WhatDoesItMean toDevelop?Tohavea …creyes/classes/Development_Self.pdfStage Approximate age Highlights Sensorimotor stage Birth to age 2 • “Here and now” rather than past and

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What Does It Mean to Develop? To have a Personality? A Self?

Human Development

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Development: Continuity or Discontinuity?

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Continuous development Discontinuous development (stages)

Infancy

Adulthood

Infancy

Adulthood

What Does It Mean to

Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?

What Physical Changes Occur in Infancy and

Childhood?

How Does Cognition Change?

How Do Social and Emotional

Behaviors Change?

What Does It Mean to Be an Adolescent?

What Happens During Midlife?

What Is Late Adulthood Like?

What Can Newborns Do?

What Is It Like to Be a

Young Adult?

Motor Development

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Throws and catches

Hops

Runs

Walks

Sits without support

Reaches toward objects

Rolls belly to back

Lifts head part way up

0 3 months

6 months

9 months

12 months

3 years

6 years

Age

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Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Stage Approximate age Highlights

Sensorimotor stage Birth to age 2 •  “Here and now” rather than past and future •  Exploration through moving and sensing •  Object permanence

Preoperational stage 2‒6 years •  Language acquisition •  Egocentrism •  Illogical reasoning

Concrete operational stage 6‒12 years •  Logical reasoning •  Mastery of conservation problems •  “Learn by doing”

Formal operational stage 12 years and above •  Abstract reasoning •  Idealism •  Improved problem solving

The Sensorimotor Stage

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Children understand the world through sensation and movement.


Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?






Young Adult?

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The Preoperational Stage

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The Concrete Operational Stage

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Children can reason logically about concrete, but not abstract, problems.

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The Formal Operational Stage

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Teenagers can mentally manipulate representations of abstract as well as concrete concepts.

Infant Abilities: Theory of Mind

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Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development

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How Do Social and Emotional Behaviors Change During Infancy and Childhood?

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Harlow’s Monkeys and Infant Need for Comfort Types of attachment

Secure A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.

Insecure A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion.

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ANachment

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Click on play button to launch video in QuickTime player.


Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?






Young Adult?

ANachment Styles

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Caregiver Attentive

Responsive

Caregiver Attentive Intrusive

Caregiver Inattentive

Unresponsive

Secure Attachment

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

Avoidant Attachment


Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?






Young Adult?

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Temperament and ANachment Style

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interacts with the quality of his or her attachment to caregivers.


Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?






Young Adult?

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Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Neuroticism

Agreeableness

What to Study: Mnemonics

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What are the ‘Big Five’ personality traits?

OCEAN

What Are the Advantages of Memory?

What Are the Different Types of

Long-Term Memory? How Is Long-Term

Memory Organized? How Do We

Retrieve Memories? Why Do We Forget? What Is the Biology of Memory?

How Can We Improve Memory?

Defining personality and traits

Personality Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes a person throughout life

Trait A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. The Big-5 is a contemporary Trait theory.

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Psychodynamic theories

Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual

Psychoanalysis A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

The structure of personality

Id Operates according to the pleasure principle Primitive, unconscious part of personality

Ego Operates according to the reality principle Mediates between id and superego

Superego Moral ideals, conscience

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Freudian Defense Mechanisms Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness Repression Projection Displacement Regression Denial Humor Supression

Erikson’s eight stages Trust vs. mistrust Infancy (birth-‐‑age 1) Autonomy vs. shame & doubt Toddler (ages 1-‐‑2) Initiative vs. guilt Preschool (ages 3-‐‑5) Industry vs. inferiority Elementary school (ages 6-‐‑12) Identity vs. role confusion Adolescence (ages 13-‐‑20) Intimacy vs. isolation Young adulthood (ages 20-‐‑40) Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood (ages 40-‐‑65) Integrity vs. despair Late adulthood (ages 65 and older)

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Identity Development

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Many teens explore questions of identity by trying on different roles and affiliating with different groups.


Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?






Young Adult?

What is Love? What is Marriage?

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Relationships: Forming Families

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Develop?

How Do We Change

Prenatally?


Childhood?



Behaviors Change?



Young Adult? What Happens During Midlife?



Thin Slices of Behavior

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Speed-daters were able to predict their compatibility after a 3-minute interaction.

Why Are Human Beings

So Social?

How Accurate Are First

Impressions? Why Did That Just Happen?

Why Are We Prejudiced?

How Are Our Attitudes

Influenced by Others?

Why Does Persuasion Happen?

How Well Do We Get Along With Others?

Why Do We Cooperate in Some

Situations and Compete in Others?

Why Are We Aggressive?

Why Do We Go Along With the

Group? How Do Groups Work Together?

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ANraction: The Mere Exposure Effect

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Rated “goodness” of meaning 5 4 3 1 2

Iktitaf Low frequency High frequency Afworbu

Sarick Biwojni

Nansoma Kadirga

Enanwal Dilikli

Zabulon Lokanta Jandara Civadra


So Social?













ANraction: Similarity

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We like people who are similar to us.

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ANraction: Physical Appearance

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Symmetry and statistically average features characterize faces considered attractive.


So Social?













Building Romantic Relationships

Intimacy + Passion

Passion + Commitment

Liking Intimacy

Companionate Intimacy + Commitment

Romantic love

Fatuous (foolish) love Passion Commitment

Empty love Infatuation © Yuri Arcurs/Shutterstock

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What Does It Mean to Have a Self?

Conditioned positive regard Self-discrepancies

Unconditioned positive regard Self-actualization

Carl Rogers’ Humanistic Theory of Personality

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

OTHERS' RESPONSES RESULT

Need for self-actualization

Need for positive regard

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The Self-‐‑Concept

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American

Sister Soccer player

Psychology major

Daughter

Redhead

Valedictorian

Good friend

Tall

Sarcastic

Romantic

College student

Female

Funny

Irish

What Is Personality? How Do

Psychodynamic Theories View Personality?

How Do Humanists Approach

Personality?

How Do Trait Theories Explain

Personality? How Do Situations Affect Personality?

What Are the Biological Bases of Personality?

How Can We Assess Personality?


The Personal Self

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American


Daughter

Redhead

Valedictorian

Good friend

Tall

Sarcastic

Romantic

College student

Funny

Psychology major Female Irish




Personality?






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The Interpersonal Self

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American


Psychology major

Daughter

Redhead

Valedictorian

Good friend

Tall

Sarcastic

Romantic

College student

Female

Funny

Irish




Personality?






Self-‐‑Awareness and Self-‐‑Consciousness

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Knowledge of one’s internal traits, feelings, roles, and memories results from self-study.




Personality?






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Intimacy and Passion as separation and connection…again Like adolescents with their parents, longer term couples are trying to separate from each other (maintain a self) but simultaneously remain cooperative and connected.

Individuation of the self is lifelong!The process of developing one’s own opinions, values, life goals and desires continues through adulthood.!

Likewise, intimacy ability can be a lifelong development…as one has more of a self…one has more of a self to share.

Maintaining Relationships

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New exciting experiences can help people see new and interesting sides of each other. Passion can be for motorcycles, travel, poetry…or sex.

Documents

WhatDoesItMean toDevelop?Tohavea …creyes/classes/Development_Self.pdfStage Approximate age Highlights Sensorimotor stage Birth to age 2 • “Here and now” rather than past and