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Where We Have Been, Where We Are Going
• Weeks 1 and 2: Defining “History” and approaches to the “Southwest”
Where We Have Been, Where We Are Going
• Weeks 1 and 2: Defining “History” and the “Southwest”
• Week 3: Where Did Indians Come From?
Where We Have Been, Where We Are Going
• Weeks 1 and 2: Defining “History” and the “Southwest”
• Week 3: Where Did Indians Come From?• Today: What was the World of Indians like
before Spaniards arrived?
Where We Have Been, Where We Are Going
• Weeks 1 and 2: Defining “History” and the “Southwest”
• Week 3: Where did Indians come From?• Today: What was the World of Indians like
before Spaniards arrived? • Thursday: Reading Discussion and Intro to
Spanish Colonization
What was the Southwest Like Before Spaniards Arrived?
SW History: 9.13.2011
Major Theme
• The Southwest was a shifting, dynamic, chaotic world before the arrival of Europeans
Major Cultures/Civilizations before 1300
• Hohokam: Irrigation• Mogollon: Pottery• Ancestral Puebloans: Dry-land Farmers and
Villagers
Ancestral Puebloans
• Inhabited the 4 Corners Region from as early as 1500 B.C. through around 1200 A.D.
Ancestral Puebloans
• Inhabited the 4 Corners Region from as early as 1500 B.C. through around 1200 A.D.
• How did they live?– Dry Farming
Dry-Land Farming
Three Staples: Corn, bean, squash…
“Anasazi” Enchilada?
Ancestral Puebloans
• Inhabited the 4 Corners Region from as early as 1500 B.C. through around 1200 A.D.
• How did they live?– Dry Farming– Hunting
Most Common Meat…
Ancestral Puebloans
• Inhabited the 4 Corners Region from as early as 1500 B.C. through around 1200 A.D.
• How did they live?– Dry Farming– Hunting– Trade
Traditional Southwestern Trade Routes
The Meso-American Connection
• Luxury Items– "Pueblos Traded for Chocolate Big TIme"
The Meso-American Connection
• Luxury Items– "Pueblos Traded for Chocolate Big Time”
• Cultural Practices– Hohokam Ball Courts– Religious Similarities: War and Fertility
The Meso-American Connection
• Luxury Items– "Pueblos Traded for Chocolate Big Time”
• Cultural Practices– Hohokam Ball Courts– Religious Similarities
• Language: Uto-Aztecan
The Meso-American Connection
• Luxury Items– "Pueblos Traded for Chocolate Big Time”
• Cultural Practices– Hohokam Ball Courts– Religious Similarities
• Language: Uto-Aztecan• Original Homeland of Aztecs– Aztlán
Aztlán: the Aztec Connection to the Southwest
So What Happened?
• Post-1200 A.D. Climate Change – Drought and Resource Scarcity
So What Happened?
• Post-1200 A.D. Climate Change – Drought and Resource Scarcity– Warfare and Political Crisis
Injuries in Human Remains…
Cliffside Dwelling
So What Happened?
• Post-1200 A.D. Climate Change – Drought and Resource Scarcity– Warfare and Political Crisis– Mass Migrations
So What Happened?
• Post-1200 A.D. Climate Change – Drought and Resource Scarcity– Warfare and Political Crisis– Mass Migrations• Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) move south, becoming
Modern Puebloan People
Post-1300 Puebloan Villages
So What Happened?
• Post-1200 A.D. Climate Change – Drought and Resource Scarcity– Warfare and Political Crisis– Mass Migrations• Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) move south, becoming
Modern Puebloan People• Athapaskan or (Apachean) groups move south and
east, establishing trade with Puebloans
Athapaskan (Apachean) Migrations
Conclusions
• The Southwest was connected to the wider world via trade
• Climate change and its social consequences shift human settlement in the region
• By 1500, Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) had integrated into modern Pueblo communities of today, establishing an East-West trade with Plains Indians
Key Theme
• The Southwest was a shifting, dynamic, chaotic world before the arrival of Europeans
Reading For Next Time
For Thursday, be sure to read p. 58-86 of your reading packet from "The Pueblo Indian World." Rumor has it there may be a reading quiz on this reading. From the "Commentaries" section (starting on p. 87) you should be sure to read p. 99-100; 101-105; and 117-118.