple cuts, break in the skin : Simple cuts, break in the skin and born as other tissues and bruises.and born as other tissues and bruises.

Excess heat/coldExcess heat/cold applied to body tissues cause applied to body tissues cause rapid deterioration and death of cells also burns rapid deterioration and death of cells also burns scalds or foreign of the epidermis causes scalds or foreign of the epidermis causes instantaneous death.instantaneous death.

PoisonPoison: Any substance that upset the normal : Any substance that upset the normal function of the cell.function of the cell.

Hereditary conditionHereditary condition: Certain hereditary : Certain hereditary characteristics are lethal, defect in the make up of characteristics are lethal, defect in the make up of certain cells of the body which cause them to certain cells of the body which cause them to degenerate can a transmitted by the parent of degenerate can a transmitted by the parent of animal. animal.

Nutritional deficiencyNutritional deficiency: Unless cells obtain the : Unless cells obtain the entire nutrient requirement for proteins, mineral entire nutrient requirement for proteins, mineral nutrient they consist function properly. nutrient they consist function properly.

ACUTE AND CHRONIC ACUTE AND CHRONIC DISEASESDISEASES

These terms are applied to two These terms are applied to two different stages which occur in the different stages which occur in the cause of a disease cause of a disease

Acute denotes a condition which is Acute denotes a condition which is quick and short-lived. quick and short-lived.

Chronic denote a slow and last Chronic denote a slow and last longing condition.longing condition.

INFLAMMATIONINFLAMMATION Inflammation: Injury of which is not sufficient to cause Inflammation: Injury of which is not sufficient to cause

death in a tissue but provokes a response consisting death in a tissue but provokes a response consisting series of change which act as defense mechanism, this is series of change which act as defense mechanism, this is called inflammation. called inflammation. It may be chronic or acute. In some inflammation which It may be chronic or acute. In some inflammation which occurs in more vascular areas of the body, thus tissues occurs in more vascular areas of the body, thus tissues changes which are recognized by 5 cardinal signs they changes which are recognized by 5 cardinal signs they are: are:

RUBORRUBOR: Increase redness from increased flour of blood : Increase redness from increased flour of blood to the tissue to the tissue

CALORCALOR: Increase heat also due to increase blood supply : Increase heat also due to increase blood supply TUMOURTUMOUR: Swelling of the part : Swelling of the part DOLORDOLOR: Increase sensitivity to pain : Increase sensitivity to pain FUNCTIO-LAESA:FUNCTIO-LAESA: Meaning impaired or distort function Meaning impaired or distort function

as a result of tissues damages usually the white blood as a result of tissues damages usually the white blood corpuscle helps in remaining dead cell thus replacing with corpuscle helps in remaining dead cell thus replacing with new cells, this removal by proliferation is the beginning of new cells, this removal by proliferation is the beginning of a process called REPAIR. Repair may be complete and the a process called REPAIR. Repair may be complete and the full function of the organ may be restored. full function of the organ may be restored.

TUMORSTUMORS

There is a group of disease condition occurring in man and There is a group of disease condition occurring in man and animal which do not provoke the normal response of animal which do not provoke the normal response of inflammation they are popularly known as Tumors i.e. inflammation they are popularly known as Tumors i.e. swellings and they are of two types.swellings and they are of two types.

Benign and Malignant Benign and Malignant

Benign tumors are usually contain in capsule of fibrous tissue, Benign tumors are usually contain in capsule of fibrous tissue, growth is usually slow, they do tactile or no harm except growth is usually slow, they do tactile or no harm except when they become of a size sufficient to cause damage on a when they become of a size sufficient to cause damage on a vital part of the body. They can often be removed surgically if vital part of the body. They can often be removed surgically if necessary.necessary.

Malignant tumor popular known as cancer are in the other Malignant tumor popular known as cancer are in the other hand much more dangerous. They are not encapsulated and hand much more dangerous. They are not encapsulated and growth into and destroy surrounding tissues. They have a cell growth into and destroy surrounding tissues. They have a cell structure similar to the cell of the tissue in which they occur structure similar to the cell of the tissue in which they occur but their cells are abnormal in that they proliferate but their cells are abnormal in that they proliferate unrestrictedly and at accelerating rate.unrestrictedly and at accelerating rate.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN DISEASESDISEASES

Not every animal that is invaded by micro-organism will contact Not every animal that is invaded by micro-organism will contact diseases,diseases,predisposing factor must be present unless the disease micro-predisposing factor must be present unless the disease micro-organisms arrive in an environment suitable for their organisms arrive in an environment suitable for their development or multiplication they will die.development or multiplication they will die.

