WILDLIFE CONFLICTSHANDBOOK

PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FORCOMMON WILDLIFE PROBLEMS

IN MISSOURI

October 2009

Prepared by:Mike Arduser – Natural History Biologist - St.Louis

Bill Heatherly – Wildlife Programs Supervisor - Statewide

Revised June 2007 and May 2009By: Rex Martensen

Field Programs SupervisorPrivate Land Services Division

CONTENTSTAB 1

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………..........page 4

What is Wildlife……………………………………………………………………………………………………page 4

What is a Wildlife Problem…………………………………………………………………………………page 6

What the Wildlife Code Says about Wildlife Problems……………………………..page 6

TAB 2General Methods and

Options…………………………………………………………………………..page 10

Harassment………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…...page 10

Scare Tactics………………………………………………………………………………………………..page 10

Repellents…………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..page 11

Habitat Management……………………………………………………………………………………page 11

Physical Exclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………page 12 Removal by Hand ……………………………….…………………………………………………………page 12

Trapping (including snares)………………………………………………………………………..page 12

Shooting………………………………………………………………………………………………………….page 15 Hunting/Trapping During Season…………………………………………………………….page 16

Nuisance Wildlife Control Operator (NWCO)……………………………………….page 16

Experienced/Professional Trappers………………………………………………………..page 16

Special Permits/Methods…………………………………………………………………………..page 17

Other Agencies/Organizations…………………………………………………………………page 17

Orphaned/Abandoned and Sick/Injured Wildlife……………………………………….page 19

Wildlife as Pets……………………………………………………………………………………………………page 21

Handling Wildlife Problems Over the Phone…………………………………………………page 22

TAB 3 REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

Snakes……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…tab 1

Turtle, Common Snapping………………………………………………………………………. tab 2 TAB 4

BIRDSAttacking Windows - People –

Pets…………………………………………………………..tab 3Goose,

Canada………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 4

Crow, American ("blackbird")…………………………………………………………………….tab 5 Grackle, Common ("blackbird")…………………………………………………………………..tab 6

Pigeon (Rock Dove)………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 7

Woodpeckers & Sapsuckers……………………………………………………………………….tab 8

Starling, European ("blackbird")……………………………………………………………….tab 9

TAB 5MAMMALS

Armadillo, Nine-banded………………………………………………………………………………tab 10

Bats………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….tab 11

Bear, Black……………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 12

Beaver……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 13

Coyote……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 14

Deer, White-tailed……………………………………………………………………………………….tab 15

Fox, Red…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 16

Groundhog (Woodchuck)……………………………………………………………………………..tab 17

Mole, Eastern…………………………………………………………………………………………………tab 18

Muskrat…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 19

Opossum………………………………………………………………………………………………………….tab 20

Raccoon……………………………………………………………………………………………………………tab 21

Skunk, Striped………………………………………………………………………………………………tab 22

Squirrel, Gray………………………………………………………………………………………………..tab 23

Vole, Prairie……………………………………………………………………………………………………tab 24

INTRODUCTION

This Handbook was written to help Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) staff and volunteers, as well as employees of other agencies, resolve wildlife-related damage/nuisance problems over the phone. The species and problems addressed here are primarily a reflection of the nuisance and damage-related telephone calls logged-in at the St. Louis and Kansas City Metro offices since 1989. The solutions and prevention methods discussed have been obtained from many sources, including: MDC staff and publications, individuals in the nuisance wildlife control industry or animal control profession, other conservation agencies and extension personnel around the country and their publications, rehabilitators, veterinarians, and the public.

Information contained in this Handbook is designed to be used throughout the state of Missouri; however, some species listed may not occur in your area. Local offices and agencies are encouraged to develop local resource lists (trappers, equipment suppliers, etc.) whenever possible; the MDC Conservation Agent in your county may be a good source for this information.

The methods, tactics, equipment, and procedures described herein have proven effective when employed by persons familiar with, and experienced in, their use. However, some methods are not appropriate for use by the inexperienced. !!! EXERCISE CAUTION!!! , ESPECIALLY WHEN USING OR RECOMMENDING METHODS, TACTICS, EQUIPMENT, OR PROCEDURES THAT ARE NOT FAMILIAR TO YOU. The Missouri Department of Conservation is not responsible for the inappropriate or unsafe use of the methods, tactics, equipment, or procedures described in this Handbook. BE VERY CAREFUL OUT THERE!

Comments, corrections, or suggestions are encouraged and will be greatly appreciated.

WHAT IS WILDLIFE?

The Missouri Wildlife Code is the set of state laws that regulate the use of fish, forest, and wildlife resources. In Missouri, “wildlife” is defined as ONLY those wild animals that: 1) are currently indigenous (native) to Missouri; 2) have occurred in the wild in Missouri since the year 1800, but no longer occur, or 3) are not native

4to Missouri, but that have become established in the wild. Thus, native wild animals (such as foxes, raccoons, etc.) and introduced non-native species (“exotics”) that have been established in the wild (grass carp, pheasants, etc.) are subject to Code regulation. Mountain lions, black bears, and

wolves (including wolf-hybrids), all of which have occurred in Missouri in the wild state, are also subject to the Wildlife Code. All others (e.g. African lions and other exotic felids, monkeys and primates, etc. not native to MO) that do not currently, or have never existed in Missouri in the wild since 1800, are not subject to the Wildlife Code. Wildlife native to North America, but not to Missouri (e.g. porcupines, martens, etc.), are not regulated by the Wildlife Code.

