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10/4/2016
1
What are the first four letters in a soil
profile from top to bottom??
• O, A, B, C
Which soil horizon has the
decomposed organic material?Which soil horizon is topsoil?
• A
What is decomposed organic matter
called in soil?
What is the name for the rock below
the soil?
10/4/2016
2
What are the three main sizes of soil
particles in order from smallest to
largest.
• Clay, Silt, Sand
If you wanted a well drained soil which
soil particle would you add to your
soil?
• Sand
What are the percentages of sand, silt,
and clay at X?
What are the percentages of sand, silt,
and clay at X?
What are the percentages of sand, silt,
and clay at X? Name three of the major inputs in
industrialized agriculture.
• Inorganic Fertilizer
• Pesticides
• Machines (tractors, combines, etc.)
10/4/2016
3
What are two benefits of genetically
modified organisms?
• Resist cold
• Produce their own pesticides
• Grow faster
• Resist herbicides
What are three ways foreign DNA can
be introduced into cells?
• Gene gun – dna on gold shot into cell
• Bacteria – invade host cell and introduce dna
• Electricity – create tears in cell that allow dna
to enter.
What are two concerns with GMO’s?• Breeding Superweeds (GMO’s
breeding with wild plants)
• Seeds growing in unwanted places
(like an organic farmers field).
• Consumer Distrust
What are two negatives of aquaculture?
• Add antibiotics to reduce risk of disease.
• Need high calorie fish food to feed fish(Net
energy loser)
• Predators can get stuck in nets trying to eat
fish.
• Fish waste creates a problem
What does annual mean?
• Once a year.
• Perennial means they are always there.
Give an example of an annual plant.
• Dandelions, wildflowers, etc.
• Any plant that blooms, flowers, and dies in a
short life cycle.
10/4/2016
4
Give an example of a perennial plant.
• Roses, blueberry bushes, shrubs, etc.
• Any plant that lives year round.
Give an example of a chlorinated
hydrocarbon.
• DDT, Dieldrin, PCB’s
What were the big negatives of
chlorinated hydrocarbons?
• They persist for a long time
• They bioaccumulate (because
they are fat soluble)
Are organophosphates and
carbamates more or less toxic than
chlorinated hydrocarbons
• More toxic
What are two benefits from
organophosphates and carbamates?
• They are less persistent
• They do not bioaccumulate or biomagnify
Bioaccumulate or Biomagnify? Which
one happens in an individual?
•Bioaccumulate
10/4/2016
5
I just sprayed an herbicide on my
garden and everything died… I
mistakenly used a
• Broad spectrum herbicide instead of a narrow
spectrum herbicide.
What is the pesticide treadmill?.
• Farmer uses pesticide and it works great.
• Farmer uses again and it doesn’t work as well.
• Pests breed resistance.
• More pesticides are needed and/or a new pesticide is needed.
Give an example of biological control
of pests?
• Ladybugs eating aphids
• Cane toads eating cane grub (well… they
didn’t actually eat it)
Explain how you could use Integrated Pest
Management to control mites in a strawberry field.
• Biological - Bring in a predatory species (predatory mites)
• Chemical - Spray small amounts of miticide (insecticide)
• Cultural controls – keeping down the dust
• Mechanical – vacuuming up the pests.
What type of agriculture is slash and
burn? Explain why.
• Shifting cultivation – they have to
move every 5 years or so because
the soil becomes nutrient depleted.
What is subsistence farming?
• Growing enough food to feed your family and
maybe sell a little to make money.
10/4/2016
6
Plantation agriculture is focused on
___________ their food for ________.
• Exporting their food for sale.
Sustainable Agriculture means…..
• Using methods that will not degrade
What were two components of the
first green revolution?
• High Yield Varieties
• Inorganic Fertilizer Use
• Pesticide Use
What are two components of the
second green revolution?
• Happened in developing countries
• Focused on tropical and subtropical areas
• Focused on Rice and Wheat (High yield
varieties)
How does soil become more saline?
• Water has a natural amount of salt in it.
• As water evaporates from the top of the soil
the salt gets left behind.
• Salt builds up over time.
Explain Waterlogging
• A crop is overwatered.
• The water table moves up and covers the
roots.
• The roots become immersed in water and the
plant cannot function properly.
