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What is Imperialism?
• The extension of a nation’s power over other lands
Definition of Old and New Imperialism
– Old Imperialism – 16th Century• Colonies• Trading ($)
– New imperialism – 20th Century• Nothing less than direct CONTROL
Imperialism: How & Why • What allowed some countries to
imperialize others?– Economics - A desire to increase
economic opportunity– Power/Rivalries - The will to exert power
over other countries– Racism – Makes people believe they
deserve to have power over “inferior” people
– Religion – a desire to spread Christianity to new lands
REASONS
• Economic– Want New Markets– Want Raw Materials– Increase Trade & Wealth
• Power– Gain an advantage over rivals– Increase National Prestige – countries
believe they can’t be great w/o colonies
REASONS
• Racism– Social Darwinism – fit are victorious, the
victorious are fit so they deserve to be in control
– Race determines capabilities• Our right & duty to help the less capable (usually the
minorities)• A feeling that minorities can’t take care of
themselves
• Religion– Moral responsibility to “civilize”
• This is known as “white man’s burden”– Bring benefits of Christianity
• Who do the people in the cartoon represent? – Carried are imperialists– Carriers are the colonize
people
• What did “the white man’s burden” means to supporters of imperialism?– Moral responsibility to
civilize “primitive “ people– Bring Christianity
• What does it mean in the cartoon?– Colonized people “carry”
the burden of the white man
– Referring to the exploitation of the colonies by the Imperialist powers
THE WHITE MANS’ BURDEN
(a poem by Rudyard Kipling)
Take up the White Man’s burden –
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captive’s need,
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild –
Your new-caught, sullen peoples
Half-devil and half child
Indirect Imperialism vs Direct Imperialism
• Indirect: – local rulers allowed to keep their
authority and status
• Direct: – Local elites were replaced with
Imperialist officials
Effects of Imperialism• Resistance
– Peasant revolts– Nationalist Resistance
• Buildup of militaries – especially the Navy.– Troops placed across the globe to
protect interests• Wars
• Development of international trade– Interdependence
Empire Building in AFRICA
Imperialism in Africa
Who & Reasons• GB, France, Germany,
Portugal, Belgium, Italy• Reasons:
– Rivalries – Claim land just for status
– Economic – Britain wants the Suez Canal for Trade w/India, also exploring Africa for resources
– Religion – spread Christianity
Reaction / Effect• Nationalist movements• Antagonism (French v.
British in Sudan) • War (Dutch vs. British
in Boer War)
British Rule in India
Imperialism in IndiaWho & Reasons• Britain• Reasons:
– Trade– Resources
Reactions / Effects• Order & stability –
gov’t– Built railroads– Education system
• Sepoy Mutiny– Sepoy – soldier hired by
GB– Disrespected Indian
Culture• Rifle cartridges/cow
fat story
• Indian Nationalism– Gandhi (20th century)
• Destruction of local industries– GB made them grow
cotton instead of food = famine
Nation Building in Latin
America
Imperialism in Latin America
Who & Reasons• Originally
– Spain & Portugal• Later
– GB & US• Reasons:
– Trade/Resources
Reactions / Effects• Independence
• Threat of Spanish & Portuguese monarchs being restored– No experience with self
rule– Now depend on US &
GB to help them stay independent from Spain and Portugal
East Asia
Under Challen
ge• China
divided into “spheres of influence”
• Japan an imperializing country in its own right
Rise of Modern Japan
• Japan emerges as an industrial nation– Island with few natural resources– Needs oil and coal– Can get these fuels from China
• Japan becomes an imperialist nation
Causes of WWI1914-1918
AlliancesBoth sides are guided by self-interest and would use war if needed
The Forming of Alliances Triple Alliance members:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Defensive alliance An attack on one is
considered an attack on all
Triple Entente members: Great Britain France,
Russia
What does this cartoon imply about alliances?
Nationalism Pride in your country
Ethnic groups- people with same language/culture/rituals
Slavic people wanted independent nations Poles want Poland put back on the map, free of
Russian control Bosnians, Serbs and Croats want their own nations,
free of Austrian control How does nationalism lead to world war?
Desire for freedom was so strong that they were willing to risk war
Feelings of racial superiority
MilitarismAggressive preparation for war
Growth of armies ready to attack Military draft
Western armies doubled between 1890-1914
Mobilization Build large armies and supplies in time of war Mobilization itself was considered an act of war
Imperialism Extension of nation’s power over other lands
Reasons: Remember?? We discussed 4 of them
Economic Rivalries/Power Racism Religion
How does Imperialism lead to war? This caused competition & many conflicts between
the major powers
The Causes of WWI: Remember? Alliances Nationalism Militarism Imperialism
Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism
The problem with alliances
The Problem with Imperialism
Why is this called the Powder Keg of Europe?
The Balkan Peninsula – different ethnicities jockeying for power
Who is involved in the “Tension”?What is the goal of each?
Balkans: controlled by Austria-Hungary• Bosnian Serbs
– want independence from Austria
• Austria – Hungary– Wants to suppress independence
• Serbia – wants to annex Bosnia
• Russia – wants to control the Balkans– Supports Bosnian Serbs
Explain the Spark that caused the war. What was the effect?