The Missouri Wildlife Code (3CSR10-4.110(1) General Provisions) states:

No bird, fish, mammal, or other form of wildlife, including their homes, dens, nests and eggs in Missouri shall be molested, pursued, taken, hunted, trapped, tagged, marked, enticed, poisoned, killed, transported, stored, served, bought, sold, given away, accepted, possessed, propagated, imported, exported or liberated to the wild in any manner, number, part, parcel or quantity, at any time, except as specifically permitted by these rules and any laws consistent with Article IV, sections 40-46 of the Constitution of Missouri.

There are, however, some gray areas. In Missouri insects have traditionally not been defined as wildlife; therefore, yellow jackets, bees, and similar critters are not subject to the Code. (NOTE: some insects listed as "Endangered" or "Threatened" do have Code protection.) How do you know if something is "wildlife" or not? Admittedly, this can get confusing. The common house mouse (Mus musculus), an exotic from Central Asia, is not considered to be wildlife, but the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), a native which is also commonly found around human dwellings, is classified as wildlife and therefore regulated by the Code. Rock doves (pigeons) (Columba livia), not native to the U.S., are traditionally not protected, but ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), also not native, are classified as a game species and subject to Code provisions. Is this your best strategy? When in doubt, play it safe and consider a critter as "wildlife" until you can check with the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or nearest MDC office.

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WHAT IS A WILDLIFE PROBLEM?

Because of particular aspects of their biology, certain species of wildlife sometimes negatively impact people by damaging or destroying property (e.g. buildings, livestock, agricultural plants and products). Squirrels chewing on cedar siding, foxes killing chickens and deer eating soybeans are examples of acute, and indisputable, wildlife problems that involve damage; people often require special information and assistance to help them solve these conflicts.

People can have other problems with wildlife, however, that doesn't involve property damage, but may exact a high cost emotionally. A snake coiled by the front door, coyotes "stalking" the subdivision, an injured deer, "abandoned" baby rabbits, or "mysteriously" dead birds in the back yard - these are examples of wildlife nuisance problems, rather than true damage problems. People frequently request help in dealing with these kinds of situations also.

It is often said that perception is everything, and in that regard, if someone thinks they have a wildlife problem, then they do. Accordingly, this manual takes a broad view of wildlife problems, recognizing wildlife as everything from mammals to invertebrates, and acknowledging problems as everything from high-dollar losses to entomophobia (fear of insects).

WHAT THE WILDLIFE CODE SAYS ABOUT WILDLIFE PROBLEMS

In many instances, wildlife problems can be addressed during the regular hunting and/or trapping seasons by encouraging the harvest of animals by a properly licensed taker. (Be sure to have the caller check local ordinances regarding trapping and firearms discharge if they live in a town or urban area.)

Apart from hunting and trapping in season, the most important section of Missouri's Wildlife Code, with respect to wildlife problems, is 3CSR10-4.130 (Owner May Protect Property). It reads:

Subject to federal regulations governing the protection of property from migratory birds, any wildlife except deer, turkey, black bears, and any endangered species which beyond reasonable doubt is damaging property may be captured or killed by the owner of the property being damaged, or by his/her

6representative, at any time and without permit, but only by shooting or trapping except by written authorization of the director or, for avian control, of his/her designee. Wildlife may also be controlled only on the owner’s property to prevent further damage. Except as otherwise authorized by an agent of the department, use of traps shall be in compliance with 3CSR10-8.510 (Use of Traps). Wildlife so captured or killed must be reported to an agent of the department within twenty-four (24) hours. Wildlife captured or killed shall be disposed of only in accordance with the instructions of an agent of the department. Deer, turkey, blackbirds and endangered species that are causing damage may be killed only with the permission of an agent of the department and by methods authorized by him/her. Mountain lions attacking or killing livestock or domestic animals, or attacking human beings, may be killed

without prior permission, but the kill must be reported immediately to an agent of the department and the intact mountain lion carcass, including pelt, must be surrendered to the agent within twenty-four (24) hours.

According to this section of the Wildlife Code:

1. Property damage of some kind must be occurring before a property owner can shoot or trap wildlife (outside of the established hunting or trapping seasons).

2. Wildlife causing damage can be controlled only by shooting or trapping, and only on the property of the person suffering the damage.

3. A "representative" may act on behalf of the property owner. This can be a friend, relative, neighbor, independent Nuisance Wildlife Control Operator (NWCO), municipal Animal Control Officer (ACO), or Pest Control Operator (PCO); in other words, just about anyone who has the permission of the property owner.

4. Poisons or toxicants cannot be used (even by PCOs) to control damage-causing wildlife unless their use has been authorized in writing by the MDC Director (see page A-13).

5. Damage-causing wildlife that has been trapped or killed must be reported to

an agent (i.e. employee) of the MDC within twenty four (24) hours and disposed of in accordance to his/her instructions.

7REMEMBER... the taking of wildlife during the prescribed hunting and trapping seasons goes a long way towards keeping wildlife populations in check, thereby reducing the incidence of damage/nuisance complaints. Whenever possible, encourage landowners to allow licensed hunters and trappers on their property during the appropriate seasons.

