Katakana

Type Syllabary

Languages Japanese, Okinawan, Ainu, Palauan[1]

Timeperiod

~800 AD to the present

Parentsystems

Oracle Bone Script

Seal ScriptClerical Script

Regular script (Kanji)Man'ygana

Katakana

Sistersystems

Hiragana, Hentaigana

ISO 15924 Kana, 411

Direction Left-to-right

Unicodealias

Katakana

Unicoderange

U+30A0U+30FF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf),U+31F0U+31FF

KatakanaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Katakana (, ) is a Japanese syllabary, one component of theJapanese writing system along with hiragana,[2] kanji, and in some cases theLatin script (known as romaji). The word katakana means "fragmentary kana", asthe katakana characters are derived from components of more complex kanji.Katakana and hiragana are both kana systems. Each syllable (strictly mora) in theJapanese language is represented by one character, or kana, in each system. Eachkana is either a vowel such as "a" (katakana ); a consonant followed by avowel such as "ka" (katakana ); or "n" (katakana ), a nasal sonorant which,depending on the context, sounds either like English m, n, or ng ([]), or like thenasal vowels of Portuguese or French.

In contrast to the hiragana syllabary, which is used for those Japanese languagewords and grammatical inflections which kanji does not cover, the katakanasyllabary usage is quite similar to italics in English; specifically, it is used fortranscription of foreign language words into Japanese and the writing of loanwords (collectively gairaigo); for emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia; fortechnical and scientific terms; and for names of plants, animals, minerals, andoften Japanese companies.

Katakana are characterized by short, straight strokes and sharp corners, and arethe simplest of the Japanese scripts.[3] There are two main systems of orderingkatakana: the old-fashioned iroha ordering, and the more prevalent gojonordering.

Contents

1 Writing system1.1 Script1.2 Japanese

(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31F0.pdf),U+3200U+32FF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3200.pdf),U+FF00U+FFEF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf),U+1B000U+1B0FF(http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf)

1.2.1 Syllabary and orthography1.2.2 Usage

1.3 Ainu1.4 Taiwanese1.5 Okinawan

2 Table of katakana3 History4 Stroke order5 Computer encoding

5.1 Half-width kana5.2 Unicode

6 See also7 References8 External links

Writing system

Script

The complete katakana script consists of 48 characters, not counting functional and diacritic marks:

5 nucleus vowels V42 core or body (onset-nucleus) syllabograms CV, consisting of 9 consonants in combination with each of the 5 vowels, of which 3possible combinations (yi, ye, wu) are not canonical1 coda consonant C

These are conceived as a 510 grid (gojon, , lit. "Fifty Sounds") which inherits its vowel and consonant order from Sanskrit practice.In vertical text contexts, which used to be the default case, the grid is usually presented as 10 columns by 5 rows, with vowels on the righthand side and (a) on top. Unlike other syllabaries, katakana glyphs in the same row or column do not share common graphic characteristics.

Gojon Katakana characterswith nucleus

a i u e o

K S T N H M Y

R W

Katakana coda charactern

Katakana diacriticsdakuten

handakuten

Three of the syllabograms to be expected, yi, ye and wu, may have been used idiosyncratically withvarying glyphs, but never became conventional in any language and are not present at all in modernJapanese.

The 50-sound table is often amended with an extra character, the nasal stop (n). This can appear inseveral positions, most often next to the N signs or, because it developed from one of many muhentaigana, below the u column. It may also be appended to the vowel row or the a column. Here, it isshown in a table of its own.

The script includes two diacritic marks that change the initial sound of a syllabogram. Both appearmutually exclusive at the upper right of the base character. A double dot, called dakuten, indicates aprimary alteration, most often it voices the consonant: kg, sz, td and hb. Secondary alteration,where possible, is shown by a circular handakuten: hp. Diacritics are a comparatively new feature ofthe script, only becoming mandatory in the Japanese writing system in the second half of the 20thcentury. Their application is strictly limited in proper writing systems, but may be more extensive inacademic transcriptions.

