Upload
lamhanh
View
215
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Warm Up
What is the Surface Area to
Volume Ratio of a sphere with a
radius of 5mm? Of 10 mm? What
sphere can eliminate wastes and
move materials quicker?
Cell Membrane and FunctionChapter 7
• Big Idea #2: Biological systems use energy to
grow, reproduce, and maintain dynamic
homeostasis.
Essential Knowledge• 2B1:Cell membranes are selectively
permeable due to their structure
• 2B2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are
maintained by the constant movement of
molecules across membranes
• 2B3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal
membranes that partition the cell into
specialized regions
• Separates internal and external env.
• Is selectively permeable: some
substances can cross
Semi-Permeability
Due to structure
Has phosholipids, proteins, cholesterol,
glycoproteins, and glycolipids
Fig. 7-2
Hydrophilichead
WATER
Hydrophobictail
WATER
Made of a double
phospholipid layer that is
amphipathic (hydrophobic
and hydrophilic areas)
Fig. 7-3
Phospholipid
bilayer
Hydrophobic regionsof protein
Hydrophilicregions of protein
• Can be hydrophilic w/ charged and polar side
groups.
• Can be hydrophobic w/ nonpolar side groups
Embedded Proteins
Fig. 7-8
N-terminus
C-terminus
Helix
CYTOPLASMICSIDE
EXTRACELLULARSIDE
Hydrophobic area ex: coiled,
nonpolar alpha helices
Cholesterol• Steroid found in b/t
phospholipids.
• In high temps
less fluid
membrane.
• In low temps
Stops solidification
of membrane
Fig. 7-5a
(a) Movement of phospholipids
Lateral movement
(107 times per second)
Flip-flop
( once per month)
Membrane is fluid Moves
When Cold, Moves Less!!
Cell to Cell Recognition
• Cells “talk” w/ membrane carbs may be
covalently bonded to lipids (glycolipids) or to
proteins (glycoproteins)
Permeability of Lipid Bilayer
• Pass: Small, uncharged molecules and
small nonpolar molecules (N2)
• Others need help with channels or pumps
Aquaporins
Channel protein that allows water to
move across
Binds to molecules and changes shape
to shuttle them across
membrane…extremely specific
Transport Proteins
Cell Walls
Provides a structural boundary
Cell Wall
• Bacteria Cell Wall: Made of
peptidoglycan
• Plant Cell Wall: Made of Cellulose
• Fungi Cell Wall: Made of Chitin
• Movement of molecules in and out of
cell w/out using energy.
• AKA Diffusion
Passive Transport
• High to low
concentrations!
• Import
resources/
export of wastes
Concentration Gradient
Osmosis• Passive transport: movement of H2O
across membrane.
• High to Low!
Lower
concentrationof solute (sugar)
Fig. 7-12
H2O
Higher
concentrationof sugar
Selectivelypermeable
membrane
Same concentration
of sugar
Osmosis
Osmosis
Video Clip!
Tonicity• Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or
lose water osmoregulation
• Isotonic solution: Solute concentration is the
same as that inside the cell; no net water
movement across the plasma membrane
• Hypertonic solution: Solute concentration is
greater out of cell; cell loses water
• Hypotonic solution: Solute concentration is
high inside cell; cell gains water
Fig. 7-13
Hypotonic solution
(a) Animal
cell
(b) Plant
cell
H2O
Lysed
H2O
Turgid (normal)
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
Normal
Isotonic solution
Flaccid
H2O
H2O
Shriveled
Plasmolyzed
Hypertonic solution
Facilitated Diffusion• Channel protein
carries molecules
across (high to low
conc.)
• Polar molecules
Fig. 7-15
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Channel protein
(a) A channel protein
Solute CYTOPLASM
Solute Carrier protein
(b) A carrier protein
Fa
cil
ita
te
d D
iff
us
ion
Active Transport
• Energy-requiring:
move across cell
membrane from
low to high conc.
• Uses ATP
• Embedded
proteins
• Allows cells to maintain concentration gradients
that differ from their surrounding
Ex: Sodium-Potassium Pump
http://hig
hered.mcg
raw-
hill.com/si
tes/007249
5855/stud
ent_view0
/chapter2/
animation
__how_th
e_sodium
_potassiu
m_pump_
works.ht
ml
Fig. 7-17Passive transport
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
ATP
Exocytosis
• Internal vesicles fuse w/ plasma mebrane to
secrete large macromolecules out of cell.
• Requires ATP!
• Cell takes in macromolecules by forming
new vesicles derived from plasma
membrane.
Endocytosis
Eukaryotes Compartmentalize…
• Minimizes competing interactions and increases
surface area.
• Keep reactions and enzymes localized
• Bacteria and Archaea (ancient) can’t do this