The Wildlife Code is also very specific about the types of traps that are permissible and the conditions under which they can be used to control damage-causing wildlife. Section 3CSR10-8.510 (Use of Traps) reads:Traps shall have smooth or rubber jaws only, and may include foot-hold traps, Conibear or other killing type traps, foot-enclosing type traps, cage-type traps, colony traps with openings no greater than six inches (6”) wide, or snares (as defined in 3 CSR 10-20.805) set underwater only, and cable restraint devices (as defined in 3 CSR 10-20.805), but only with the prescribed permit. Use of pitfalls, deadfalls, snares set in a dry land set, and nets are prohibited. Traps, snares, and cable restraint devices shall be plainly labeled, on durable material, with the user’s full name and address. Wildlife held in traps, snares, or cable restraint devices may be killed or removed only by the user. Conibear or other killing type traps set

underwater and colony traps set underwater shall be attended and wildlife removed at least once every forty-eight (48) hours. All other traps, snares, and cable restraint devices must be attended daily and wildlife removed or released. Traps may not be set in paths made or used by persons or domestic animals and on public roadways, except under water in permanent waters. Except as provided in 3 CSR 10-4.130, only cage-type traps or foot enclosing-type traps may be set within one hundred fifty feet (150’) of any residence or occupied building located within the established boundaries of cities or towns containing ten thousand (10,000) or more inhabitants. Homes, dens, or nests of furbearers shall not be molested or destroyed. Traps may be used in conjunction with electronic calls.

Use of Conibear or other killing type traps:No Conibear or other killing-type traps with a jaw spread greater than eight inches (8”) may be set six feet (6’) or more above ground level in buildings. Conibear or other killing-type traps of any size may be set underwater.

Use of snares and cable restraint devices:Snares (except as provided in subsection (4)(B)) must be set under water. Snares (as defined in 3 CSR 10-20.805) must have a loop fifteen inches (15”) or less in

8diameter when set and must have a stop device that prevents the snare from closing to less than two and one-half inches (2 1/2)”) in diameter.Furbearers may be taken by trapping through the use of cable restraint devices during specified seasons (3 CSR 10-8.515) by holders of a cable restraint permit, after completing the cable restraint training course. Cable Restraint devices (as defined in 3 CSR 10-20.805) must have a loop size of twelve inches (12”) diameter or smaller when set, and the bottom of the set restraint cable loop must be at least six inches (6”) or greater above the ground. Cable restraint devices must be anchored solid or staked in a location not allowing entanglement (such as rooted, woody vegetation greater than one-half inch (1/2”) of a fence, nor shall be set using a drag, or used with a kill-pole. Cable Restraint devices may not be used within one hundred fifty feet (150’) of any residence, occupied building, or driveway leading to a residence.

According to this section of the Wildlife Code:

1. The definition of “trap” includes leg-hold types (with smooth or rubber jaws only), lethal (e.g. Conibear) types, live (i.e. “cage” or “box”) types, snares, and cable restraints.

2. All traps must be labeled with the name and address of the user, and checked on a daily basis. Those failing to label or check traps daily are subject to fine.

3. Snares must be of specific material and dimension, and may be set underwater only.

4. Conibear-type traps can be set close to houses in cities only when they are being used to solve a damage problem. They may not be set along roadways, unless set underwater.

5. Conibear-type traps with a jaw spread of 8" or less may be set 6' or more above ground (i.e. in an attic or on a roof). Those with a jaw spread greater than 8" are not allowed.

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GENERAL METHODS AND OPTIONS FOR ADDRESSING WILDLIFE PROBLEMSA variety of methods are useful for resolving wildlife-related damage problems. Many are either species- or situation-specific, but some have broad utility. Below is a brief introduction to the various methods that can be legally used in Missouri to address wildlife problems. Each is addressed in greater detail in the various species sections.

HARASSMENTInvolves physically hounding or bothering the problem-causing animal by yelling at them, hosing them, chasing them (for example dogs harassing geese), etc. to such a degree that the animal finds it unpleasant and unrewarding to be in a particular area.

SCARE TACTICSMaterials that frighten or intimidate animals can be placed in key locations in order to keep the animals from causing problems. The more an animal's senses are assaulted by scare tactics, and the more aggressive the methods, the more effective this tactic will be. Visual devices commonly used include:

Mylar ("Flash") Tape - 2 to 2 1/ 2" wide; usually red on one side, silver on the other; frightens by blowing in the wind, reflecting light and producing a "humming" sound; can be hung as "streamers" from eaves of house to deter woodpeckers (same effect may sometimes be achieved with strips of aluminum foil), or staked out as a fence around perimeter of property to deter geese.

Scare-Eye Balloon - looks like 12 - 14" diameter beach ball with "eyes" around circumference, usually with mylar

streamers attached; apparent predator-like "staring eyes" makes nuisance species nervous (same effect may possibly be achieved by purchasing child’s play ball and painting on "eyes"); particularly effective for woodpeckers damaging buildings.

It must be moved frequently to remain effective.

10Owl / Snake Decoys - inflatable or statue types; apparent presence of natural predators may frighten some nuisance species. These devices must be moved every 2 - 3 days to remain effective.

Auditory devices commonly used include:

Bird Bombs, Bird Whistlers, Cracker-Shells, others - firecracker-type noisemakers fired with special hand launcher or shotgun; standard firecrackers/bottle rockets may also be effective. (NOTE: local noise ordinances may require special permit for use.) Other noise (clapping hands, banging on pots, garbage cans, etc.) can also be effective.

Distress Tapes - recorded distress calls of various bird species (blackbirds, crows, etc.) disperse nuisance birds by making them think that danger is at hand.

Propane Cannons - gas-powered exploders used primarily in rural areas to protect crops from birds and deer.

NOTE: Scare tactics are most successful when two or three different methods are employed at the same time; using multiple techniques helps prevent target species from becoming accustomed to any one method.