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
(of Austria-Hungary)– Archduke and wife were in Sarajevo (Bosnia)
• shooter was a Bosnian Serb– Wanted freedom from Austria-Hungary
• His death set the alliance system into motion– no one was able to stop it.
The assassination led to a global war. Not only were European nations involved but also their
worldwide allies and colonies.
What is the Schlieffen Plan?Why would Germany do this?
• Germany’s Plan: Schlieffen Plan– Avoid war with Russia AND France
• Because they were allies– Hold Russia and invade France then attack Russia– Germany declares war on France
What is the effect?• To get to France
– Invade Belgium who is neutral– Great Britain gets involved
• to help Belgium– Britain declared war on Germany
• Germany is now fighting on 2 fronts• By August 12th all World Powers are involved
What happened at the 1st Battle of the Marne?
• Schlieffen Plan:– circle through Belgium into France, sweep
around Paris– Defeat France quickly and move onto Russia
• 1st Battle of the Marne– German advance was halted
• 2,000 Parisian taxicabs with troops were sent to the frontlines
• Effect:– Germany – 2 front war ~ France &
Russia– WWI turns into a stalemate
Each step: Why?
Trench Warfare
“trench warfare” fighting in ditches from the English Channel to
the Switzerland No-man’s land: land between
the ditches
Caused Stalemate Neither troop is willing
to back down Cannot escape from their
own trenches
“softening up” Destroy trenches State of shock Force soldiers to leave
the “safety” of the trenches to attack enemies
“war of attrition” Wear down the other side
with continuous attacks and heavy losses
Trench Warfare as seen in the video clips
War of Attrition Massive bombing of the
trenches Softening up the enemy
Industrialization of war Total War
Trenches Rats feed on dead bodies Bodies on the bottom &
top of the trenches
New weapons 1 machine gun = 40
riflemen Tank - British Poison gas – Germans
Shell shock?? Battle of the Somme
1 million men Moved 5 miles
The Zimmerman telegram (trying to entice Mexico to join in the fight agains the US) was the
last straw for the US.
Germany also angered the US by resuming unrestricted submarine warfare
The Impact of Total War Notes
Total War
Mobilization of ALL resources and people
Enlisted men All civilians
Weapons were needed for war Everything else was secondary
End of World War IThe Last Year of the WarThe Peace Settlement
The Last Year of the War Notes1917
Bad news for the Allies • were defeated on the
Western Front • Russia withdraws
because of civil unrest Central Powers in a
better position
Good News for the Allies:• US enters which
provides a psychological “boost” for the Allies
• Fresh troops and resources
New German Offensive Boxes Germany wants to win the war
outright and the chances look good
Horrible battles that lowered morale on both sides, but the Allies are beginning to take the offensive
By late September (1918)the German commander admitted that the Germans were going to lose – it was time to ask for an armistice
New German Offensive Notes Ludendorff’s military gamble
• A large risk to break the military stalemate Supplies running low soldier reserves depleting German home was exhausted
July: 2nd Battle of Marne & Somme Germans were forced back
More deaths on both sides.• Six months – Million men
Germans were out of supplies
“No one wins in a war, they lost, we didn’t win.”
The Peace Settlement
Treaty of Versailles
Peace without Victory
“Victory would mean peace forced upon the loser, a victor’s terms imposed upon the vanquished. It will be accepted in humiliation, under duress, at an intolerable sacrifice, and would leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory, upon which terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand,”
- Woodrow Wilson
Wilson’s 14 Points - Boxes Wilson wanted a lasting
peace Key 3 (of 14) points
• Have open discussions rather than secret alliances
• Reduce amount of weapons per country – lessen militarism
• Ensuring Self-determination right of people to have their own nation (nationalism) rather than be ruled by others (imperialism)
Wilson’s 14 Points - Notes To Wilson, the most important
point was the creation of an international peace organization – the League of Nations
European leaders more interested in getting revenge
The Big 3 US, France, and Britain Left out Italy Germany not invited Russia could not attend – civil war
Fought over what they wanted accomplished US – League of Nations GB – Make Germany pay France - Security (Germany weak)
The Treaty of Versailles - Boxes
Treaty of Versailles - Notes Treaty with Germany
War Guilt Clause Germany and Austria were responsible for starting war
Pay reparations for all damages Allied governments and citizens suffered
Military was reduced • to 100000 men• reduced navy• eliminated air force
Ended the war
Treaty of Versailles - Notes Treaty with Germany
Land taken• Alsace and Lorraine were given back to France• Rhine area - Demilitarized
League of Nations established
The Legacies of War Map of Eastern Powers changed
Lost: • German and Russian empires lost land and Austria-Hungary gone
Gained: New countries were formed• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria,
and Hungary • Serbia formed middle of new Yugoslavia
Not every ethnic group has “nation” Mixtures of peoples: impossible to draw strict ethnic lines Compromises had to be made
• Germans in Poland and Czech• Poles in Czech• Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Yugoslavia
This would lead to many problems later
The Legacies of War
WWI ruined the liberal (free) society
Governments became more powerful• freedom of speech and press limited • Strong central authority became a way of life