A.A. MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTOne major factor which exposes an animal to a disease is One major factor which exposes an animal to a disease is a poor or suboptimal nutritional status. The well fed a poor or suboptimal nutritional status. The well fed animal has a much better chance; good management will animal has a much better chance; good management will prevent disease even if the initiating factor is present in prevent disease even if the initiating factor is present in large numbers. If feed, water, shelter and protection large numbers. If feed, water, shelter and protection from predator of all sorts is adequate, disease is much from predator of all sorts is adequate, disease is much easier to control.easier to control.

B.B. STRESS STRESS Another predisposing factor is stress, such stress can be Another predisposing factor is stress, such stress can be stress of an environment such as high temperature or stress of an environment such as high temperature or humidity or a lower water content of body (dehydration).humidity or a lower water content of body (dehydration).

PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN PREDISPOSING FACTORS IN DISEASESDISEASES

C.C. TOLERANCE FACTORTOLERANCE FACTORSome disease organisms have been associated with their Some disease organisms have been associated with their host disease for long, and they suffer less from the effect host disease for long, and they suffer less from the effect of a disease than animal which have not had long contact of a disease than animal which have not had long contact with it. These are called ABNORMAL host. The normal with it. These are called ABNORMAL host. The normal host suffer less because in the cause of evolution, it has host suffer less because in the cause of evolution, it has become adapted to the organism and the organism and become adapted to the organism and the organism and become adapted to host reaction to it, such adaptation become adapted to host reaction to it, such adaptation between the two is called TOLERANCEbetween the two is called TOLERANCE

D.D. IMMUNITYIMMUNITYIf an animal infected with disease organism in number If an animal infected with disease organism in number insufficient to kill it, there will be a reaction to it’s’ insufficient to kill it, there will be a reaction to it’s’ presence in the body, such that subsequently with the presence in the body, such that subsequently with the same disease organism even in lethal numbers will not same disease organism even in lethal numbers will not kill the animals, it will affect it or there may not be visible kill the animals, it will affect it or there may not be visible effect at all. This ability to withstand infection is called effect at all. This ability to withstand infection is called IMMUNITY.IMMUNITY.

PATHOGENIC ORGANISMSPATHOGENIC ORGANISMS

VIRUSESVIRUSES

RICKETTSIASRICKETTSIAS

BACTERIABACTERIA

FUNGIFUNGI

PROTOZOANPROTOZOAN

Viral diseases Viral diseases

Rinderpest: -Rinderpest: - It is also cattle plague It is also cattle plague Cause: - Cause: - It It causedcaused by virus and it is by virus and it is

highly contagious viral disease of highly contagious viral disease of many ruminant and ungulate. many ruminant and ungulate.

Symptoms:- Symptoms:- Alteration of the mucus Alteration of the mucus membrane of the mouth membrane of the mouth

Erosion and necrosis of mucus Erosion and necrosis of mucus membrane membrane

Digestive tract affected by diarrhea. Digestive tract affected by diarrhea. And signs of mucous dischargeAnd signs of mucous discharge

Viral diseases Viral diseases

Model of transmission: direct contact with Model of transmission: direct contact with infected animal.infected animal.

Effect: (1) Morbidity rate approach 100% Effect: (1) Morbidity rate approach 100% (2) Mortality may exceed 90% in more (2) Mortality may exceed 90% in more

susceptible animals.susceptible animals. ControlControl:: Rinderpest has been eliminated from west Africa Rinderpest has been eliminated from west Africa

by surfaced program by the Pan-African by surfaced program by the Pan-African rinderpest campaign (PARC) jointly funded by rinderpest campaign (PARC) jointly funded by European union and food and Agriculture European union and food and Agriculture organization (FAO).organization (FAO).

Infected animal should be slaughtered and buriedInfected animal should be slaughtered and buried

Viral diseasesViral diseases

Foot and Mouth Disease Foot and Mouth Disease It is a highly contagious viral infection It is a highly contagious viral infection

causative organism:- causative organism:-

Vascular eruption in the mouth and on the Vascular eruption in the mouth and on the feet of the wild animal species affected. feet of the wild animal species affected. Animal affected include American, buffalo, Animal affected include American, buffalo, African buffalo, asian buffalo, waterbuck, African buffalo, asian buffalo, waterbuck, impala, giraffe, hedgehog etc. All these impala, giraffe, hedgehog etc. All these are susceptible to and carrier of foot and are susceptible to and carrier of foot and mouth disease.mouth disease.