Furthermore, some characters may have special semantics when used in smaller size after a normal one(see below), but this does not make the script truly bicameral.

The layout of the gojon table promotes a systematic view of kana syllabograms as being alwayspronounced with the same single consonant followed by a vowel. This is, however, not the case today(synchronically) and also never has been (diachronically). Therefore existing schemes for theromanization of Japanese either are based on the systematic nature of the script, e.g. nihon-siki ti, orthey apply some Western graphotactics, usually the English one, to the common Japanese pronunciationof the kana signs, e.g. Hepburn-shiki chi. Both approaches conceal the fact, though, that manyconsonant-based katakana signs, especially those canonically ending in u, can be used in coda position,too, where the vowel is not pronounced, or only as a weak schwa.

Japanese

Syllabary and orthography

Of the 48 katakana syllabograms described above, only 46 are used in modern Japanese, and one of these ispreserved for only a single use:

Katakana used inJapanese orthography

a i u e o

K G S Z T D N H B P M Y R W n

unused/obsolete

wi and we are pronounced as vowels in modern Japanese and are therefore obsolete, being supplanted by iand e respectively.wo is now used only as a particle, and is normally pronounced the same as vowel o. As a particle, it isusually written in hiragana () and the katakana form, , is uncommon.

A small version of the katakana for ya, yu or yo (, or respectively) may be added to katakana ending in i.This changes the i vowel sound to a glide (palatalization) to a, u or o, e.g. (ki + ya) /kja/. Addition of the smally kana is called yon.

Small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds ( haa, nee), butin katakana they are more often used in yon-like extended digraphs designed to represent phonemes not present inJapanese; examples include (che) in chenji ("change"), and (wi) and (di) in Wikipedia.

A character called a sokuon, which is visually identical to a small tsu , indicates that the following consonant isgeminated (doubled); this is represented in rmaji by doubling the consonant that follows the sokuon. For example,compare Japanese saka "hill" with sakka "author". Geminated consonants are common intransliterations of foreign loanwords; for example English "bed" is represented as (beddo). The sokuon alsosometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop. However, it cannot be used to doublethe na, ni, nu, ne, no syllables' consonants to double these, the singular n () is added in front of the syllable.The sokuon may also be used to approximate a non-native sound; Bach is written (Bahha); Mach as (Mahha).

Both katakana and hiragana usually spell native long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana, butkatakana uses a vowel extender mark, called a chonpu ("long vowel mark"), in foreign loanwords. This is a shortline () following the direction of the text, horizontal for yokogaki (horizontal text), and vertical for tategaki(vertical text). For example, mru is the gairaigo for e-mail taken from the English word "mail"; the lengthens the e. There are some exceptions, such as (rsoku (?, "candle")) or (ktai (?,"mobile phone")), where Japanese words written in katakana use the elongation mark, too.

Standard and voiced iteration marks are written in katakana as and respectively.

Usage

Katakanafunctionalcharacterssokuon

chonpu iteration mark

In modern Japanese, katakana is most often used for transcription of words from foreign languages (other thanwords historically imported from Chinese), called gairaigo.[4] For example, "television" is written (terebi).Similarly, katakana is usually used for country names, foreign places, and foreign personal names. For example,the United States is usually referred to as Amerika, rather than in its ateji kanji spelling of Amerika.

Katakana are also used for onomatopoeia,[4] words used to represent sounds for example, (pinpon), the"ding-dong" sound of a doorbell.

Technical and scientific terms, such as the names of animal and plant species and minerals, are also commonly written in katakana.[5] Homosapiens ( Homo sapiensu), as a species, is written (hito), rather than its kanji .

Katakana are also often, but not always, used for transcription of Japanese company names. For example Suzuki is written , and Toyotais written . Katakana are also used for emphasis, especially on signs, advertisements, and hoardings (i.e., billboards). For example, it iscommon to see koko ("here"), gomi ("trash"), or megane ("glasses"). Words the writer wishes to emphasize in a sentence arealso sometimes written in katakana, mirroring the European usage of italics.[4]

Pre-World War II official documents mix katakana and kanji in the same way that hiragana and kanji are mixed in modern Japanese texts, thatis, katakana were used for okurigana and particles such as wa or o.