REPELLENTSRepellents "attack" an animal's senses, and either smell bad (e.g. fox or other predator urine), taste bad (Ro-pel7, ReJeX-iTTM, others) or feel bad (Tanglefoot7, others) to the animal. They are subject to dissipation by the elements (rain, sunlight), and need to be reapplied at intervals. Most are relatively non-toxic, but some commonly-used repellents (such as mothballs) are actually poisonous and should be used only under certain circumstances.

HABITAT MANAGEMENT (Probably most important)Food, water, and cover are the key ingredients of an animal's habitat; alter or remove one or more of these key ingredients and you will reduce the attractiveness of a site to an animal and help solve the problem. Examples: something as simple as removing a birdfeeder can help solve a squirrel problem; filling in a small pond will make an area

less attractive to ducks or

11geese. The key phrase to remember is "remove the attractants".

PHYSICAL EXCLUSIONPhysical exclusion works on the same principle as habitat management: it is an attempt to make some key ingredient of an animal's habitat unavailable to that animal. By preventing access to something the animal wants or needs without actually removing it, you cause the animal to go elsewhere to meet its requirements. It's important to remind people that their home can serve as habitat for many wildlife species. Some examples of exclusion: fencing (traditional and electric; above and below ground) to exclude rabbits, groundhogs, deer, etc. from gardens; "lining" ponds or ledges to exclude geese and pigeons; installing hardware cloth over air vents to exclude a variety of cavity-dwelling animals (bats, starlings, etc.). There are numerous devices designed specifically to prevent pigeons from roosting on ledges (Cat Claw7, NIXALITE7, others).

REMOVAL BY HANDThere are certain circumstances involving certain wildlife species where removal by GLOVED (heavy leather) hand is an acceptable and expeditious method (non-venomous snake in the house, bat on the ground, etc.).

TRAPPINGFour trap types are commonly used to control damage-causing wildlife: cage ("live") traps, foot-hold traps, lethal traps, and snares; each method is discussed below. NOTE: use of foot-hold and/or lethal traps may not be allowed by local ordinance. Remember...

REGARDLESS OF TYPE, ALL TRAPS MUST BE BOTH PLAINLY LABELED ON DURABLE MATERIAL WITH THE USER'S FULL NAME AND ADDRESS, AND CHECKED DAILY. DAMAGE-CAUSING ANIMALS TRAPPED OUT-OF-SEASON MUST BE REPORTED TO AN AGENT (EMPLOYEE) OF THE MDC WITHIN TWENTY-FOUR (24) HOURS AND DISPOSED OF ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH HIS/HER INSTRUCTIONS.

Cage ("live") Traps - Cage traps are a standard method for removing many

12species of problem-causing animals. Several different brands are available

in a variety of sizes, but design and operation of all are similar: a box-like container (made of wire mesh, plastic, sheet metal, or wood) with one or two doors that close when the animal steps on the tripping device when attempting to get at bait contained in the trap. An advantage of cage-traps is that non-target catches (such as the neighbor's cat) can be released unharmed. (There are even cage traps for beaver ("Bailey" and "Hancock"-types) that look something like a suitcase or clamshell made of wire mesh; these can be effective but are expensive (about $350 each).)

Regardless of the target species, people contemplating cage-trapping as an option should be made aware of the following:

1. Always place the cage-trap as close to the problem area as possible in order to minimize non-target catches. For example: if the problem is squirrels in the attic, set the trap in the attic or next to the hole leading into the attic, not outside on the ground.

2. When the target animal is day-active (diurnal) - for example squirrels or woodchucks - traps should be either closed, wired open, or taken in at night to avoid catching night-active (nocturnal) non-targets (cats, skunks, etc.). Conversely, when trying to catch a nocturnal species - raccoons or skunks - either close the trap or wire it open during the day. Also, avoid placing the trap in direct sunlight so that captured animals don't get over-heated.

3. Selection of bait is important, and will vary with the target species (see individual species accounts).

4. Camouflaging a cage trap with leaves or branches or concealing it with a towel or other material will produce results when exposed traps are ignored. Take care to ensure that the camouflaging material does not interfere with the door(s) closing smoothly.

5. Animals caught in cage traps can either be relocated or destroyed; they should not be taken to a zoo, veterinarian, the Humane Society or Animal Control, or a rehabilitation center unless this has been previously authorized by MDC. If relocated, animals should be moved a minimum of 5

13miles and released in an uninhabited area. Animals in cage-traps can be destroyed by asphyxiation, injection, drowning, or shooting, although in some areas firearms discharge is prohibited by local law. The destruction of animals, especially by drowning, is a sensitive issue and many callers will be uncomfortable or upset with the idea. However, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) classifies

euthanasia by shooting, injection, or carbon monoxide/dioxide as humane.

Explain to the caller that relocation is not the "cure-all" many people think it is; recent research indicates that relocated animals have low survival rates. Relocated animals are probably at a disadvantage because they do not know the location of food (and other) resources in the new area. As a result, they often die slow and painful deaths (or become road-kill). Also, they may disrupt the social structure of existing local wildlife populations. In addition, there is some concern that relocating an animal just moves the problem (and possibly disease) to another area. Consequently, in many instances, destroying the animal is the most humane action (when contrasted with the numerous problems associated with relocation).

Release sites for cage-trapped wildlife can be hard to find; most MDC-owned areas prohibit the release of cage-trapped animals, and releasing them onto private land requires permission of the landowner. County and State parks may allow the release of cage-trapped animals in some areas, but seek permission first. Again, however, evidence indicates that mortality rates following relocation are high.