10/4/2016
7
What is alley cropping?
• Crops planted in between rows of trees.
What is contour plowing?
• Plowing perpendicular to the slope of a hill to
reduce soil erosion.
What are two causes of soil erosion?
• Moving water (this Is the major cause)
• Wind
What is strip cropping
• Planting rows of different crops in strips next
to each other.
Terracing?
• On a steep hill cutting in flat areas for growing
crops.
What is larger: A rill or a gully?
• A gully.
10/4/2016
8
What is sheet erosion?
• A large amount of topsoil moves off the land
at once.
What is polyculture?
• Growing many types of crops on one area of
land.
How many species supply the meat
products for all humans?
• 8
What are the characteristics of
sustainable agriculture?
• Perennial plants
• Nontraditional crops
• Diversity in plantings
• Reduced errosion
What do botanical pesticides come
from?
• Plants
Compared to chlorinated
hydrocarbons, organophosphates
are….• Less persistent and less magnified.
10/4/2016
9
How could broad spectrum pesticides
actually increase pests
• By killing off beneficial predators of pests and
creating the chance for resistance to develop.
In a aquatic food chain, which
organism is likely to have the lowest
DDT concentrations?• producers
What is biological control?
• Use of other living things ie potentially
invasive species to control pests
What is a potential pit fall of biological
control?
• Control agent may negatively effect other
species
What did the genetic research of the
green revolution produce?
• Rice and wheat bread for tropical and
subtropical climates
What is the biggest cause of soil
erosion world wide?
• Moving water
10/4/2016
10
What practice(s) is most responsible
for desertification?
• Overgrazing
• Soil compaction
• Irrigation
• Surface mining
Why is animal manure normally not
used as crop fertilizer?
• It’s slow to release nutrients
What kind of soil is most likely to get
water logged?
• clay
What soil type is 12% sand, 52% silt
and 36% clay?
• Silt clay loam
Atrazine and paraquat are
• Contact herbicides
Define Power
• Work done per second
10/4/2016
11
How is a polyculture better at
controlling pests than a monoculture?
• A polyculture will have a variety of predatory
insects living there.
• A pest will not be able to decimate and entire
farm on a polyculture (on a monoculture they
could eat the entire crop since its all the same)
Why did coal replace wood as an
energy source in the 19th century?
• Wood supplies were disappearing.
The application of force over distance
is?
• work
What is the current state of our world
coal supplies?
• Wide spread and extensive
What is the main pollutant released by
burning coal?
• Sulfur dioxide
What is the most rapidly growing
energy source?
• Natural gas
10/4/2016
12
Contrast
Renewable
and
Nonrenewable
energy
sources
• Renewable – can be naturally
replenished within a human
lifetime.
• Nonrenewable – cannot be
naturally replenished within
a human lifetime.
List 4
Nonrenewable
energy
sources.
• Coal
• Oil
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Wind
• Pro-
• No GHG emissions
• Multiple use of land (etc.
can graze cattle beneath)
• Con-
• Kills Birds
• Habitat Fragmentation
• Noise
List 4
Renewable
Energy
Sources
• Solar
• Biomass
• Hydroelectric
• Wind
Explain Acid
Mine
Drainage.
• If water flows into the coal
spoil/tailings left at mine
sites it will pick up sulfur,
make sulfuric acid, and
drastically lower the pH of
the water killing organisms
living in the stream.
Contrast a
high grade
ore with a low
grade ore.
• High Grade ore will have a
larger % of desired mineral.
• Low Grade ore will have a
lower % of the desired
mineral.
10/4/2016
13
What are the
4 colors from
the wedge
game that
each can
reduce 1
billion tons of
carbon?
• Efficiency
• Carbon Capture
• Nuclear
• Sun (solar, wind, etc.)
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Solar
• Pro-
• No greenhouse gas
emissions
• Renewable
• Con-
• Expensive
• Only works when its
sunny
• Requires lots of land area
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Geothermal
• Pro-
• Limited greenhouse gas
emissions
• High/Moderate net
energy
• Con-
• Limited areas with
geologic conditions
necessary.
• Noisy
What are the
4 colors from
the wedge
game that
each can
reduce 1
billion tons of
carbon?