Viral diseasesViral diseases EffectsEffects:-:- Deaths of some wild game animal reported in Kalahari Deaths of some wild game animal reported in Kalahari

game reserve Botswana include waterbuck, heart best, game reserve Botswana include waterbuck, heart best, impala, warthog, deer Eland, wildebeest, African buffalo. impala, warthog, deer Eland, wildebeest, African buffalo. Other symptoms that could be seen on infected animal Other symptoms that could be seen on infected animal include high fever, general loss of appetite, dejection and include high fever, general loss of appetite, dejection and swallowing indicating a painful state, peculiar smacking swallowing indicating a painful state, peculiar smacking sounds caused by the lips coming together, saliva hanging sounds caused by the lips coming together, saliva hanging from the mouth, emaciation, inner surface of the lies and from the mouth, emaciation, inner surface of the lies and gums are hot, dry and reddish, appearance of vesicles gums are hot, dry and reddish, appearance of vesicles (blister a small swelling of the epidermy containing clear (blister a small swelling of the epidermy containing clear fluid), appearance of vesicles on the muscles and at the fluid), appearance of vesicles on the muscles and at the root of the horn, the animal become lame with obvious pair root of the horn, the animal become lame with obvious pair in the affected foot, vesicles identical with those in the in the affected foot, vesicles identical with those in the mouth can be seen in the deft of the foot. mouth can be seen in the deft of the foot.

ControlControl:-:- It may be by slaughtering or by mass vaccination or It may be by slaughtering or by mass vaccination or

combination of the two. combination of the two.

BACTERIA DISEASESBACTERIA DISEASES

BRUCELLOSISBRUCELLOSIS Is a highly contagions disease reported in wild and Is a highly contagions disease reported in wild and

domestic animal, it is caused by domestic animal, it is caused by Brucella spp.Brucella spp. And And has zoonosis of worldwide distribution. It is an has zoonosis of worldwide distribution. It is an important disease in man, cattle, sheep, goat, dog important disease in man, cattle, sheep, goat, dog and swine. and swine.

Wild animal species affected include Zebra, Wild animal species affected include Zebra, Buffallo, Eland and Impala, Reindeer (were about Buffallo, Eland and Impala, Reindeer (were about 25% infections rate). It is also reported in bush 25% infections rate). It is also reported in bush buck.buck.

TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION Usually by contactUsually by contact

BACTERIA DISEASESBACTERIA DISEASES

Susceptible animal can also be infected Susceptible animal can also be infected EFFECTEFFECTAbortion in pregnant animals. Abortion in pregnant animals. Birth of weak calves with poor survival Birth of weak calves with poor survival

rate.rate.Reproductive disorders.Reproductive disorders.Mammary gland infection in wild Bison.Mammary gland infection in wild Bison.

PARASITESPARASITES Parasites in the resulted sense an Parasites in the resulted sense an those member of the animal kingdom those member of the animal kingdom which derive their means of well being which derive their means of well being from other member in the animal from other member in the animal kingdom at the same time depriving kingdom at the same time depriving their host of some of the well being. their host of some of the well being.

Sometimes the association is not Sometimes the association is not detrimental to the host so that both detrimental to the host so that both participant in the relationship benefits, participant in the relationship benefits, a condition known as a condition known as SYMBIOSISSYMBIOSIS. .

PARASITESPARASITES Sometimes the association is not an Sometimes the association is not an organic one but simply the derivation organic one but simply the derivation of benefit from one by the other of benefit from one by the other individual of the association, be it the individual of the association, be it the sharing of food derived by one of sharing of food derived by one of participants or the benefits of shelter participants or the benefits of shelter or protection a condition called or protection a condition called COMMENSALISM. COMMENSALISM.

PARASITESPARASITES Parasite are classified asParasite are classified as

Endoparasite and Endoparasite and

Ectoparasite Ectoparasite

Endoparasite or Helminthes as they Endoparasite or Helminthes as they are called are trematode and are called are trematode and cestodes. cestodes.

The ectoparasited are divided into The ectoparasited are divided into class insects and class Arachnida class insects and class Arachnida

EFFECT OF DISEASES ON EFFECT OF DISEASES ON WILD ANIMALSWILD ANIMALS

Increase body weight lossIncrease body weight loss It causes anaemia (shortage of blood).It causes anaemia (shortage of blood). It results in reproductive disorder e.g It results in reproductive disorder e.g

inability to reproduce, incomplete foetus.inability to reproduce, incomplete foetus. Diseases results in general body weakness Diseases results in general body weakness

of the animal.of the animal. It causes death.It causes death. It is also known that wild animal may fall It is also known that wild animal may fall

easily to predator when they are weak or easily to predator when they are weak or sick sick

Mineral DisorderMineral Disorder

It become more prevalent as man interrupt It become more prevalent as man interrupt mineral cycle via cropping, removing trees, mineral cycle via cropping, removing trees, forage and livestock arising from deficiency forage and livestock arising from deficiency of particular minerals in the diets of wild of particular minerals in the diets of wild animal.animal.Calcium deficiency is perhaps a major Calcium deficiency is perhaps a major mineral problem in captive wildlife speciesmineral problem in captive wildlife species