Foot-hold Traps - Foot-hold traps do not kill animals, but hold them - you guessed it - by the foot. There are many variations on this theme: single and double longsprings, coilsprings, species specific enclosed foot traps, and others. Some have padded or off-set jaws to reduce distress to the captured limb. The trapped animal is then usually killed (by injection, firearm, or club), but can be released if the necessary equipment is at hand (catch pole, heavy gloves, transport cage). Foot-holds are a special method useful in specific circumstances involving particular species (coyote, beaver, raccoon, etc.),

14but should not be recommended to people who have not had prior experience with them. If someone wants to learn how to use these traps, they should be referred to an experienced/professional trapper, NWCO, or MDC's Wildlife Damage Management Program (see page A-13).

Lethal Traps - Lethal traps include a wide range of traps designed to kill animals quickly. The traditional mouse and rat snap-traps, body-gripper (Conibear-type) traps, mole traps, gopher traps, and others are widely available, reasonably priced, and effective when

used properly. Conibear-type traps with a jaw spread greater than five inches (5") are not allowed in dry-land sets (but can be set underwater); those with a jaw spread of less than eight inches (8") are allowed in buildings if set six feet (6') or more above ground level (e.g. in an attic or on a roof). While the average person can easily learn to safely and effectively use a lethal mole trap, you should not recommend Conibear-type lethal traps to people who have not had prior experience with them. If someone wants to learn how to use these traps, they should be referred to an experienced/professional trapper, NWCO, or MDC's Wildlife Damage Management Program (see page A-13).

Snares - Snares, used for beaver, muskrat, and otter, are a length of 5/64 - 1/8" wire cable that is set in a noose-type loop that captures the animal when it attempts to pass through the opening; a locking device holds the loop closed after the animal is captured. The Wildlife Code stipulates that snares can be set only underwater (no land sets allowed, except by special permit from a Wildlife Damage Biologist or Conservation Agent). Snares should not be recommended to people who have not had prior experience with them. If someone wants to learn how to use snares, they should be referred to a MDC's Wildlife Damage Biologist (see page A-13).

SHOOTINGIf firearms discharge is permitted by local law (county or municipal), shooting damage-causing wildlife can be an effective way to eliminate problem-causing individuals of some species. (NOTE: local municipal or county definition of "firearm" may include BB and/or pellet gun, and bow-and-arrow.) However,

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not all species can be routinely controlled by shooting; the exceptions include: deer, turkey, black bear, mountain lion, or any endangered species, and most birds. Thus, under Owner May Protect Property,groundhogs causing damage can be shot anytime without a permit, but damage-causing deer can only be shot with a special permit from a Conservation Agent (unless done by a licensed hunter during the regular firearms deer season). When in doubt, check with the local MDC Conservation Agent, Urban Wildlife Specialist, or the nearest MDC office. Also, whenever firearms are involved, be sure to stress safety issues and concerns.

HUNTING OR TRAPPING DURING THE SEASONHarvest by properly-licensed takers during the appropriate seasons is an effective way to reduce local populations of some damage/nuisance

species (such as deer, squirrels, coyotes). Unlike out-of-season removal, animals taken in-season can be utilized for food and/or fur by the properly-licensed taker. When and wherever possible, encourage landowners to allow regular harvest on their property.

NUISANCE WILDLIFE CONTROL OPERATOR (NWCO)In many urban areas (and to some extent elsewhere), businesses that specialize in wildlife removal or "control" will assist property owners with most problems for a fee. (Under 3CSR10-4.130 (Owner May Protect Property), another person can act as representative for the property owner to trap and/or shoot damage-causing wildlife out-of-season and without license or permit; animals so taken cannot be utilized in any way.) At present, these businesses are not required to be registered or licensed by MDC. Most can be located in the Yellow Pages (under "Pest Control"), or get a list of local individuals or companies from the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or nearest MDC office.

EXPERIENCED TRAPPERSRecreational/professional fur trappers will sometimes assist landowners in controlling wildlife (usually furbearers) out- of-season, for a fee. (Under 3CSR10-4.130 (Owner May Protect Property), another person can act as representative for the property owner to trap and/or shoot damage-causing wildlife out-of-season and without license or permit; animals so taken cannot

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be utilized in any way.) The local Conservation Agent should be notified of the situation and individuals involved. A list of local trappers available for this service can be obtained from the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, Urban Wildlife Biologist, or nearest MDC office.

SPECIAL PERMITS AND METHODSUnder certain circumstances, permits are granted to allow people experiencing wildlife damage to utilize special measures to control the damage-causing animals. These special measures include:1. Authorizations to destroy deer out-of-season. The damage must be

significant and verified by MDC Protection and/or Wildlife staff; contact the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or nearest MDC office.

2. Snares (in land or above-water sets), colony traps (for catching multiple individuals), and dry-land Conibear sets (jaw spread between five and eight inches (5" - 8") set less than six feet (6') above the ground) are permitted in some cases, but ONLY with

authorization from an MDC Conservation Agent or Wildlife Damage Biologist.

3. ANYONE (including independent Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators (NWCOs) or licensed Pest Control Operators (PCOs)) wanting to use ANY poison as a wildlife control measure (for pigeons, sparrows, starlings, squirrels, chipmunks, etc.) You MUST have a letter from the MDC Director to authorize that use. The authorization is site and date specific; it is NOT a blanket permit to use poisons when or wherever desired. Requests to use poisons must be made in writing (on company letter-head) to the MDC, Private Land Services Division, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180, and must include: 1) the name of the company, 2) the species to be controlled, 3) the toxicant to be used and its method of application, 4) the address (location) for the proposed use, and 5) the proposed time-frame for use. No application fee is required.