• Efficiency
• Carbon Capture
• Nuclear
• Sun (solar, wind, etc.)
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Coal
• Pro-
• High Net energy
• Large deposit of Coal in
the USA
• Con-
• GHG emissions
• Acid Mine Drainage
• Health Issues for Miners
• Needs to be transported
to power plant.
Give an
example of
how efficiency
can save a
large amount
of energy.
• Led Lightbulb – same amount
of light but uses less energy.
• Efficient Washing Machine –
washes the clothes using less
energy.
10/4/2016
14
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Oil
• Pro-
• High Net energy
• Used for lots of different
applications
• Con-
• Possibilities of oil spills
• Greenhouse Gas
production
Contrast
Passive Solar
and Active
Solar.
• Passive Solar is designing the
house to shade the windows
during the summer and allow
in sunlight during the winter.
• Active solar uses a pump
(needing electricity) to move
water heated from a solar
collector on the roof within
the house to add heat.
Explain Net
Energy?• Net Energy is the amount of
energy available from a
resources.
• Net energy is the total energy
minus the costs for making,
mining, searching for, etc the
power.
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Nuclear
• Pro-
• No GHG emissions
• Long lifetime of power
plant.
• Con-
• Radioactivity Leak
possibility
• What to do with the
waste?
List two high
net energy
sources
• Coal, Hydroelectric List two low
net energy
sources
• Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Nuclear
10/4/2016
15
Contrast Solar
Thermal with
Solar
Photovoltaic.
• Solar Thermal – using the sun
to heat water
• Solar Photovoltaic – turns
sunlight directly into
electricity
What were the
main
provisions of
the Mining
Law of 1872?
• Encouraged settlers to lay
claim to land and mine it.
• Very low cost to the settlers.
• Government only got $5/acre
and did not get any of the
profit from the minerals that
were extracted.
Give 2 pros
and 2 cons of
electric
vehicles
• Pro –
• No harmful emissions
• Uses no fossil fuels.
• Con –
• Limited Range
• The electricity is most
likely produced from a
power plant that runs off
of coal, natural gas, or oil.
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Natural Gas
• Pro-
• Moderate/High Net
energy
• Low GHG emissions
• Con-
• Possibilities
leaks/explosion.
• Pipelines to transport it
can cause habitat
destruction.
Give 2 pros
and 2 cons of
electric
vehicles
• Pro –
• No harmful emissions
• Uses no fossil fuels.
• Con –
• Limited Range
• The electricity is most
likely produced from a
power plant that runs off
of coal, natural gas, or oil.
How does a
hybrid vehicle
work?
• Has a small fuel tank and a
small combustion (gas)
engine it uses for high
speeds.
• Has a battery and an electric
motor it uses for low speeds.
10/4/2016
16
What are the
different
types of coal
listed in order
of low to high
heat
production.
• Peat (not coal yet)
• Lignite
• Bituminous
• AnthraciteList 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Biomass
• Pro-
• Uses waste products (corn
husks, organic garbage)
• Potentially renewable
(wood)
• Con-
• Can cause habitat
destruction (more farms
for corn, switchgrass, etc)
• Potentially nonrenewable.
Give two
reasons why
anthracite is
the most
desirable type
of coal.
• Anthracite has the highest
heat content and the lowest
amount of sulfur.
What were the
main
provisions of
SMCRA?
• Surface Mine Control and
Reclamation Act
• Set up regulations for
mining
• Required reclamation
• Created the Abandoned
Mine Fund to clean up old
abandoned sites.
What is a
Synfuel?
• Synfuels are synthetic fuels
that are manmade.
• Ex: Using biomass to make
gasoline, jet fuel.
• Drawback is that they are
expensive.
List 2 Pros
and 2 Cons of
Hydroelectric
• Pro-
• No greenhouse gas
emissions
• Renewable
• High net energy
• Con-
• Expensive
• Floods areas upstream
• Buildup of sediment in
reservoir behind dam.
10/4/2016
17
Why is
hydroelectric
the highest
efficiency and
net energy
• To get the electricity the
water doesn’t have to be
mined, transported, refined,
burned, etc.
What is
Carbon
Capture and
Sequestration
• The carbon emissions from a
power plant are captured
and then injected deep into
the earth (sequestered)