Katakana were also used for telegrams in Japan before 1988, and for computer systems before the introduction of multibyte characters inthe 1980s. Most computers in that era used katakana instead of kanji or hiragana for output.

Although words borrowed from ancient Chinese are usually written in kanji, loanwords from modern Chinese dialects which are borroweddirectly use katakana rather than the Sino-Japanese on'yomi readings.

Examples of Chinese loanwords in JapaneseJapanese Rmaji Meaning Chinese Romanization Source language

mjan mahjong mjingMandarin roncha Oolong tea wlngch

chhan fried rice chofn chsh barbecued pork cha siu

Cantonese shmai a form of dim sum siu maai

The very common Chinese loanword rmen, written in katakana as in Japanese, is rarely written with its kanji ().

There are rare instances where the opposite has occurred, with kanji forms created from words originally written in katakana. An example ofthis is kh, ("coffee"), which can be alternatively written as . This kanji usage is occasionally employed by coffee manufacturersor coffee shops for novelty.

Katakana are used to indicate the on'yomi (Chinese-derived readings) of a kanji in a kanji dictionary. For instance, the kanji has a Japanesepronunciation, written in hiragana as hito (person), as well as a Chinese derived pronunciation, written in katakana as jin (used todenote groups of people). Katakana are sometimes used instead of hiragana as furigana to give the pronunciation of a word written in Romancharacters, or for a foreign word, which is written as kanji for the meaning, but intended to be pronounced as the original.

Katakana are also sometimes used to indicate words being spoken in a foreign or otherwise unusual accent. For example, in a manga, thespeech of a foreign character or a robot may be represented by konnichiwa ("hello") instead of the more typical hiragana . Some Japanese personal names are written in katakana. This was more common in the past, hence elderly women often have katakananames.

It is very common to write words with difficult-to-read kanji in katakana. This phenomenon is often seen with medical terminology. Forexample, in the word hifuka ("dermatology"), the second kanji, , is considered difficult to read, and thus the word hifuka iscommonly written or , mixing kanji and katakana. Similarly, the difficult-to-read kanji such as gan ("cancer") are oftenwritten in katakana or hiragana.

Katakana is also used for traditional musical notations, as in the Tozan-ry of shakuhachi, and in sankyoku ensembles with koto, shamisen andshakuhachi.

Some instructors for Japanese as a foreign language "introduce katakana after the students have learned to read and write sentences inhiragana without difficulty and know the rules."[6] Most students who have learned hiragana "do not have great difficulty in memorizing"katakana as well.[7] Other instructors introduce the katakana first, because these are used with loanwords. This gives students a chance topractice reading and writing kana with meaningful words. This was the approach taken by the influential American linguistics scholar EleanorHarz Jorden in Japanese: The Written Language (parallel to Japanese: The Spoken Language).[8]

Ainu

Katakana is commonly used to write the Ainu language by Japanese linguists. In Ainu language katakana usage, the consonant that comes atthe end of a syllable is represented by a small version of a katakana that corresponds to that final consonant and with an arbitrary vowel. Forinstance "up" is represented by ( [u followed by small pu]). Ainu also uses three handakuten modified katakana, ([tse]), and or ([tu]). In Unicode, the Katakana Phonetic Extensions block (U+31F0U+31FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31F0.pdf))exists for Ainu language support. These characters are used for the Ainu language only.

Taiwanese

Taiwanese kana ( ) is a katakana-based writing system once used to write Holo Taiwanese, whenTaiwan was under Japanese control. It functioned as a phonetic guide for Chinese characters, much like furigana in Japanese or Zhuyin fuhaoin Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.

Unlike Japanese or Ainu, Taiwanese kana are used similarly to the Zhyn fho characters, with kana serving as initials, vowel medials andconsonant finals, marked with tonal marks. A dot below the initial kana represented aspirated consonants, and , , , , , and witha superpositional bar represented sounds found only in Taiwanese.