OTHER AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONSOther agencies or organizations in your area may assist property owners with wildlife damage problems. Check your local phone book for availability. Possibilities include:

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Municipal and County Animal Control Officers (ACOs) - In some areas of the state, trained Animal Control Officers affiliated with county or municipal governments will assist the public with certain wildlife problems, although in many cases they deal only with domestic species (dogs and cats). Some may loan cage-traps to local residents. Phone numbers for ACOs can be obtained from local municipal listings in phone books, by calling municipal and county police or health departments, or from an MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.

MDC Wildlife Damage Management Program - The MDC's Wildlife Damage Management program teaches landowners how to help themselves. If a property owner is suffering significant financial loss due to a wildlife damage problem and wants to learn how to handle the problem themselves, a Wildlife Damage Biologist can visit the property and teach the owner appropriate control measures and procedures. (In recent years, these efforts have involved primarily beaver and coyote.) The names of the Wildlife Damage Biologists and their area of responsibility are listed in the MDC Personnel Roster and can be obtained from the local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office.

USDA-APHIS-ADC (United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control) - The USDA-APHIS-ADC office is responsible (in conjunction with USFWS) for birds of

prey, woodpeckers, or other migratory birds, and for dealing with any damage-causing species that is federally listed as "Rare" or "Endangered". These personnel are also responsible for issuing permits to control damage caused by waterfowl outside of MDC’s permitting period. (MDC has federal permitting authority to control resident giant Canada Geese from March 11- August 31 of each year.) Any damage problems involving endangered or federally protected species, or on federal lands in Missouri, or at airports, should be referred to: USDA-APHIS-WS 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033. Also notify the local MDC Conservation Agent, or Wildlife Damage Biologist.

USFWS (United States Fish & Wildlife Service) - Federal Fish & Wildlife enforcement agents have offices in several areas of the state. Callers with highly sensitive, time-critical problems involving migratory birds (waterfowl, raptors, songbirds) and/or Federally Endangered species, can be passed-on to USFWS agents; local MDC Protection Agents and Private Land Services staff should also be notified. Examples: Canada geese injuring children in a schoolyard

18or a mallard duck nest in the middle of an urban construction site. Contact the local MDC Conservation Agent, or nearest office for name and phone number of the nearest USFWS office. (MDC has federal permitting authority to control resident giant Canada geese from March 11 – August 31 each year)

Missouri Department of Agriculture - This state agency regulates and licenses the MO pest control industry, including the use of bird poisons (avicides) and other toxicants. Individuals who want to be licensed in the use of avicides and rodenticides should be referred to this state agency at (573) 751-4211. Remind them that a letter of permission from the Director of MDC is required for every site at which the use of toxins is being considered.

Wildlife Rehabilitation Facilities - Certain species of sick or injured wildlife - but rarely orphaned wildlife - are rehabilitated at various not-for-profit rehab facilities operating around the state and under special permit from MDC. Information about local rehab centers can be obtained from the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or the nearest MDC office or Nature Center.

Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) - In some parts of the state, the Humane Society will assist the public with certain wildlife problems (in addition to their standard fare of domestic animals), usually through the loan of cage-traps. Check the telephone directory for local offices.

University of Missouri Extension Offices - The University of Missouri

maintains extension offices in various cities throughout the state. These offices can provide information concerning exclusion, repellents, trapping, and other aspects of dealing with damage-causing wildlife. Your local telephone directory should have listings for these offices.

ORPHANED/ABANDONED and SICK/INJURED WILDLIFE

ORPHANED/ABANDONED Telephone calls concerning "orphaned" and "abandoned" animals are common, especially in the spring and summer. Well-intentioned people see a young animal alone and assume it's not being cared for. This is seldom the case however. Many species of wildlife leave their offspring unattended for long periods so as not to attract attention to them, a strategy designed to reduce losses to

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predators. Tell the caller that seeing a young animal apparently unattended is not a cause for concern. If the caller has already "rescued" the animal, instruct them to immediately return the animal to where it was found and leave the area quickly. Explain that the adult is most likely in the vicinity but will stay hidden from view as long as people are present; when the people leave the adult will likely return to care for its young. People should not remain in the vicinity to monitor the situation, and should not return to check on the animal; this will only delay the return of the adult. Also explain that any human handling of the young animal will not prevent the parent from returning and providing care.

In rare instances, an animal may truly be orphaned (for example, a deer fawn standing next to a road-killed doe). Even then, the best course of action is to leave the young animal in the wild; it may be old enough to survive on its own. Also, explain that not all young of any species survive, and that the loss of an individual will not adversely affect the overall population. Remind callers that predators and scavengers have to feed their families too; everything has to eat something else.

Remember... seemingly "orphaned" or "abandoned" animals usually are not, and young wild animals are not nearly as helpless as they might appear. Their natural habitat offers them their best chance for survival, and that is where they should remain.

SICK/INJURED For wildlife, our world is full of perils (buildings, cars, powerlines, encounters with other animals, etc.) and many animals are injured every day. Various diseases act as natural controls when wildlife populations become too high. No one wants to see an animal suffer, so when we see

one that is sick or injured, the natural impulse is to try to help.