EffectsEffects Retarded growth Retarded growth Decreased food consumption Decreased food consumption Reduce activities and sensitivity Reduce activities and sensitivity

Mineral DisorderMineral Disorder

Osteoporosis: abnormal posture and Osteoporosis: abnormal posture and growth, susceptible to internal hemorrhagegrowth, susceptible to internal hemorrhage

Egg shell thinningEgg shell thinning Retarded function growth Retarded function growth Reduced other growthReduced other growth Phosphorus deficiency Phosphorus deficiency Result in loss of appetite, reduce growth Result in loss of appetite, reduce growth

and strength, reduce body growth, and strength, reduce body growth, weakness and sometimes death.weakness and sometimes death.

Excessive intake of phosphorus is Excessive intake of phosphorus is associated with low or marginal dietary associated with low or marginal dietary calcium level. calcium level.

GENERAL CONTROL OF WILD GENERAL CONTROL OF WILD ANIMAL DISEASESANIMAL DISEASES

Diseases Probable control Diseases Probable control 1.Rinder pest Vaccination: 1.Rinder pest Vaccination: Antibiotics Prevention from secondary Antibiotics Prevention from secondary

infection infection 2.Rabies- Killing of infected animals - 2.Rabies- Killing of infected animals - Vaccination is ineffective for infected Vaccination is ineffective for infected

animalsanimals3.Bacterial infection - Treat with broad spectrum antibiotics 3.Bacterial infection - Treat with broad spectrum antibiotics 4.Parasite 4.Parasite e.g.Helminthes - Deworming, use e.g.Helminthes - Deworming, use

anti-anti- Helminthes Helminthes 5.Fungi - skin disease exterminable mycotic 5.Fungi - skin disease exterminable mycotic

infection infection apply copper II solution to apply copper II solution to affected part. affected part.

6.Ringworm- 6.Ringworm- Apply Sulphur and fungicide Apply Sulphur and fungicide 7.Aspergilloris 7.Aspergilloris Discontinue with the feed (from Discontinue with the feed (from

contamined contamined feed yam, peel) feed yam, peel) 8.Zoonosis- 8.Zoonosis- Keep away domestic/ livestock to Keep away domestic/ livestock to

avoid avoid disease spreaddisease spread

DIAGNOSTIC METHODSDIAGNOSTIC METHODS The identification of a disease affecting livestock The identification of a disease affecting livestock

is a matter which requires a great deal of careful is a matter which requires a great deal of careful observation. Diagnosis is not only a science, but observation. Diagnosis is not only a science, but also an art. A combination of the two coupled also an art. A combination of the two coupled with sufficient knowledge and experience, will with sufficient knowledge and experience, will enable the observer to make a tentative if not a enable the observer to make a tentative if not a firm diagnosis, provided he has the necessary firm diagnosis, provided he has the necessary equipment and access to laboratory facilities equipment and access to laboratory facilities sufficient for the task. There are two areas of sufficient for the task. There are two areas of enquiry which assist in diagnosing, they are a enquiry which assist in diagnosing, they are a thorough clinical examination and necropsy thorough clinical examination and necropsy sedate the animals and blood samples are sedate the animals and blood samples are collected for analysis clinical examination.collected for analysis clinical examination.

Theses are three clearly defined direction disease Theses are three clearly defined direction disease should be followed. They are should be followed. They are

DIAGNOSTIC METHODSDIAGNOSTIC METHODS

1. The case history 1. The case history 2. The examination of the 2. The examination of the

environmentenvironment3. The examination of the animal’s 3. The examination of the animal’s

involvedinvolved

Equipment necessary for Equipment necessary for necropsynecropsy

Knives (large and small)Knives (large and small) Sharpening steelSharpening steel Scissors (including bowel scissors)Scissors (including bowel scissors) Dressing forcepsDressing forceps SawsSaws Bone cuttersBone cutters Labels Labels Rubber gloves Rubber gloves

Others includeOthers include

Equipment necessary for Equipment necessary for necropsynecropsy

Bottles (McCartney)Bottles (McCartney) Quantity of formalin(40% methanol)Quantity of formalin(40% methanol) Sterile swabs in test tubeSterile swabs in test tube A number of alcohol-clean microscope A number of alcohol-clean microscope

slidesslides Spatula Spatula Polyether bags Polyether bags Spirit lamp and spiritSpirit lamp and spirit Hand lens Hand lens Petri dishes Petri dishes Soap, water, disinfectant and towel Soap, water, disinfectant and towel