Okinawan

Katakana is used as a phonetic guide for the Okinawan language, unlike the various other systems to represent Okinawan, which use hiraganawith extensions. The system was devised by the Okinawa Center of Language Study (http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/srnh/sign.html) ofthe University of the Ryukyus. It uses many extensions and yon to show the many non-Japanese sounds of Okinawan.

Table of katakana

For modern digraph additions that are used mainly to transcribe other languages, see Transcription into Japanese.

This is a table of katakana together with their Hepburn romanization and rough IPA transcription for their use in Japanese. Katakana withdakuten or handakuten follow the gojon kana without them.

Characters shi and tsu , and so and n(g) , look very similar in print except for the slant and stroke shape. These differences in slantand shape are more prominent when written with an ink brush.

Grey background indicates obsolete characters.

Katakana syllabogramsMonographs (gojon) Digraphs (yon)

a i u e o ya yu yo

a [a]i [i]

u [u]

e [e]

o [o]

K

ka [ka] ki [ki] ku [ku] ke [ke] ko [ko] kya [ka] kyu [ku] kyo [ko]S

sa [sa]

shi [i]

su [su]

se [se]

so [so]

sha [a]

shu [u]

sho [o]T

ta [ta]

chi [ti]

tsu [tsu]

te [te]

to [to]

cha [ta]

chu [tu]

cho [to]N

na [na]

ni [ni]

nu [nu]

ne [ne]

no [no]

nya [a]

nyu [u]

nyo [o]H

ha [ha]

hi [i]

fu [u]

he [he]

ho [ho]

hya [a]

hyu [u]

hyo [o]M

ma [ma]

mi [mi]

mu [mu]

me [me]

mo [mo]

mya [ma]

myu [mu]

myo [mo]Y

ya [ja][n 1]

yu [ju][n 1]

yo [jo]R

ra [a]

ri [i]

ru [u]

re [e]

ro [o]

rya [a]

ryu [u]

ryo [o]W

wa [wa]

wi [i][n 2][n 1]

we [e][n 2]

wo [o][n 2]

Final nasal monograph Functional graphemes

n [n] [m] [] before stop consonants;

n[] [][] elsewhere

(before geminate consonant)

(after long

vowel)

(reduplicatesand unvoices

syllable)

(reduplicatesand voicessyllable)

Monographs with diacritics: gojon with (han)dakuten Digraphs with diacritics: yon with(han)dakuten

a i u e o ya yu yoG

ga [a]

gi [i]

gu [u]

ge [e]

go [o]

gya [a]

gyu [u]

gyo [o]

Z za [za]

ji [di]

zu [zu]

ze [ze]

zo [zo]

ja [da]

ju [du]

jo [do]

D da [da]

ji [di][n 3]

zu [zu][n 3]

de [de]

do [do]

ja [da][n 3]

ju [du][n 3]

jo [do][n 3]

B ba [ba]

bi [bi]

bu [bu]

be [be]

bo [bo]

bya [ba]

byu [bu]

byo [bo]

P pa [pa]

pi [pi]

pu [pu]

pe [pe]

po [po]

pya [pa]

pyu [pu]

pyo [po]

Notes

1. ^ a b c Theoretical combinations yi, ye and wu are unused .

2. ^ a b c The characters in positions wi and we are obsolete in modern Japanese, and have been replaced by (i) and (e). The character wo, inpractice normally pronounced o, is preserved in only one use: as a particle. This is normally written in hiragana (), so katakana sees only limiteduse. See Gojon and the articles on each character for details.

3. ^ a b c d e The (di) and (du) kana (often romanised as ji and zu) are primarily used for etymologic spelling , when the unvoiced equivalents (ti)and (tu) (often romanised as chi and tsu) undergo a sound change (rendaku) and become voiced when they occur in the middle of a compound word.In other cases, the identically-pronounced (ji) and (zu) are used instead. (di) and (du) can never begin a word, and they are not common inkatakana, since the concept of rendaku does not apply to transcribed foreign words, one of the major uses of katakana.