However, we must remind callers (and sometimes ourselves) that the best course of action is to leave the animal in its environment. This may seem callous or cruel, but remember that nothing in nature is wasted; many species of predators and scavengers depend on sick or injured wildlife for their survival. Explaining these realities to callers requires some tact; choose your words carefully, but make certain they understand the MDC position: whenever

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possible, it is best to leave animals in their environment and let natural processes operate, and death is one of those processes.

Obviously, action will be necessary in some situations: a raccoon with distemper wandering the neighborhood in broad daylight may pose a threat to area children. If possible, convince the caller to destroy the animal by shooting (if permitted by local law enforcement) or clubbing to terminate the suffering (any MDC employee has the authority to authorize this). If the caller can't or won't and the animal poses a health or safety threat, the local municipal Animal Control Officer (ACO) may be willing to help (some deal with wildlife, some don't). If not, the caller should contact local law enforcement. If the caller won't make the call, then you should do it, especially if it is an "at risk" situation. If the danger is not pressing, contact the county MDC Conservation Agent or nearest Wildlife Damage Biologist. After the animal has been dispatched, it can be either buried, put into a trash bag and left for regular pick-up, or placed in an out-of-the-way wooded area where scavengers will dispose of it. Remember... a dead animal in the woods is not wasted.

WILDLIFE AS PETSGenerally speaking, wild animals do not make good pets. Many species can be dangerously aggressive, and some may carry diseases that can affect humans. More importantly, most people do not understand the animal or its needs; after the novelty has worn off, the animal is largely ignored. Consequently, these “pets” usually die slow and painful deaths because of inadequate nutrition and/or housing. ALWAYS discourage people from keeping wildlife as pets... emphasize the “wild” in wildlife.

In Missouri, it is illegal to hold most wildlife species in captivity without special permit. However, it is permissible to hold some species captive without special permit. The Wildlife Code (9.110 General Prohibition; Applications (1)(A) states:

A maximum of five (5) specimens of any native wildlife not listed in 3CSR10-4.110(4) or 3CSR10-9.240, except endangered species, bats, hellbenders and alligator snapping turtles, may be taken and possessed

alive by a resident of Missouri without permit, but these animals shall not be bought or sold. Bones, skins, shells and other parts of such wildlife may be possessed for personal use without permit, but these wildlife parts in any form shall not be bought or sold.

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Wildlife held under this subsection may not be transported (or shipped) from the state.

Birds, game mammals, furbearers, fish, frogs, salamanders, mussels, crayfish, common snapping and soft-shelled turtles, and animals classified as dangerous (MO venomous snakes, mountain lions and mountain lion hybrids, black bears, wolves and wolf-hybrids) may not be held captive without special permit. Consult individual species accounts in this Handbook to determine status; if in doubt, contact the local MDC Conservation Agent, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or nearest MDC office.

HANDLING WILDLIFE PROBLEMS OVER THE PHONE

Helping someone solve a wildlife problem over the phone is a little like flying blind: you know where you need to go, but you can't see the terrain: you are seeing the situation through someone else’s eyes. Consequently, you have to ask questions - key questions - whose answers will enable you to understand the problem and suggest options to the caller. It requires patience, curiosity, some imagination, a genuine willingness to help someone, and a "detective's perspective."

For example, what would you do if you received a call like this:

"I think I have squirrels in my attic. Someone told me I could live-trap 'em and let 'em go. Can I get a trap from you?"

You could simply say "Yes" or "No" and let it go at that. It would be quick and easy, and it's what the caller wants... but is it the right thing to do?

In general, probably not. In the first place, several things indicate the caller is inexperienced and asking for help: "I think" and "Someone told me" are expressions of uncertainty. You want to make sure that the caller does it right the first time, instead of calling back with questions, or worse, complaints about "how the Conservation Department didn't tell me about...." Turning loose this possibly-unprepared person with a cage-trap may end up costing you (or some other Department employee) more in telephone time than a few minutes spent at the outset talking with them about their squirrel problem. Take the initiative and provide information that will help them be successful in solving their problem, or will at least prevent them from making it worse.

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Secondly, there's often more to solving a wildlife problem than removing the animal and the caller will most likely benefit from a brief discussion on preventive methods such as: reducing bird feeding, wildlife-proofing methods, problems with relocating wildlife, etc. Thirdly, the Missouri Wildlife Code (3CSR10-4.130: Owner May Protect Property) requires that people inform an agent (employee) of the Department any time they trap or shoot damage-causing wildlife, and dispose of it according to the agent's instructions. You should always inform people of the Owner May Protect Property regulation.

The importance of asking questions of the caller cannot be over-emphasized. Don't rely on the caller to voluntarily supply the relevant details - ask. There are three important pieces of information you need from the caller before you discuss solutions, options, or prevention:

1. Find out the SPECIES causing the problem (this is usually straightforward, but sometimes requires asking a series of questions).

2. Get the geographic LOCATION of the problem (inside city limits?, unincorporated county?, etc.).

3. Get the details of the SITUATION (is attic readily accessible or not? How long has this been going on? How are animals getting into attic? etc.).

Then, after getting this basic information on species, location, and situation you are ready to:

4. Give the caller INFORMATION about the animal and the problem that will help them understand the situation and the options that you are going to present to them. Keep it brief and relevant to the situation.

5. Discuss the solution OPTIONS available to them. The options will be determined by species, location, and situation.

6. Discuss PREVENTION and long-term solutions, when relevant.

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7. Try to end with a POSITIVE MESSAGE or comment about wildlife. Ask to mail them information about the animal or the problem.

