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What is VCA?
• Functional morphology is the discipline that ties form and function together.
• Vertebra example…
• Kardong uses ______- and ______-_____ tails as examples
Why do we care?• Communication• Preparation for detailed physiological studies• Determining characters -- Understanding
______________ (evolutionary morphology)
“The external environment in which an animal design must serve certainly brings to bear
evolutionary pressure on its survival”Kardong
Historical Context
People• Greeks (Anaximander)• Darwin/Wallace• Linnaeus• De Lamarck• Malthus• Cuvier• Owen
Concepts• “Scala natura”• “Lower vs. higher”
or “Derived vs. primitive”• “Immutable species”• “Ex nihlio”• “Archetypes”
Morphology
Homology Analogy
Homoplasy
• Ancestry• Appearance• Function
How do we explain non-related species converging on the same “plan”?
Convergence
“A great deal of what we need to understand about ourselves comes
from the world around us, not just the DNA within.”
Kardong
How are vertebrates arranged spatially that differs from urochordates (adult tunicates), sea stars and sponges?
The Vertebrate Body Plan
http://www.westworld.com/~fabio/gallery/bonaire-purple-tube-sponge.htmhttp://imagesource.art.com/images/-/Michael-Aw/Royal-Blue-Tunicate-Rhopalaea-Sp-West-Nusa-Tenggara-Indonesia--C10255325.jpeg
http://home.vicnet.net.au/~ricketts/photos.htm
The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:
Let’s take a pop-quiz…
The Vertebrate Body PlanSymmetry:
*_________________________ (along 3 axes)________ (anteroposterior)________ (dorsoventral)________
*2 axes define a plane
*Other spatial terms…
http://www.yachigusaryu.com/blog/pics/top_ten_principles/10/image003.jpg
The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Vertebrates are a subtaxa of the phylum ________*The “Big 4” are characteristics shared by this phylum.
*Not all chordates are created equal…Let’s review the taxonomy of the dueterostomes in the kingdom Animalia
What are the 4 characteristics?
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/chordates.html
The Vertebrate Body PlanVertebrate phylogeny:
*Craniate Characteristics
*Vertebrate Characteristics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Vertebrate Body PlanRegional differentiation:
* (What specialized structures occur here? )
* __________; lining is…__________; lining is…Thorax and abdomen (in some taxa)
* (caudal)(What structures likely absent? What’s present? )
The Vertebrate Body PlanNotochord
*During some stage of development (ontogeny)
Usually replaced by…
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-21&File_type=GIF
The Vertebrate Body PlanPharynx/ (pharyngeal pouches and slits)
*________ portion of gut*Embryo or adults… internal gills(Which vertebrates rely on gills, which use lungs? )*Some animals (______________) use gill and slits for feeding
Nature Genetics 27, 286 - 291 (2001) doi:10.1038/85845 DiGeorge syndrome phenotype in mice mutant for the T-box gene, Tbx1Loydie A. Jerome & Virginia E. Papaioannou
The Vertebrate Body PlanPharynx/ (pharyngeal pouches and slits)
* *
The Vertebrate Body PlanDorsal nervous system
*__________, ________________, fluid filled cavity*Sense organs develop in the head region (_______________)
http://www.nesc.k12.in.us/union/Mr.%20Sly/Earthworm%20Dissection/earthworm%20images.htm
The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*Integument (skin) comprised of two layers:________________________From these a number of specialized structures are derived:
The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*Complete ____________ system*__________ to excrete wastes, maintain H2O balance and form hormones*Reproductive organs
_______________________________________
*Circulation*Differing cardiac anatomyLymphatics
http://pzavislak.googlepages.com/PlanarianBright.jpg
The Vertebrate Body PlanOther Craniate characteristics
*________________ (meta-merism)More common with invertebrates… vertebrates display this feature primarily in skeletal, muscular and nervous systems
*________________Axial/CranialAppendicular from 2 girdles
*________________SkeletalCardiacSmooth(Which of these synapse with motor neurons? )
Preadaptations
What is an adaptation?
What is a preadaptation?
Explain the concept of remodeling in the context of evolution
Evolutionary morphology
• Bean stalks and Bushes• Grades and clades
Evolutionary morphology
• Abundance phylogeny
• Cladistics
Paleontology
• Formation of fossils• Recovery & restoration• Fossil dating
– Stratigraphy– Index fossils– Radiometric– Geological ages