History

Katakana was developed in the 9th century[9] (during the early Heian period) by Buddhist monks by taking parts of man'ygana characters as aform of shorthand, hence this kana is so-called kata (?, partial, fragmented).

For example, ka () comes from the left side of ka (?, literally increase, but the original meaning is no longer applicable to kana). Theadjacent table shows the origins of each katakana: the red markings of the original Chinese character (used as man'ygana) eventually becameeach corresponding symbol.[10]

Recent findings by Yoshinori Kobayashi, professor of Japanese at Tokushima BunriUniversity, suggest the possibility that the katakana-like annotations used in reading guidemarks ( / okototen) may have originated in 8th-century Korea possiblySilla and then introduced to Japan through Buddhist texts.[9][11]

Stroke order

The following table shows the method for writing each katakana character. It is arranged inthe traditional way, beginning top right and reading columns down. The numbers and arrowsindicate the stroke order and direction respectively.

Computer encoding

In addition to fonts intended for Japanese text and Unicode catch-all fonts (like Arial Unicode MS), many fonts intended for Chinese (such asMS Song) and Korean (such as Batang) also include katakana.

Half-width kana

In addition to the usual full-width ( zenkaku) display forms of characters, katakana has a second form, half-width ( hankaku) (thereare no half-width hiragana or kanji). The half-width forms were originally associated with the JIS X 0201 encoding. Although their displayform is not specified in the standard, in practice they were designed to fit into the same rectangle of pixels as Roman letters to enable easy

implementation on the computer equipment of the day. This space is narrower than the square space traditionally occupied by Japanesecharacters, hence the name "half-width". In this scheme, diacritics (dakuten and handakuten) are separate characters. When originally devised,the half-width katakana were represented by a single byte each, as in JIS X 0201, again in line with the capabilities of contemporary computertechnology.

In the late 1970s, two-byte character sets such as JIS X 0208 were introduced to support the full range of Japanese characters, includingkatakana, hiragana and kanji. Their display forms were designed to fit into an approximately square array of pixels, hence the name "full-width". For backwards compatibility, separate support for half-width katakana has continued to be available in modern multi-byte encodingschemes such as Unicode, by having two separate blocks of characters one displayed as usual (full-width) katakana, the other displayed ashalf-width katakana.

Although often said to be obsolete, in fact the half-width katakana are still used in many systems and encodings. For example, the titles of minidiscs can only be entered in ASCII or half-width katakana, and half-width katakana are commonly used in computerized cash register displays,on shop receipts, and Japanese digital television and DVD subtitles. Several popular Japanese encodings such as EUC-JP, Unicode and ShiftJIS have half-width katakana code as well as full-width. By contrast, ISO-2022-JP has no half-width katakana, and is mainly used over SMTPand NNTP.

Unicode

Katakana was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for (full-width) katakana is U+30A0U+30FF.

Encoded in this block along with the katakana are the nakaguro word-separation middle dot, the chon vowel extender, the katakana iterationmarks, and a ligature of sometimes used in vertical writing.

Katakana[1]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf) (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+30Ax U+30Bx U+30Cx U+30Dx U+30Ex U+30Fx

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 7.0

Half-width equivalents to the usual full-width katakana also exist in Unicode. These are encoded within the Halfwidth and Fullwidth Formsblock (U+FF00U+FFEF) (which also includes full-width forms of Latin characters, for instance), starting at U+FF65 and ending at U+FF9F(characters U+FF61U+FF64 are half-width punctuation marks). This block also includes the half-width dakuten and handakuten. The full-width versions of these characters are found in the Hiragana block.

Katakana subset of Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms[1]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFF00.pdf) (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

... (U+FF00U+FF64 omitted)U+FF6x U+FF7x U+FF8x U+FF9x

... (U+FFA0U+FFEF omitted)Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 7.0

Circled katakana are code points U+32D0U+32FE in the Enclosed CJK Letters and Months block (U+3200U+32FF). A circled (n) is notincluded.

