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WHAT’S THE BEST WAY OUT?
Mike Larabel
Chief of Fire Protection
Amway Inc.
AGENDA
DEFINITIONS – GLOSSARY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WHERE ARE WE AT NOW WHAT IS THE BEST WAY OUT?
DEFINITIONS
EMERGENCY LIFE SAFETY CODE 101 MEANS OF EGRESS
EXIT ACCESS EXIT EXIT DISCHARGE
EGRESS COMPONENTS
What is an emergency?
An “emergency” is an event that jeopardizes The occupants of a building The building The contents of the building
Types of emergencies Natural Human based
Life Safety Code - 101
National Fire Protection Association – NFPA 1913 – Committee on Safety to Life 1927 – Building Exits Code 1966 – Code for Safety from Fire in Buildings
and Structures 1981 – Organization of modern Code. Current edition consists of 43 Chapters plus
Annexes – explanatory material
Means of Egress
Exit Access – “That portion of a means of egress that leads to an exit.” (101)
Exit – “That portion of a means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of a building or structure by construction or equipment as required to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge.” (101)
Exit Discharge – “That portion of a means of egress between the termination of an exit and a public way.” (101)
Egress Components
Doors Swinging Non-swinging – revolving, rolling, sliding
Floors Level Sloped
Locking mechanisms Turnstiles Force to Open Stairs
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Iroquois Theatre – Chicago, IL 12/30/1903 – 602 – Deadliest bldg. fire Fire Proof – Mr. Blue Beard, Jr. Outward door swing in Assembly
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory – NY, NY 3/25/1911 – 146 Workers (mostly women) Improved factory safety standards Int. Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Cocoanut Grove – Boston, MA 11/28/1942 – 492 Remote egress, Interior Finish
Winecoff Hotel – Atlanta, GA 12/7/1946 – 119 Stairway enclosure
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Barnum & Bailey Circus – Hartford, CT 7/6/1944 – 168 Lives Lost Flame retardant tents
MGM Grand Hotel Fire – Las Vegas, NV November 21, 1980 – 85 Lives Lost Strengthened fire safety laws for sprinklers
and interior finish
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Hamlet Chicken Processing Plant – Hamlet, NC 9/3/1991 – 25 killed, 54 injured (Locked doors) Improved worker safety laws
Station Nightclub Fire - West Warwick, NJ 2/19/2003 – 100 deaths TIA’s – Improved requirements for sprinklers
Station Nightclub Fire
http://www.boonex.us/video/gallery/Great-White-The-Station-nightclub-fire-West-Warwick-Rhode-Island-/
Getting OUT!!
Provide employee alarm system Creatures of Habit – The Herd Effect
Train evacuation assistants Review plan
Initially When employee responsibility changes When plan changes
Emergency Notification
What methods are What methods are used to alert used to alert
occupants of an occupants of an emergency?emergency?
Emergency Messages
What do the alarms mean? What actions are you expected to take? Who issues voice instructions?
Why should I believe the Why should I believe the alarm or emergency alarm or emergency
information message?information message?
Perception
What is the perception of the problem? Do employees perceive there truly is a
problem? Do we practice what we preach? Fire Wardens – arm band & helmet What do other employees think?
Occupant Protection Concepts
Evacuate Total Staged Relocation to safe
area within the building
Defend or protect in-place
Area of Refuge
A temporary staging area that provides relative safety to its occupants while Potential emergencies are assessed
Decisions are made
Mitigating activities are begun
A stage between egress from the A stage between egress from the immediately threatened area and immediately threatened area and the evacuation of the building .the evacuation of the building .
Defend/Protect In Place
up
down
E Edown
up
Principles of Exit Safety
At least two ways out Exits are within a reasonable travel distance Egress paths are
Well marked Well lighted Unobstructed
Evacuation training and drills provided
MEANS OF EGRESS
Occupied Building Open to the public Open for general occupancy 10 or more employees present
Door Swing Exterior Exit Doors swing outward – direction
of egress Room doors may swing inward – unless
occupant capacity of 50 or more
MEANS OF EGRESS
Locking mechanisms Key operated locks
Only certain occupancies Signs indicating door to remain unlocked Main entrance only
Single Motion – Non-locking against egress Knob, lever, panic hardware
Delayed egress Security controlled – Card Access
MEANS OF EGRESS
Self closing – automatic closing devices Hold Open - electromagnetic Coordinators Astragals
Powered Door Leaf Stairs
7 X 11 Change of direction Area of refuge Landings
MEANS OF EGRESS
Capacity of Means of Egress Based on Occupant Load, # of exits, etc. Capacity factor – Health Care 0.3, 0.6, All
others 0.2 Minimum width – 36 inches
Number of means of egress Generally 2 minimum – remote Single exit allowed in certain conditions
MEANS OF EGRESS
Arrangement “Readily accessible at all times” Access to two different paths of travel Room to corridor
Existing room to room to corridor/exit Dead ends
Not permitted – except by chapter – may be 20 to 50 feet in length
Not through kitchens, closets, storage, workroom, bedrooms, etc.
MEANS OF EGRESS
Arrangement – con’t. Cannot obscure exit – curtains, hangings, art,
mirrors, etc. Measurement of travel distance
Based on occupancy requirement Measured along path of travel AGPH –
75’/125’ to guest room door 100’/200’ guest room to exit 100’/150’ exit enclosure to exterior door to public
way
MEANS OF EGRESS
Industrial - General 200 feet unsprinkled 250 feet sprinkled
Termination of exits Public way Exit discharge that leads to public way
Illumination of means of egress Illuminate access, exit, discharge
Stairs 10 ft. candle Other 1 ft. candle Performances 0.2 ft. candle
MEANS OF EGRESS
Emergency Lighting Minimum of 1 ½ hours 1 ft. candle Automatic in the event of power loss Emergency generator or battery pack Testing on a regular basis
Every 30 days Annually – 1 ½ hours Maintain records
MEANS OF EGRESS
Exit signs required unless “obviously and clearly are identifiable as an exit.” Exit signs must be illuminated
Internally or externally Tactile signage required in new construction
Floor proximity egress path marking Along exit access – 100 feet Change in direction Photoluminescent/nuclear powered signs
permitted
MEANS OF EGRESS
NO Exit Doors that do not lead to exit or exit access
must be labeled Exit Sign Testing
How long will it take?
Complete evacuation may require a significant amount of time
Evacuation from large buildings can be physically exhausting
It could slow emergency responders who may need the stairs to reach the problem
Reporting an Emergency
Time is critical Report emergencies
rapidly Know the procedures for
your building Use the best available
means of communication
Your Responsibility
Keep the exits clear No storage or other use within the exit Do not compromise fire protection and
alarm systems Promptly report problems with exits or
systems to building management
Protecting Yourself
Do you know how to react if you are faced with an emergency?
Could you protect yourself and others around you in an extraordinary event?
Self reliance – 72 Hr. response time
When all else fails, you are When all else fails, you are ultimately responsible for your ultimately responsible for your
own safety!own safety!
Protecting Yourself
1,602,000 fires – 3,675 civilian deaths – 3,105 deaths in structures, majority in residential structures.
Fire drills in our homes We tell ‘em good, but we don’t show them
well. Holler at each other
Conditioned to the same route