These last four concepts don't have to be discussed in a certain order to be effective. However, for obvious reasons, species, location, and situation

pretty much have to precede information, options, prevention, and positive message. Now let's return to the squirrel call. The time is July 15, sometime in the past, somewhere in Missouri, at a well-known Missouri Department of Conservation office...

“Good morning; Missouri Department of Conservation. This is Steve... can I help you?”

Caller: Yeah; I think I have a squirrel or two in my attic. Someone told me I could live-trap 'em and let 'em go. Can I get a trap from you?

Response: We don't have any traps available at the present time but I can refer you to some other places in the county that rent them out or sell them. How many squirrels have you been seeing?

Caller: Couldn't hardly afford to buy one... well, I haven't actually seen any squirrels... in my attic, that is. I see them all over the yard and at the bird feeder, but I'm hearing them in the attic, or maybe the wall... seems like they move around. I think they're in the chimney, too. At least my wife said she heard them in there. We shut the flu; the last thing I want in this house is a **!#&*!! squirrel....

Response: Yes, they are often attracted to birdfeeders. What sort of noises have you been hearing, and where are you hearing them?

Caller: It's funny that you ask that, because we've heard - well, actually my wife has been hearing all the sounds, I don't hear so well myself anymore - let me ask her since she's here... Mildred, when are you hearing all the noise from the attic? (Faintly, Mildred is heard shouting: "...running and scratching during the day mostly, but I haven't heard that for a month or so; there was something else in the chimney last night, birds I think it was; chippering noises....").

Could you hear her there? She said she hears 'em in the attic in the daytime but... I don't know... something about the chimney....

Response: Yes sir, she said she thought she heard birds in the chimney last night but hasn't heard the squirrels for a while.... Whereabouts do you folks

24live? Caller: We've been livin' way out here off Wild Mule Road for about thirty years now, across from the state park with all the deer - can't grow anything cause of 'em - been married for almost fifty, though I can't hardly believe it most days. So how can I trap these things? I'd shoot 'em but I don't see so well lately... first time we've had a problem with squirrels...Response: Well, believe it or not that's good news; chronic squirrel

problems are a lot harder to take care of than first-timers. Now your wife said she hadn't heard the squirrels for awhile, so I'm guessing you have a fairly warm attic...

Caller: Yep, hot as Hades up there. Response: ...and squirrels tend to desert hot attics in the summer; too

much for them I guess. This may give you some time to get up in the attic and repair all the holes that they use to get in-and-out of the attic. Otherwise they'll be back in the fall or winter. And if you've got any tree branches that reach over to the house I'd trim them back about 10 feet. Is there any way to get up there and do those kinds of repairs?

Caller: Well, I suppose there is; yeah... it'll give our grandson something to do (chuckle). You don't think I need to trap 'em?

Response: Not at the present time. In fact, I don't think they're in your attic now, but they'll probably come back this fall or winter unless you plug up all those holes you can find; sounds like you better check the walls too. To be on the safe side, have your grandson make a thorough search of the attic before he seals up the last hole. You don't want to entomb any squirrels up there... and if your wife or grandson hears something in the wall don't plug the wall holes either.

Caller: Why not? Won't it kill 'em? Response: It could, but they’ll probably chew into your living room

before that happens.

Caller: Hmm..., what do I plug the holes with? Response: If you want to do a foolproof job, use 28 gauge sheet metal, or something similar. You can paint it to match the wood. Metal is about the only thing squirrels can't chew through. Repairing with ordinary wood may work just fine, of course, but you never know. Something else you might consider is adjusting your birdfeeding if the squirrels are taking advantage of it. Stopping

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birdfeeding altogether will reduce the numbers of squirrels around your house and reduce the chances that they'll get in your attic; or you could try feeding them only in the winter, and using safflower seed instead of sunflower seed. Squirrels tend to leave the safflower alone, but most birds will eat it. Also, you could switch to a squirrel-proof feeder, or try to squirrel-proof the feeder you have. If none of these things work for you, and you have problems with squirrels this fall or winter, call me back and we’ll talk about cage-trapping and other options.

Caller: Well, O.K., but I don't know how Mildred is going to like all this... but now about those birds in the chimney...

Response: Well, those could be chimney swifts. To find out for sure, go outside around dusk and look for some small, bat-like birds swooping into your chimney...

Caller: Bats? You say I’ve got bats too? Mildred... Conservation says we’ve got bats...

Finally, there are some important "interpersonal skills" to remember when handling a telephone conversation with someone who has a wildlife problem.

1. LISTEN ATTENTIVELY to the person and ask key questions. Navigate around their emotions for clues to their problem. Don't spend too much time dealing with, or responding to, their emotions; ask questions to get to the heart of their problem.

2. STAY RELAXED; be considerate and neighborly. Don't get uptight or upset, especially if the caller is that way. Most of the time, your relaxed approach will have a calming effect on the caller.

3. BE SINCERE and empathetic; let them know you’re really trying to help them.

4. WHEN IT'S NECESSARY TO INTERRUPT or "cut off" the caller (some people will talk until you take the initiative to part company), do so without being rude: "I appreciate your call, but I've got an appointment at the front desk in a minute...", or "I have the police holding on another line", etc.

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5. TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU KNOW. If there's something you can't answer immediately, tell them you'll get the information and call them back; just make sure that you, or someone else, does call back with the information.

6. Remember... the caller sees you as the expert in these matters; they are asking for help in dealing with a subject and situation that they probably know very little about. How you handle their call may largely determine how they view MDC or your agency and its programs. Strive to be friendly, courteous, and helpful, and provide information that is accurate and appropriate. Good Luck.

Mike & Bill

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