Katakana subset of Enclosed CJK Letters and Months[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U3200.pdf) (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

... (U+3200U+32CF omitted)U+32Dx U+32Ex U+32Fx

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 7.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Extensions to Katakana for phonetic transcription of Ainu and other languages were added to the Unicode standard in March 2002 with therelease of version 3.2.

The Unicode block for Katakana Phonetic Extensions is U+31F0U+31FF:

Katakana Phonetic Extensions[1]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U31F0.pdf) (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+31Fx Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 7.0

Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were added to the Unicode standard in October 2010 with the release of version 6.0.

The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000U+1B0FF:

Kana Supplement[1][2]Official Unicode Consortium code chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1B000.pdf) (PDF)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F

U+1B00x U+1B01x

... (omitted; not used yet)U+1B0Fx

Notes

1.^ As of Unicode version 7.02.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Katakana in other Unicode blocks:

Dakuten and handakuten diacritics are located in the Hiragana block:U+3099 COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK (non-spacing dakuten): U+309A COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK (non-spacing handakuten): U+309B KATAKANA-HIRAGANA VOICED SOUND MARK (spacing dakuten):

U+309C KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK (spacing handakuten): Two katakana-based emoji are in the Enclosed Ideographic Supplement block:

U+1F201 SQUARED KATAKANA KOKO ('here' sign): U+1F202 SQUARED KATAKANA SA ('service' sign):

A katakana-based Japanese TV symbol from the ARIB STD-B24 standard is in the Enclosed Ideographic Supplement block:U+1F213 SQUARED KATAKANA DE ('data broadcasting service linked with a main program' symbol):

See also

Japanese phonologyHistorical kana usageRmajiGugyeolTdaiji Fujumonk, oldest example of kanji text with katakana annotations

References

1. ^ Thomas E. McAuley, Language change in East Asia, 2001:902. ^ Roy Andrew Miller, A Japanese Reader: Graded Lessons in the Modern Language, Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, Japan

(1966), p. 28, Lesson 7 : Katakana : ano. "Side by side with hiragana, modern Japanese writing makes use of another complete set of similar symbolscalled the katakana."

3. ^ Miller, p. 28. "The katana symbols, rather simpler, more angular and abrupt in their line than the hiragana..."

4. ^ a b c Yookoso! An Invitation to Contemporary Japanese 1st edition McGraw-Hill 1993, page 29 "The Japanese Writing System (2) Katakana"5. ^ "Hiragana, Katakana & Kanji" (http://www.japanesewordswriting.com/). Japanese Word Characters. Retrieved 15 October 2011.6. ^ Mutsuko Endo Simon, A Practical Guide for Teachers of Elementary Japanese, Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan (1984) p. 36,

3.3 Katakana7. ^ Simon, p. 368. ^ Reading Japanese, Lesson 1 (http://www.joyo96.org/96K/Lesson_1.html)

9. ^ a b Japan Times, "Katakana system may be Korean, professor says (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2002/04/04/news/katakana-system-may-be-

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Katakana.

Look up katakana inWiktionary, the freedictionary.

External links

Katakana Unicode chart (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U30A0.pdf)Japanese, including "practice kana" links,(http://www.dmoz.org//Computers/Software/Educational/Languages/Japanese) at DMOZLearn Katakana with Audio Slideshow (http://www.sayjack.com/learn/japanese/katakana/)KanaTeacher - Practice and learn Katakana online. (http://www.unckel.de/kanateacher/index-en.html)Japanese dictionary with Katakana, Hiragana and Kanji on-screen keyboards (http://japanese-dict.com/)Animated Katakana stroke orders with audio (http://drmoku.com/katakana-animated-stroke-orders-2/)

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korean-professor-says/)"10. ^ Japanese katakana (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/japanese_katakana.htm) (Omniglot.com)11. ^ Yoshinori Kobayashi, (http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/00029704) ("Relationship between tento in

Ancient Korean and the origin of Japan's okoto point)