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MEDIA
Whoever controls the media, controls the mind.
Jim Morrison
The medium IS the message
Liberal, conservative they ALL play the game
Those Fox folks are so darn clever
Who makes the news?
Journalists only want to inform? Or is it all about the bank account? What exactly is their agenda?
The people who "report" it
Power of the media
Transformed America- no longer boring and removed
Vietnam a major turning point- Cronkite went to Nam to report on the war. He was negative. LBJ said to an aide: “ We’ve lost the war now that we’ve lost Cronkite”
Power in freedom- 1st amendment. Freedom is rare
Regulation
Broadcast TV most restricted- public airwaves
Regulation of content- Equal time rule- time given one candidate
must be provided to others Fairness Doctrine ( 1949-1985)- had to be fair
in coverage- FCC abolished it in 1985 based on various explosion of media that created diversity among viewpoints.
1st amendment protects many viewpoints and ideas
The Court and the press
Near v. Minnesota (1931)A state law allowing prior restraint was
unconstitutional. This decision also extended protection of press freedom to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)The First Amendment protected all
statements about public officials unless the speaker lied with the intent to defame.
New York Times v. United States (1971)A claimed threat to national security was not justification
for prior restraint on publication of classified documents (the Pentagon Papers) about the Vietnam War
Hustler v. Falwell (1988)The First Amendment prohibits public figures from
recovering damages for intentional infliction of emotional harm unless the publication contained a false statement made with actual malice.
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)Public school officials can censor school-sponsored
newspapers, because the newspapers are part of the school curriculum rather than a forum for public expression.
More on media power
Media is a two way street- media uses politicians and politicians use the media
Newspapers and magazines. Newspapers are primarily local except NY
Times. Wall St Journal, Wash Post Mags are more national- Time, Newsweek
And even more on power
National more powerful- NY Times, Newsweek etc. Leaders pay attention to what they write Leaders give them more access Reporters are more prestigious
New media influences
Newspapers in serious decline- once major source
TV networks took over but also in decline Non broadcast on the rise- Fox, MSNBC, Daily
Show (“In a 2004 study conducted by the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania, researchers discovered that regular viewers of The Daily Show actually knew more about elections than did people who watched news channels and read newspapers.”) Young people use non traditional methods
New media=ignorance?
New media is great for immediate relevance but what’s lost when everything we do is so quick, edited and disposable?
TV still rules…..barely News is 24/7 1950’s it was 15 minutes a day Role as gatekeeper, scorekeeper,
watchdog has changed for better or worse
Media roles
Gatekeeper- What becomes an issue?Experiment- One group shown news on
nuclear weapons the other group watches stories on unemployment
Results:Issue a problem?
Before experiment
After experiment
nukes 35% 65%
unemployment 43% 71%
Scorekeeper- Who is winning? Iowa, NH etc.
Sometimes the media decides the winner is the loser and the loser is the winner
"We have a top tier now“But it is hard to change opinions:Poll-
Who won the debate?Bush Kerry Neither
democrats 5% 81% 11%
independent
35% 43% 22%
republicans 73% 12% 11%
Who’s paying attention anyway?
high attention
Medium attention
Low attention
College grad 43 53 4
Some college 33 57 10
High school grad
28 57 15
Dropout 16 58 26
So what do those paying attention actually see?
Ideological propoganda- Corresponds with the rise of cable TV
-1980 CNN- Follows Fairness Doctrine despite cable being exempt- Today anything goes
-1987- FCC rescinds Fairness doctrine- Radio ( Rush Limbaugh) then TV go ideological. Fox now #1 by a large margin
-Real detail on candidates is lost- Soundbites? Hah.